Transcript File

U.S. History (1878-Present)
2013-2014: Test Blueprint
1878-1900: Transformation of the United States
RECONSTRUCTION
13th Amendment
Abolished Slavery (Freed the slaves)
14th Amendment:
Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal protection
15th Amendment:
Provided universal Male suffrage (All men the right to vote)
Jim Crow Laws:
Laws that were enacted by states to establish racial segregation
Black Codes:
attempt to keep slaves in pre-Civil War status – controlled movement, behavior, job
possibilities
Ku Klux Klan:
Terrorist groups that used violence and intimidation against African Americas in order to
dominate them.
Immigration and Westward Expansion
Reasons for immigration
and settlement patterns:
Two types of factors lead to immigration. Push factors compel people to leave their homes. These include
famine, war, and persecution. Pull factors, such as economic opportunities or religious freedom, draw
people to a new place. Inexpensive land and employment opportunities were examples of pull factors.
New Immigrant groups
versus old immigrant
groups:
New Immigrants: immigrants from southern and eastern Europe
Chinese Exclusion Act:
This law severely limited Chinese immigration into the US, it made provisions for types of workers allowed and
barred families from joining existing immigrants."
Nativism:
1840s, nativists, people who believed that other races, nationalities or religions were inferior, argued for
restricted immigration. Nativists feared the new immigrants would pollute the predominate Protestant culture of
the U.S., as well as take jobs from native-born Americans.
Americanization:
Americanization occurred when Progressives encouraged everyone to follow white middle-class ways
of life.
Immigrant experience:
With the growth of cities came a number of problems. Cities were filthy and trash-filled. Most urban
workers lived in overcrowded, low-cost multifamily housing called tenements. With few windows and
little sanitation, they were unhealthy and dangerous places.
Ellis Island:
Beginning in 1892, most European immigrants were processed at Ellis Island in New York Harbor.
Melting Pot:
Peoples from various cultures come to America and contribute aspects of their culture to create a new, unique
American culture.
Reservations:
By the late 1860s, Indians were forced to live on reservations, where they lacked adequate resources.
Assimilation:
The concept that eventually immigrants or their decedents adopt enough of the American culture that while they
may retain aspects or traditions of their cultural heritage, they are identifiable as uniquely "American".
Wounded Knee:
1890 Sioux women, children, elderly massacred
Dawes Act:
The Dawes Act of 1887 tried to Americanize Indians by abolishing all tribes, and giving former members 160acre farms (on the reservation) that they would own outright after 25 years. Dawes Act ran counter to Native
American perspective toward land ownership.
(Communal lifestyle and open use of lands- Native American view)
Red Cloud and his
cooper Union speech:
Red Cloud- Sioux chief, led lengthy campaign against US Army;
force onto reservation, accepted need to assimilate.
Quanah Parker:
Quannah Parker- Comanche chief, last of Plains tribes to surrender to
reservation life, helped tribe assimilate yet retain native beliefs.
*Chief Joseph and his I
Will Fight No More
speech:
The Nez Percés were captured just short of the border
and relocated to a barren reservation in Oklahoma. Their leader,
Chief Joseph, traveled twice to Washington, D.C., to lobby for
mercy for his people.
1878-1900: Transformation of the United States
Industrialization
•John D. Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller controlled almost 90% of oil-related business in the nation. He was so
powerful, he was able to force even the huge railroad companies to give him special rates.
•Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie emigrated to America with almost nothing. He ended up one of the richest
men ever, controlling most of American steel production in the early 1900s.
•Gospel of Wealth
Carnegie wrote and acted upon a philosopher that those with wealth had a duty to use
money to address the needs of the poor and society.
•Vertical
Integration
John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and other businessmen also
increased their power by gaining control of the many different businesses that make up
all phases of a product’s development.
Thomas Edison
new inventions:
Thomas Edison received more than 1,000 patents for new inventions.
Alexander G. Bell
new inventions:
telephone
Bessemer Process
The Bessemer process created strong but lightweight steel that
made possible innovations, including skyscrapers and suspension
bridges.
Muckrakers
*Ida Tarbell:
"History of Standard Oil Company" (1904) Exposed the ruthless tactics of the Standard Oil
Company through a series of articles published in McClure's Magazine.
*Muckrakers were members of the press that investigated corruption in order to expose
problems to the American people.
Muckrakers
*Upton Sinclair
Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle revealed the unsafe
and unsanitary conditions of Chicago meatpacking plants.
Changes in
government policy on
child labor, wages, and
working conditions
The government also encouraged laissez faire policies, which allowed business to
operate under minimal government regulation.
Sherman Anti-trust
Act
In 1890, Congress passed this act which prohibited monopolies or any business that
prevented fair competition.
Women’s Suffrage
(Right to vote)
The struggle for women's suffrage dates back to the early 1800s. By the mid-1800s, women
had become organized under the leadership of women such as Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth
Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony.
Temperance
Movement
The Temperance Movement begin in the 1820s, and focused eliminating the use of alcoholic
beverages. Alcohol consumption was seen as an amoral vice, particularly due to the rise of the
saloon industry.
Significant reformers
Susan B. Anthony- prominent women’s suffrage leader active
before and after the Civil War; also co-founder of the Women's
Temperance Movement.
Susan B. Anthony
Significant reformers
Founded the Settlement House Movement with her Hull House in Chicago. This freed public
money to be spent for the public good.
Significant reformers
* Alice Paul
A suffragette who believed that giving women the right to vote would eliminate the corruption in
politics.
*Pullman Strikes
1894 strike against railroad monopoly – 50,000 strike – gov’t brought in to stop
*Haymarket Riot
Dynamite injures cops – anarchists linked to unions
1. Leads to massive riot – destroys reputation of Knights of Labor
Eugene V. Debs
leader American Railway Union – tried to help strikers – jailed for 6 months
*Jane Addams
1890-1920: Transformation of the United States
Progressive Movement
•Direct Primary:
Ensures that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses.
•Initiative petition:
Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens.
Referendum:
Allows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed.
•Recall:
Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office.
Williams Jennings
Bryan:
3 time failed Democrat candidate – supported by Populists
Populist Party wanted free coinage silver/paper money, direct election senators, national
income tax, regulate railroads, help farmers
Cross of Gold
Speech:
Republicans want to get rid of Silver – Bryan says US should not be “crucified on a cross of
gold”
President Theodore
Roosevelt’s
conservation of the
environment:
*Roosevelt put millions of acres of forests under federal control. *Roosevelt pushed for
passage of the National Reclamation Act. That law gave the government power to build and
manage dams and to control where and how water was used.
Prohibition:
started by temperance movement – to reduce crime, unemployment – led to increase in crime.
Al Capone: In Chicago, he was one of the most famous leaders of organized crime of the era.
16th amendment::
Congress can make income taxes
17th amendment::
elect direct senators – not by state legislatures – gets rid of manipulated senators
18th amendment::
prohibited manufacture and sell of alcohol
19th Amendment:
1920: Womens Suffrage (gave women right to vote)
Plessey v. Ferguson
Supreme Court – train car rider – pushes case – ruled “separate but equal” is legal – legalized
segregation
View points of:
*Booker T.
Washington:
founder Tuskegee – blacks better selves through education – be realistic – don’t aim for
equality
View points of:
*W.E.B. Dubois:
Founder of the NAACP, and a Harvard-educated professor who focused on the need for a
traditional liberal arts education for African-Americans who could then insist upon equal
treatment and rights from white society "Talented Tenth"
According to W. E. B. DuBois, the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to
bring respect and equality to all blacks..
View points of:
*Marcus Garvey:
Preached black solidarity – “back to Africa” movement – black pride
Raising racial tensions
caused by:
State laws that required that citizens pay a tax in order to be able to vote.
Raising racial tensions
caused by:
State laws that required that citizens demonstrate the ability to read in order to be able to vote.
Raising racial tensions
caused by:
Disenfranchisement: Ways that kept blacks and poor whites from voting. Ex: Poll Tax,
literacy Test and grandfather clauses.
*Poll Taxes
*Literacy Test:
*Disenfranchiseme
nt of blacks and
poor whites:
1890 to 1920: Transformation of the United States
1912 Presidential Election
President
President and Chief Justice – Roosevelt supported – chunky –
Progressive President
Former President
Roosevelt’s 1912 Progressive Party – Roosevelt said he was as fit as a
“Bull Moose” – beat Taft – lost to Wilson
William Taft
Theodore Roosevelt
Presidential Candidate
Woodrow Wilson
Presidential Candidate
Eugene V. Debs
He believed that monopolies had to be broken up and that the
government must regulate business. He believed in competition, and
called his economic plan "New Freedom."
Leader of AFL (American Railway Union) – tried to help strikers (Pullman
Strike)– jailed for 6 months
Election Issues
Trust
Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing
a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.
Right of women to vote
Carrie Chapman Catt in the 1890s. Catt toured the country
encouraging women to join the National American Woman Suffrage
Association (NAWSA). 1920 as the Nineteenth Amendment. Women
finally had the right to vote for President.
Trade tariffs
Wilson tried to prevent manufacturers from charging unfairly high prices.
He cut tariffs on imported goods, which made foreign goods more
competitive in the United States and forced U.S. producers to
charge fair prices
Good trusts vs. Bad
trusts
The Progressive Party, it was Roosevelt's party in the 1912 election. He
ran as a Progressive against Republican Taft, beating him but losing to
Democrat Woodrow Wilson.
Impact of the “Bull
Moose Party”
Outcome of the 1912
Election:
During the 1912 election, Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican
Party vote, allowing Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win the election
President Wilson won the election and ended the Progressive Era
1890-1920: Transformation into a World Power
Imperialism
Imperialism
By the middle of the 1890's the American western frontier was viewed by many as being "closed". This was
seen as the fulfillment of the westward expansions started under the banner of "manifest destiny". The public
perception of the "closing of the west", along with the philosophy of Social Darwinism, contributed to a desire
for continued expansion of American lands and the spreading of American culture. The result was a shift in US
foreign policy at the end of the 19th century from a reserved, homeland concerned republic to an active
imperial power.
Open Door Policy
Secretary of State John Hay, September, 1899 - Hay sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer
assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market.
Annexation of
Hawaii
1898: US Annexes Hawaii after a US supported revolution against the Queen
•Admiral Alfred T.
Mahan
The Influence of Sea Power upon History – US must have modern Navy to protect trade
“White man’s
burden”
phrase taken by poem, used to justify imperialism by claiming it was the duty of superior white
Impact of imperialism
on developing nations
Raw materials would be removed from these colonies and sent to the home country. In America there
was a surplus of goods. American industrialists would benefit because they could sell their
commodities in new colonial markets around the world
Actions of the AntiImperialist League
Anti-Imperialist League-opposed American expansion;
believed imperialism violated the principle of republican government based on "consent of the
governed" (self-determination);published newspapers and supported political candidates.
Role of yellow
journalism in SpanishAmerican War
half-truths – sensationalist newspapers try to sell more paper – printed on yellow paper. Randolph
Hearst and Joseph PulitzerNY papers.
Rise of the United
States as a Word
Power
The United States was abandoning isolationism and emerging as a new power on the global stage.
New territorial
acquisitions
US acquires control of: Puerto Rico, Guam and The Philippines from Spain in the 1898 Treaty of Paris.
National insurrections
in Cuba and the
Philippines
tensions were rising between Spain and its colony in Cuba. Cuban patriot José Marti launched a war for
independence from Spain in 1895. Many Americans supported the Cubans, whose struggle for freedom
and democracy
Pres. T. Roosevelt’s
Diplomacy
Roosevelt said, "walk softly and carry a big stick." In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to
help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen. It was his foreign policy in Latin
America.
Roosevelt Corollary
U.S. becomes military policemen of world – South America primarily
Pres. William Taft’s
“dollar diplomacy,” which aimed to increase American investments throughout Central America and
the Caribbean.
was meant to avoid military intervention by giving foreign countries monetary aid(Money)
Big Stick
Dollar Diplomacy
civilized nations to colonize and rule developing regions for the benefit of the local people .
Pres. Woodrow Wilson
“moral diplomacy.” Wilson promised that America would work to promote “human rights, national
integrity, and opportunity.”
Pres. Woodrow Wilson
“Missionary Diplomacy” was the foreign policy of denying
recognition to any Latin American government that was hostile to
American interests; an extension of the Monroe Doctrine.
Moral Diplomacy
Missionary Diplomacy
Military
Interventionism
gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuba, and
made Cuba a protectorate of the United States.
construction of the
Panama Canal
1903:Panama Canal Zone is acquired following the US backed Panamanian Revolution against Columbia.
American Spheres of
Influence: Central
America, Caribbean &
Philippines
United States also wanted to increase trade with China. spheres of influence, or zones. Because the
United States did not have a zone, this system of privileged access to Chinese markets
threatened to limit American trade.
1890-1920: Transformation into a World Power
World War 1
WW1
Lusitania
US enters to make “world safe for democracy” – makes money off of
trading to both sides
cruise ship with military supplies sunk by Germans – catalyst for
America’s involvement
Isolationism
The belief that America should focus on domestic issues and
disengage from international affairs
Transformation from
neutrality to
engagement
President Woodrow Wilson called for Americans to remain impartial (neutrality). However, the brutal
German invasion of Belgium swayed American opinion against Germany. Americans also protested when
a German submarine, or U-boat, sank the British passenger liner Lusitania.
Threats to
international trade
German U-boats sank U.S. merchant ships full of war supplies
Unrestricted
submarine warfare
Germany blockaded and has inferior navy to Britain, competes by
attacking ships secretly
The Zimmerman
Note
German ambassador Zimmerman asks Mexico to fight U.S. in exchange for land – note discovered and
published in news.. Next, Germany announced unrestricted submarine warfare against Britain. On
April 6, 1917, the United States Congress declared war on Germany.
WWI: The Experiences of the war’s homefront
Propaganda
Women in the
workplace
World War I had opened up new opportunities for women, African Americans, and Mexican
Americans in the work force
Marshaling of
the War Industries Board (WIB), headed by Bernard Baruch, regulated all industries
engaged in the war effort.
The Great Migration
Millions of African Americans left the South after World War I to
find freedom and economic opportunity in the North.
Institution of the
Draft
Stated that all men between the ages of 20 and 45 had to be registered for possible military
service. Used in case draft became necessary.
The First Red Scare
Widespread fear of suspected communists and radicals thought
to be plotting revolution within the United States prompted the first (American) Red Scare.
In early 1920, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer mounted a series of raids, known as
the Palmer Raids.
Suppression of
individual liberties
Palmer Raids: Police arrested thousands of people, some who were radicals and some who
were simply immigrants from southern or Eastern Europe. To many, these actions seemed to
attack the liberties that Americans held most dear.
President Woodrow
Wilsons 14 Points: Self
determination and
League of nations
Wilson’s plan to prevent future wars - freedom of seas, self-determination, League of
Nations
Reasons to the U.S.
to return to
Isolationism
Return to a isolationism and non-interventionism stance following costly involvement
in World War I.
U.S. Rejection of the
League of Nations
A handful of senators known as the “irreconcilables” believed that the United States
should not get entangled in world organizations such as the League of Nations.*
industrial production
1920s & 1930s: Cycles of Boom and Bust
Roaring 20’s
Describe Modern Forms of Cultural expression:
The Harlem
Renaissance
African-American art, literature, poetry, music movement that attracted
whites – pride for community
The Jazz Age
African Americans who gave the age its jazz. A truly indigenous
American musical form, jazz emerged in the South as a
combination of African American and European musical styles.
“Talkies” (movies
with sound)
sound that was matched to the action on the screen, and the era of
“talkies” was born.
Rising Racial Tensions:
Resurgence of the
Ku Klux Klan
In 1915, the Ku Klux Klan was reorganized in Georgia. This violent group, whose leaders
had titles such as Grand Dragon and Imperial
Wizard, promoted hatred of African Americans, Jews, Catholics, and immigrants.
Increased lynching's
Jim Crow oppression, and the threat of lynching.
Tulsa Race Riot
Use of poll taxes and
literacy tests to
disenfranchise
blacks and poor
whites
A wave of immigration inspired nativist politicians to pass laws forcing immigrants to
pass a literacy test, and to create a quota system. The quota system set limits on the
number of new immi- grants allowed into the United States.
Indian Citizenship
Act (1924)
(1924)- granted full U.S. citizenship to America's indigenous peoples; enacted
partially in recognition of the thousands of Indians who served in the armed forces in WWI
The Great Depression
Causes of economic instability:
Overproduction in
the agriculture markets
Farm prices dropped sharply due to agricultural overproduction;
During the war, Europe needed American food products, but now
farmers produced too much; prices dropped.
Stock market
speculation
By 1929, it became clear that too much money was being poured
into stock speculation. Investors often borrowed money to buy
stocks, then sold them to turn a quick profit
Buying on Margin
Americans were also buying stock on credit.
Role of government
in the economy
He favored big business. He reduced the national debt and lowered taxes to give
incentives to businesses. However, Coolidge said and did nothing about the country’s
many problems, such as low prices for farm crops, racial discrimination, and low
wages.
Laissez Faire
laissez-faire approach to business, worked to reduce regulations
on businesses and to raise protective tariff rates.
1920s & 1930s: Cycles of Boom and Bust
The Great Depression
Factors contribution to the Great Depression
Stock Market Crash
A sharp drop in stock prices led to panicked selling. Stock prices bottomed
out on Black Tuesday, Dow Jones dropped 50% in one day
Bank Failures
1929 to 1941 in which the U.S. economy faltered and unemployment soared.
Thousands of banks closed and many businesses failed
Overproduction in
agriculture
manufacturing, and
housing market.
During the 1920s, revolutionary mass-production techniques enabled
American workers to produce more goods in less time. When the Bust
happen in the mass supply drove the price of the products down.
Consumerism
Installment Buying: many workers took advantage of easy credit to buy
products: Invention of modern conveniences including the
automobile Drove people into debt.
Distribution of
wealth
Industrial workers, whose wages rose steadily, did better than farmers. The
owners of companies did even better. They became
very rich. In fact, in 1929, the wealthiest 0.1 percent of the population earned
about the same amount of money as the bottom 42 percent. However, the
people with great wealth could not buy enough goods to keep the economy
strong.
President Herbert
Hoover’s Financial
policies
led food administration in WWI – wanted to keep America individualism – state
help for poverty not federal help
Massive unemployment
By 1933, almost 25 percent of workers were without jobs.Sometimes a
family’s only food came from a bread line, where people lined up for handouts from charities or public agencies. Many people were evicted from their
homes.
The Bonus Army
March
unemployed World War I veterans known as the Bonus Army marched in
protest and set up camps in Washington, D.C. They wanted early payment
of a bonus promised them. Congress agreed, but Hoover vetoed the plan.
When riots broke out in July 1932, Hoover called in the military. General
Douglas MacArthur led army troops against the veterans.
Hoovervilles
Hoovervilles—makeshift shantytowns of tents and shacks built on public
land or vacant lots.
Election of 1932
Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was
running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers,
and a balanced budget.
Economic and social
impact of the Great
Depression on
individuals, families
and the nation.
Dust Bowl: Many farmers left the area and moved to California to look for
work. Because some of these people were from Oklahoma, Dust Bowl
refugees became known as Okies. **African American sharecroppers were
thrown off the land they had farmed
1920s & 1930s: Cycles of Boom and Bust
FDR & the NEW DEAL
Expanding Role of
government
in his first hundred days in office, FDR acted quickly to
help the country recover from the Great Depression. Congress passed 15 bills,
which became known as the First New Deal. “Relief, Recovery and Reform.
FDR’s 1st Inaugural
address and Four
Freedoms speech
The New Deal
had three goals: relief, recovery, and reform. “Relief” meant
helping people in great need; “recovery” meant helping
businesses; and “reforms” were designed to prevent future
depressions.
National policies addressing the economic crisis
Deficit spending and
fiscal policies
FDR's administration was based on this concept. It involved stimulating consumer buying
power, business enterprise, and ultimately employment by pouring billions of dollars of
federal money into the economy even if the government didn't have the funds, and had to
borrow money.
(SSA) Social Security
Administration
1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading.
(FDIC) Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation
A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Strengall Banking
Reform Act of 1933.
(WPA) Works
Progress
Administration
The WPA started in May 1935 and was headed by Harold Hopkins. It employed people for
30 hours a week (so it could hire all the unemployed). The Federal Arts Project had
unemployed artists painting murals in public buildings; actors, musicians, and dancers
performing in poor neighborhood; and writers compiling guide books and local histories.
Tennessee Valley
Authority
(TVA), which built dams in the Tennessee River valley to control floods and to
generate electricity,
New Deal
"Relief, recovery, reform"
The first step in FDR's relief program was to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps in
April, 1933. The chief measure designed to promote recovery was the National Industrial
Recovery Act. The New Deal acts most often classified as reform measures were those
designed to guarantee the rights of labor and limit the powers of businesses.
President Franklin D.
Roosevelt’s court
packing plan
Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation, Roosevelt decided to
curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new federal
judge for each who did not retire by age 70 and 1/2. At the time, 6 justices were over the age
limit. Would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority of his
own appointees on the court. The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress.
Causes and impact
of the Dust Bowl
A severe drought and overfarming on the Great Plains turned the
soil to dust, making farming impossible and creating huge dust
storms.
1920s & 1930s: Cycles of Boom and Bust
WW2
Appeasement
Neutrality Acts
U.S. Congress passed a series of laws in the 1930s, in. response to the growing
turmoil in Europe and Asia isolationism and non-interventionism stance following
costly involvement in WW1
Lend-Lease Program
1941, Congress approved the Lend-Lease Act. This act gave the President the power to
sell, give, or lease weapons
President FDR’s “A Date
Which Will Live in
Infamy” Speech
HOME FRONT
Mobilization for war
Roles of women and
minorities in war effort
war also provided new opportunities for women and minorities. Many women found jobs, especially
in heavy industry.
Rationing
To ensure that there would be adequate raw materials, such as oil and rubber, for war production,
rationing was instituted. Millions of Americans bought war bonds and con- tribute to the war effort
Interment Camps
after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the federal government moved 100,000 Japanese Americans living on
the West Coast to camps in isolated locations under a policy of internment.
Germans and Italian Internment- In addition to Japanese- American citizens freedoms being
restricted through forced migration to the camps..
Korematsu v. United
States Decision
1944 Upheld the U.S. government's decision to put Japanese-Americans in internment camps during World
War II.
Major battles, turning points, and key strategies
Pearl Harbor
D-Day Invasion
Manhattan project
Island-hopping
7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet
harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000,
Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World
War II.
June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the
beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of WW2
A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.
American forces in the Pacific followed an island-hopping strategy in a steady path toward Japan.
Allied Conference at
Yalta
General MacArthur
General Eisenhower
The Holocaust
Allied liberation of
concentration camps
Nuremburg Trials
War Crimes
Military governor of the Philippines, which Japan invaded a few days after the Pearl Harbor attack.
MacArthur escaped to Australia in March 1942 and was appointed supreme commander of the Allied forces
in the Pacific. Received the Medal of Honor.
(1870-1969) Served as the supreme commander of the western Allied forces and became chief of staff in
1941. Sent to Great Britain in 1942 as the U.S. commander in Europe.
Nazi attempt to kill all Jews, as well as other “undesirables,
Many concentration camps were death camps, where prisoners were systematically exterminated.
The largest death camp was Auschwitz in Poland. Once the war started, news of the mass killings
began to filter to the U.S.. In early 1944, FDR began to respond and established the War Refugee Board,
which worked
with the Red Cross to save thousands of Eastern European Jews.
Nuremberg Trials key leaders of Nazi Germany were brought to justice for their crimes against
humanity.
1945 to 1975 Beginning of the Cold War
Cold WAR
Origins of the
Cold War and
consequences
Truman Doctrine
1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.
Division of Berlin
Berlin Blockade
April 1, 1948 - Russia under Stalin blockaded Berlin completely in the hopes that the West would give the
entire city to the Soviets to administer. To bring in food and supplies, the U.S. and Great Britain mounted air
lifts which became so intense that, at their height, an airplane was landing in West Berlin every few minutes.
West Germany was a republic under Franc, the U.S. and Great Britain. Berlin was located entirely within
Soviet-controlled East Germany.
“Iron Curtain”
Churchill in 1946 declared an "iron curtain" had descended across Eastern Europe.
Satellite courtiers
Eastern European countries conquered by the U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.
Soviet Bloc and
Western Bloc
Marshall Plan
Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American
economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of
Communism.
Role of U.S. in
formation of the UN
& NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Chartered April, 1949. The 11 member nations agreed to fight for each other if attacked. It is an international
military force for enforcing its charter.
Warsaw Pact
To counter the NATO buildup, the Soviets formed this military organization with the nations of Eastern Europe.
Also gave Russia an excuse for garrisoning troops in these countries.
U.S. military
response in the
invasion of Korea
After WWII, Korea had been partitioned along the 38th parallel into a northern zone governed by the Soviet
Union, and a southern zone controlled by the U.S. In 1950, after the Russians had withdrawn, leaving a
communist government in the North, the North invaded the South. The U.N. raised an international army led
by the U.S. to stop the North. It was the first use of U.N. military forces to enforce international peace. Called a
limited war, because the fighting was to be confined solely to the Korean peninsula, rather than the countries
involved on each side attacking one another directly.
Goals of President
JFK’s Administration
Pres. Jfk’s
Inaugural Address
Berlin Wall
1961 - The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushev, erected a wall between East and West Berlin to keep people
from fleeing from the East, after Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet
aggression.
Bay of Pigs
1961 - 1400 American-trained Cuban expatriates left from Nicaragua to try to topple Castro's regime, landing
at the Bay of Pigs in southern Cuba. They had expected a popular uprising to sweep them to victory, but the
local populace refused to support them. When promised U.S. air cover also failed to materialize, the invaders
were easily killed or captured by the Cuban forces. Many of the survivors were ransomed back to the U.S. for
$64 million. President Kennedy had directed the operation.
Cuban Missile
Crisis
October 14-28, 1962 - After discovering that the Russians were building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba,
the U.S. announced a quarantine of Cuba, which was really a blockade, but couldn't be called that since
blockades are a violation of international law. After 6 days of confrontation that led to the brink of nuclear war,
Khrushchev backed down and agreed to dismantle the launch sites.
Peace Corps
Established by Congress in September, 1961 under Kennedy, dedicated Americans volunteered to go to about
50 third-world countries and show the impoverished people how to improve their lives
1945 to 1975 Beginning of the Cold War
Cold WAR Continued
Government response
to communism
The goal of another American policy, called containment, was to use American power to help nations
resist communism
Pres. Eisenhower
Eisenhower announced the United States would use force to help any nation threatened by
communism. Also he wanted to contain communism for the fear of the DOMINO affect to tack place
Army-McCarthy
hearings
Joseph R. McCarthy, a senator from Wisconsin, also fanned
Americans’ fears. He claimed he had a long list of communists in the State Department, McCarthy’s
popularity soared. McCarthyism became a catchword for the senator’s vicious style of reckless he
went after the United States Army during televised hearings, he lost his strongest supporters and
looked dumb
The 2nd Red Scare
The Red Scare—public fear that communists were working to destroy America both from within and
without—
The Rosenberg’s Spy
Trial
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were accused of passing secret information about nuclear science to
Soviet agents. The Rosenbergs claimed that they were being persecuted because they were Jewish and
held unpopular beliefs. They
were convicted in a highly controversial trial and executed in 1953.
Impact of nuclear
proliferation
program of mutually assured destruction would prevent the other from actually using the Nuclear
weapons. (MAD)
Nuclear arms race
September 2, 1949, America learned that the Soviets now had an atomic bomb. Truman soon ordered the
development of a hydrogen bomb. Some scientists warned that developing the H-Bomb would lead to a
perpetual arms race. For the next four decades, the United States and the Soviet Union stockpiled nuclear
weapons.
Brinkmanship
The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of
both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.
(MAD) Mutually Assured
Destruction
Launching of Sputnik
October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.
Space Race
Involvement in VIETNAM
Domino Theory
1957 - It stated that if one country fell to Communism, it would undermine another and that one would fall,
producing a domino effect.
The Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution
August, 1964 - After the U.S. Navy ship Maddux reportedly was fired on, the U.S. Congress passed this
resolution which gave the president power to send troops to Vietnam to protect against further North
Vietnamese aggression.
The Tet Offensive
1968, during Tet, the Vietnam lunar new year - Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army raiding forces attacked
provincial capitals throughout Vietnam, even seizing the U.S. embassy for a time. U.S. opinion began turning
against the war.
Election of 1968
Kent State & Jackson
State student protests
Kent State: May 4, 1970 - National Guardsmen opened fire on a group of students protesting the Vietnam War.
Jackson State: Police opened fire in a dormitory.
Counterculture
emphasis on freedom from materialism and the civil rights movement’s questioning of traditional
boundaries. The Vietnam antiwar movement’s distrust of authority fostered a spirit of rebellion. known
as hippies, contradicted traditional values
Expanded television
coverage of the war
War Powers Act
26th Amendment
1945 to 1975 Beginning of the Cold War
CIVIL RIGHTS
Pres. Truman’s decision to
desegregate the U.S.
armed forces
By 1951, Truman’s executive order to desegregate the military
NAACP’s attacks
Segregation
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Founded in 1909 to improve living conditions for inner city Blacks, evolved into a national
organization dedicated to establishing equal legal rights for Blacks.
Thurgood Marshall
In 1967, appointed the first Black Supreme Court Justice, he had led that NAACP's legal
defense fund and had argued the Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case
before the Supreme Court.
Supreme court
Decisions: Ada Lois
Sipuel Fisher
Sipuel v. Bd. Regents. O.U. (1948)- Supreme Court case requiring
acceptance in Law School for black applicant.
Supreme court
Decisions: George
McLaurin
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)- Supreme Court case
banning segregated classrooms in universities.
De Jure Segregation
De Jure means that there are rules and laws behind it. In 1965, President Johnson said that
getting rid of De Jure segregation was not enough.
De Facto Segregation
De Facto means "it is that way because it just is," or segregation by unwritten custom, was
a fact of life.
Brown Vs. Board
1954, Brown v. Board of Education challenged segregated public education at all grade
levels. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote the Brown decision in which the Supreme Court
agreed that segregated public schools violated the United States Constitution. The Brown
decision overturned the principle of “separate but equal.”
The Montgomery Bus
Boycott & ROSA PARKS
December, 1955 - In Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat for a
White man as required by city ordinance. It started the Civil Rights Movement and an almost
nation-wide bus boycott lasting 11 months.
Little Rock Central
High School Crisis
Little Rock, Arkansas, the governor ordered the National Guard to block nine African
American students from entering the high school. President Eisenhower sent federal
troops to protect the students and to enforce the Court’s decision.
Oklahoma City lunch
counter sit-ins
Oklahoma City lunch counter sit-ins (1958) were the first use of this form of civil
disobedience in the nation; actions led by Oklahoma activist Clara Luper.
Clara Luper
Led OKC Lunch Counter Sit Ins (1958)
Freedom Rides
March on Washington
August - 200,000 demonstrators converged on the Lincoln Memorial to hear Dr. King's speech
and to celebrate Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement.
Birmingham church
bombings
Birmingham Church Bombings (1963)- an act of white supremacist terrorism; killed four
girls; marked a turning point in the Civil Rights Movement; prompted passage of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Civil Rights Act of
1964
Public Accommodations Section of the Act
This portion of the Act stated that public accommodations could not be segregated and that
nobody could be denied access to public accommodation on the basis of race.
Voting Rights Act of
1965
Passed by Congress in 1965, it allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places
where they had not been allowed to vote before.
Assassination of Dr.
Martin Luther King Jr.
(1929-1968) An Atlanta-born Baptist minister, he earned a Ph.D. at Boston University. The leader of the Civil
Rights Movement and President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, he was assassinated
outside his hotel room.
Malcolm X
One-time pimp and street hustler, converted to a Black Muslim while in prison. At first urged Blacks to seize
their freedom by any means necessary, but later changed position and advocated racial harmony. He was
1945 to 1979
CIVIL RIGHTS
Cesar Chavez, who formed the United Farm Workers (UFW). This union implemented a strike and
boycott of grapes that secured safer working conditions for migrant farmworkers.
Cesar Chavez
Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford & Jimmy Carter
The Warren Courts
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Earl Warren used the Court's authority to support civil
rights and individual liberties. He authored Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka,
Kansas and Roe v. Wade decisions.
The War on Poverty
1965 - Johnson figured that since the Gross National Profit had risen, the country had lots of
extra money "just lying around," so he'd use it to fight poverty. It started many small programs,
Medicare, Head Start, and reorganized immigration to eliminate national origin quotas. It was
put on hold during the Vietnam War.
The Great Society
Platform for LBJ's campaign, it stressed the 5 P's: Peace, Prosperity, anti-Poverty, Prudence
and Progress
Goals of (AIM) American
Indians &
Siege at Wounded Knee
was founded in 1968 to ease poverty and help secure legal rights and self-government for Native
Americans. In February 1973, AIM took over Wounded Knee, South Dakota, to protest living conditions
on reservations. That protest that led to the deaths of two AIM members
Changing roles of
Women
The role of housewife was seen as the proper one for women, but many women found it deeply unsatisfying.
Those women who did work experienced open and routine discrimination, including being paid less than men.
Women’s Liberation
Movement
The second wave of feminism was born in the 1960s. Inspired by successes of the civil rights
movement, women wanted to change how they were treated as a group and to redefine how they were
viewed
as individuals.
NOW
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Inspired by Betty Frieden, a reform organization that battled for equal rights with men by lobbying and testing
laws in court. NOW wanted equal employment opportunities, equal pay, ERA, divorce law changes, and
legalized abortion.
ERA
Equal Rights Amendment: Proposed the 27th Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes. Defeated in
the House in 1972
Roe Vs. Wade
Detente
The 1973 Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade gave women the right to legal abortions.
A lessening of tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union. Besides disarming missiles to insure a lasting peace
between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget. The public did not
approve.
Watergate Scandal
June 1972, burglars broke into the Democratic Party headquarters at the Watergate complex in
Washington. After their conviction, one of them charged that administration officials had been
involved. Nixon denied any wrongdoing
Watergate Tapes
Nixon refused to turn over secret tapes of Oval Office conversations. He claimed executive privilege,
which is the principle that the President has the right to keep certain information confidential. H
Pentagon Papers
top-secret government study said govermentt had lied to the citizens of the U.S. and the world about its
intentions in Vietnam
First use of 25th
Amendment
Twenty-fifth Amendment, Nixon nominated Gerald Ford to become his new Vice President.
Fords Pardon of Nixon
Ford lost support when he announced that he had pardoned, or officially forgiven, Nixon for any crimes
he might have committed as President.
Camp David Accords
Peace talks between Egypt and Israel mediated by President Carter .
OPEC Oil Embargo
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) placed an oil embargo on Israel’s allies, oil
prices skyrocketed.
1979 Hostage Crisis
Iranian radicals invaded the U.S. Embassy and took 66 Americans hostage. kept the staff hostage for 444
days, releasing them January, 1981. His failure to win the release of the hostages was viewed as
evidence of American weakness.
1980 to Present
Ronald Reagan
Reaganomics
Supply side economics
Iran-Contra Scandal
Reagan's theory that if you cut taxes, it will spur the growth of public spending and improve the economy. It
included tax breaks for the rich, "supply-side economics," and "trickle down" theory.
Reaganomics policy based on the theory that allowing companies the opportunity to make profits, and
encouraging investment, will stimulate the economy and lead to higher standards of living for everyone.
Argued that tax cuts can be used stimulate economic growth. Move money into the hands of the people and
they will invest, thus creating prosperity.
Reagan’s second term was tarnished by the Iran-Contra affair. In 1985, the United States sold weapons
to Iran in exchange for Iran’s promise to pressure Lebanese terrorists to release American hostages,
Money from this sale was then used to fund Contras in Nicaragua, despite a congressional ban on
such funding.
Regan’s “Tear Down
This Wall” speech
he Cold War came to an end. The Berlin Wall tumbled in November 1989. From 1989 through 1991
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Re unification of
Germany
Collapse of the Soviet
Union
Gorbachev realized that the Soviet Union could not match the U.S. military buildup. Soviet Union split
into 15 independent republics when communism collapsed in 1991.
George H.W. Bush (SR)
International coalition
He worked to build an international coalition, American, British, French, Egyptian, and Saudi forces.
Persian Gulf War
Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 was one of Bush’s greatest foreign policy challenges.
Saddam Hussein, Iraq’s dictator, sought to control Kuwait’s rich oil deposits and increase his power in the
region. President Bush made it clear that he would not tolerate Iraq’s aggression against its neighbor.
Operation Desert
Storm
coalition forces attacked Iraqi troops on January 16, 1991. On February 23, coalition forces stormed
Kuwait, and within five days, Iraq agreed to a UN cease-fire.
Bill Clinton
Impact of NAFTA and free
trade Zones
United States joined with Canada and Mexico to pass the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA). NAFTA created a free trade zone in North America.
NATO interventions in
the former Yugoslav
republics
Americans opposed military involvement in foreign affairs, civil war broke out in the former Yugoslav
republic of Bosnia, Bosnian Serbs attacked and murdered Muslims and Croats. This state-sanctioned mass
murder became known as ethnic cleansing. In 1995, Clinton asked NATO to bomb Serbian strongholds.
This intervention brought about a cease-fire, but violence flared in another former Yugoslavian republic.
1993 World Trade Center
Attack
World Trade Center Attack (1993)- first bomb attack on NYC business structure by foreign terrorists
associated with al Qaeda.
1995 bombing of the
OKC Murrah Federal
Building
(1995) domestic anti-government terrorist attack on federal and civilian workers.
GEORGE W. BUSH (JR)
Attacks of Sept.11,
2001
USA Patriot Act
Creation of the
Department of
Homeland Security
On September 11, 2001, the United States was attacked by Osama bin Laden’s al Qaeda net- work.
congress passed the Patriot Act to give law enforcement broader powers to monitor suspected
terrorists.
new Cabinet-level Department of Homeland Security was created to coordinate domestic security
matters.