Transcript Cold War II - White Plains Public Schools

East versus west:
A Global Divide and
a Cold War
AP World History
Chapter 22
“The Rise and Fall of Communism”
(1917 – Present)
A Global Divide
• Cold War = 1946-1991
• 2 global superpowers  United
States versus the Soviet Union
• 2 global military alliances 
NATO versus the Warsaw Pact
• The Iron Curtain = the Sovietcreated, heavily fortified border
splitting non-Communist Western
Europe and Communist Eastern
Europe
The Arms Race
• Race to create and amass the most
nuclear weapons
• Atomic and hydrogen bombs
• Hydrogen bombs = up to 1000 times
more powerful than atomic bombs
• Inter-continental ballistic missiles
• Could launch numerous warheads across
continents and oceans
• Incredibly accurate
• Any major city in the world could be
obliterated within a matter of seconds
• The threat of nuclear war was everpresent and the entire world lived in a
constant state of fear
The Space Race
• Both countries put emphasis on other
technological research as well 
especially space technology
• Soviet Union = had 1st achievements
• 1957 = the Soviets launched Sputnik I =
world’s first space satellite
• 1957 = the Russian space dog Laika was
the first animal to orbit the earth
• 1961 = 1st man in space = Yuri Gagarin =
from the Soviet Union
• Soviet achievements stunned the U.S. and
pushed America to further its space
research
The Space Race
• 1963 = President
Kennedy promised
the world that the
U.S. would land men
on the moon before
1970
• July 20, 1969 = Neil
Armstrong and Buzz
Aldrin took “one
small step” on the
moon
Battle for Third
World Countries
• The Soviet Union and the U.S. used military
and economic aid, educational opportunities,
and political pressure to “court” Third World
countries
• First World countries = countries of the
developed West
• Second World countries = communist
countries
• Third World countries = countries emerging
from colonial rule
• Soviet Union = wanted to spread communism
• U.S. = wanted to “contain” communism
• Sometimes led the U.S. to support anticommunist, but corrupt and authoritarian
regimes
Battle for Third
World Countries
• Third World countries resisted the role of
pawns in superpower rivalries  most took
a stance of “nonalignment” in the Cold
War(
India,Indonesia,Ghana,Egypt,Yugoslavia)
• Neither superpower = able to dominate these
third-world allies
• Some Third World countries = tried to play
off the superpowers against each other
• Example: U.S. refused to help Egypt build
the Aswan Dam in the mid 1950’s
• Egypt turned to the Soviet Union instead and
developed a close relationship with the USSR
• 1971 = Egypt expelled 21,000 Soviet advisors
and aligned with the United States
The U.S.: Superpower
of the West, 1945-1975
• Rise of a strong or “imperial”
presidency and a “national security
state” = the executive branch and
defense/intelligence agencies acquired
great power within the government
• Growth of the “military-industrial
complex” = a coalition of the armed
services, military research labs, and
private defense industries
President Eisenhower warned the U.S. of the
dangers of the military-industrial complex in
his farewell address
• Stimulated and benefited from increased
military spending and Cold War tensions
The Communist
World, 1950s – 1970s
• Communist goal worldwide was that
“workers of the world” would unite,
eroding national loyalties
• Unite in common opposition to global
capitalism
• This never happened  too many
divisions
• Many Eastern European nations rejected
Soviet domination over their affairs
• Independence and reform movements
began in many of these countries
• 1956-1957 = Soviet forces invaded its
own “allies” Hungary and
Czechoslovakia to crush such movements
• 1980s = Soviet forces did the same thing
in Poland
Soviet forces in Hungary in 1956
•
Remaining Communist
Countries
At its peak, communism was practiced in dozens of countries:
• Soviet Union: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan
• Asian Countries: Afghanistan, Cambodia, Mongolia, and Yemen
• Soviet Controlled Eastern bloc countries: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, East
Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia.
• The Balkans: Albania, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia.
• Africa: Angola, Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, and
Mozambique.
• Currently only a handful of countries identified as communist remain:
Laos, North Korea, Vietnam, China, and Cuba.
A Global Divide
Cold War Comparative Theses 1949-1990
•
IN Africa and Latin America 1949-1990 both superpowers utilized Communist and Capitalists sentiment in countries
like Egypt and Cuba fomenting cold war animosities and utilizing brinksmanship to push each side to submission, both
will install favorable leaders to help develop cold war alliances, however, Cuba would be the site of the closest call to
nuclear war while African conflicts were generally regional conflicts.
•
From 1949-1990 both North America and Eastern Europe were sworn cold war enemies each main ting their respective
ideologies of Comments totalitarianism and Democratic Capitalism), both will engage in massive espionage and arms
build up, however, North American technologies will develop at a more rapid pace due to transparency, freedoms and
competition while Eastern Europe will languish technologically having no incentive for innovation (comparatively)
•
From 1949- 1990 both East Asia and South East Asia would become fragmented due to proxy wars like the Korean
and Vietnam wars, both would be inspired by nationalists and communists ideology in response to former imperialism
and war, however, the Korean war technically never ended while the Vietnam war would be over by 1975 (Communist
today)
•
IN East Europe and Latin America 1949-1990 there were installations of economic aid and munitions installed which
caused international unrest, superpower and U.N intervention was essential to prevent mutually assured destruction
(Berlin airlift, Cuban Missile crisis) , however Eastern Europe and it’s “iron curtain” would be firmly under the Soviet
sphere while Latin America would remain up for grabs (Cuba remains communist).
•
IN South Asia and Africa 1949-1990 nations like Ghana and India afraid of choosing sides during the Cold war would
join the non-alignment movements, both would see attempts by the cold war powers to intervene (Suez Crisis/IndoPakistani wars), however, due to decolonization South Asia would remain relatively free from cold war intervention
(Indi would remain socialists till 1990) while civil wars in Africa were often the result of cold war era backed military
dictators (ousted Lumumba in Congo for Mumbuto)
The Berlin Wall
• Became a universal
symbol of the Cold
War
• Built by East Germany
(with Soviet backing)
in 1961 to stop East
Germans from fleeing
to West Berlin
Leaders During the Cold
War
United States
Soviet Union
Policy of Containment
• The United States developed a
new foreign policy = containment
• Designed to stop the spread of
communism
• This policy led the U.S. to get
involved in several Cold War
conflicts:
• Korean War
• Vietnam War
• Conflict in Afghanistan
• Cuban Missile Crisis
Korean War (1950-1953)
• After WWII, Korea was divided at the
38th parallel
• Northern half = to be temporarily
occupied by the Soviet Union
• Southern half = to be temporarily
occupied by the U.S.
• By 1948 = 2 separate governments had
emerged
• North Korea = Communist
• South Korea = Democratic
• By mid-1949 = both the United States
and the Soviet Union had withdrawn all
of their troops from North and South
Korea
Korean War (1950-1953)
• June 1950 = North Korea
invaded South Korea  wanted
to unify the country under a
communist government
• United Nations meets in response
• Voted to condemn the invasion
• Agreed to organize an army to
oppose it
• 16 countries contributed troops to
UN army  but 90% of those
troops came from the U.S.
• Leader of the UN army =
Douglas MacArthur
Korean War (1950-1953)
• Brief game of back-and-forth
followed by a long stalemate
• First few months of war = North
Koreans swept southward and
conquered almost all of South Korea
• September 1950 = UN forces
launched a counterattack, pushed the
North Koreans out of South Korea,
and advanced until they had
conquered almost all of North Korea
• Communist China came to the aid
of North Korea  Chinese forces
and North Koreans able to push UN
forces back to a line near the 38th
parallel
Korean War (1950-1953)
• July 1951 – July 1953 =
stalemate along this line
near the 38th parallel
• July 1953 = truce was
signed  both sides agreed
to divide Korea (once
again) along the 38th
parallel
• 5 million deaths and mass
devastation of much of
Korea  for what?
“The Forgotten War”
The Soviet Union
versus China
• Sharply opposed  territorial disputes, ideological
differences, and rivalry for communist leadership
China
Soviet Union
-Criticized Khrushchev for backing
down in the Cuban Missile Crisis
-Thought Mao Zedong was
dangerously indifferent to the
consequences of nuclear war
-Developed its own nuclear
capabilities in the 1960s
-1960 = backed out of a promise to
provide China with a prototype of
the atomic bomb
- Withdrew Soviet advisors and
technicians who were helping China
with nuclear developments
The Soviet Union
versus China
• By the 1960s = the two
were at the brink of war
with each other
• Soviet Union even hinted
at a possible nuclear
strike on Chinese military
targets
• U.S. had to get involved
with a “triangular
diplomacy” to ease
tensions between the two
President Nixon meeting with Mao Zedong in China
The Vietnam War (1955-1975):
First Indochina War
• Before WWII = France controlled
Indochina (including Vietnam)
• After the Japanese left Indochina
following WWII = France wanted to
regain control of Vietnam
• A Vietnamese nationalist group had
developed, however, that wanted an
independent Vietnam = called the
Vietminh
• Leader = Ho Chi Minh
• This group = communist
• Supported by the Soviet Union and
China
First Indochina War
• Vietminh and France could not
agree on how to share power in
Vietnam
• 1946 = two sides went to war
• U.S. sent military and financial
aid to help France
• French still couldn’t pull out a
victory
• May 1954 = French forces
defeated by the Vietminh in the
decisive battle at Dien Bien Phu
First Indochina War
• One month before this battle = the
Vietminh, France, and U.S. met to
negotiate a settlement to the Vietnam
conflict
• They agreed to divide Vietnam along
the 17th parallel
• Created a communist North Vietnam
and a democratic South Vietnam
• Division supposed to last until 1956 =
when elections were to be held
• Ngo Dinh Diem (leader of South
Vietnam) rejected the proposed elections
• Diem = weak and unpopular
• Ho Chi Minh = VERY popular
First Indochina War
• Viet Cong = communist guerrillas
in South Vietnam  fought Diem
in hopes of uniting Vietnam
under Ho Chi Minh
• Diem = weak and unpopular
leader, even with his OWN people
• 1963 = South Vietnamese military
staged a coup in which Diem was
killed
• Thought that if he continued to be
in power, the south would fall to
the Communists
• U.S. quietly approved of this coup
The Vietnam War
• By late 1963 = 16,000 American
advisors were in Vietnam
• 1964 = U.S. approved of secret
South Vietnamese naval raids
against North Vietnam
• August 2, 1964 = U.S. President
Lyndon Johnson announced that
North Vietnam had fired on 2 U.S.
ships off the coast of Vietnam
U.S. Advisors in Vietnam
• Incident never confirmed
• President Johnson used it to
increase American involvement in
the war
The Vietnam War
• Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution = gave the President broad
war powers
• March 1965 = Johnson sent first
ground troops to Vietnam
• By 1968 = more than 500,000
American troops were in Vietnam
• South Vietnamese army = numbered
800,000
• North Vietnamese army and the Viet
Cong = numbered 300,000
• China and Soviet Union sent aid, but
no troops, to help North Vietnam
The Vietnam War
• Despite greater numbers
and advanced
technology, the
Americans could not
defeat the Communists
• Viet Cong relied on
mobility, surprise attacks,
and guerilla warfare 
avoid open battle
• As the war intensified,
antiwar attitudes in the
U.S. continued to spread
The Tet Offensive
• Early 1968 = the Tet Offensive =
when the Viet Cong launched a
major military offensive during
the Vietnamese New Year holiday
(Tet)
• Did not capture any major cities
• Bitter fighting made even more
Americans realize, however, that
years of U.S. involvement in
Vietnam had failed to weaken the
Viet Cong
• Opposition to the war intensified
 Johnson did not run for
reelection in 1968
City of Cholon after the Tet Offensive
Ending the Vietnam War
• Under President Richard M.
Nixon, the U.S. began to
withdraw troops
• 1973 = South Vietnam, the
U.S., and the Communists
agreed to a cease-fire
• U.S. withdrew the rest of its
troops from Vietnam
• 1975 = the war resumed 
North Vietnamese and Viet
Cong forces defeated the
South Vietnamese
U.S. troops leaving North Vietnam
Ending the Vietnam War
• After 20 years of fighting
in Vietnam:
• Vietnam reunited
under the Communists
• 2 million deaths
(58,000 were
Americans)
• 10 million South
Vietnamese refugees
• Large areas of
Vietnam lay devastated
Vietnam Memorial in Washington, D.C.
Conflict in Afghanistan
• 1978 = a Marxist party had taken over
power in Afghanistan
• Marxist leaders took steps to:
• Implement radical land reforms
• Liberate women
• Problem = this upset conservative
Muslims within the country and led to a
large opposition movement
• Soviet Union = intervened with its
military
Soviet Soldiers in Kabul, Afghanistan
• Afraid that this new communist regime in
Afghanistan would be overthrown and
replaced by Islamic radicals
• Got caught up in a war they could not win
 lasted from 1978 until 1989
Conflict in Afghanistan
• U.S. = sent aid to the Afghan
guerrillas to help them oust
Soviet forces and end the
communist regime in
Afghanistan
• “Operation Cyclone” = code
name for the CIA program to
arm, train, and finance the
Afghan insurgents during
their war against the Soviets
• Soviet forces finally
withdrew in 1989
• Afghan communist regime
soon collapsed
Afghan insurgent using a U.S. “stinger” missile
The Cuban Missile Crisis
• 1959 = Fidel Castro came to power
in Cuba
• Revolutionary nationalist
• Liked Marxist ideas  led him to
establish a communist regime in
Cuba in 1960
• Soviet Union = pumped!  1st time
a country had set up a communist
government without the Red Army
• Nationalized American assets in
Cuba = brought them under
ownership of the Cuban government
• Provoked a lot of U.S. hostility
• U.S. stopped all aid to Cuba AND
all imports of Cuban sugar
The Cuban Missile Crisis
• April 1961 = Bay of Pigs
Invasion
• CIA funded, trained, armed, and
transported 1300 Cuban exiles to
invade Cuba
• Landed at the Bay of Pigs
• Goal = to overthrow Castro
• Invasion = a disaster; President
Kennedy was humiliated
• Major Result = Castro asked the
Soviet Union to provide him with
weapons to protect Cuba against
America
The Cuban Missile Crisis
• Leader of the Soviet Union at
this time = Nikita Khrushchev
• Feared that American
aggression against Cuba would
lead to the loss of this new
communist ally in the
Caribbean
• He secretly deployed nucleartipped Soviet missiles to Cuba
 thought this would stop any
further U.S. action against
Castro
• Soviet Union quickly and
secretly built missile bases in
Cuba
The Cuban Missile Crisis
• October 1962 = missiles
discovered by the U.S.
• For 13 days = American forces
blockaded Cuba and prepared
for an invasion
• Agreement struck between
President Kennedy and Premier
Khrushchev
• Both knew nuclear war would be
absolutely devastating
• Soviet Union agreed to remove
ALL missiles from Cuba
• U.S. promised to not invade
Cuba