Transcript Chapter 13m

WARM-UP
• WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT EISENHOWER…
• WHAT SORT OF CHARACTER TRAITS MIGHT
EISENHOWER HAVE TO POSSESS TO BE A GENERAL?
• HOW MIGHT EISENHOWER HANDLE LARGE THREATS AS
PRESIDENT? HOW WOULD HIS PAST EXPERIENCES AS A
GENERAL AFFECT HIS DECISIONS?
• WHAT MAKES A GOOD PRESIDENT?
BUILDING A NEW WORLD
• BEFORE THE END OF WORLD WAR II, THE UNITED NATIONS WAS SET UP AS
AN INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION THAT COULD HELP PREVENT
FUTURE WARS.
• THE YALTA CONFERENCE WAS A MEETING BETWEEN ROOSEVELT, CHURCHILL,
AND STALIN.
• DISAGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOVIETS
REGARDING THE SPREAD OF COMMUNIST GOVERNMENTS SPARKED AN ERA OF
CONFRONTATION AND COMPETITION, CALLED THE COLD WAR, THAT LASTED
UNTIL ABOUT 1990.
UNITED NATIONS
• REPLACED THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
• HOPED TO BE STRONGER AND STAND UP TO
DICTATORS AND ANY LEADER WHO VIOLATED
HUMAN RIGHTS.
• ALSO KNOWN AS UN
• THEY ACT AS A WORLD PEACE KEEPING
ORGANIZATION
Leaders at Yalta
- Work together to list all of
the things they know about
each of the leaders shown
in the photo.
- Discuss what they believe
were the goals of each
leader for the postwar
period.
- Discuss how the goals of a
dictator such as Stalin
would differ from those of
leaders such as Churchill
and Roosevelt, who were
elected to office.
TRUMAN TAKES CONTROL
• WHEN ROOSEVELT DIED, HARRY S. TRUMAN BECAME PRESIDENT AND WANTED
TO MAKE SURE THE U.S. DID NOT APPEASE STALIN LIKE GREAT BRITAIN
HAD APPEASED HITLER BEFORE THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR II.
• TRUMAN TOOK A HARD LINE AGAINST STALIN AND COMMUNISM AT THE
POTSDAM CONFERENCE, TAKING A STAND AGAINST THE HEAVY WAR
REPARATIONS THAT THE SOVIETS HAD WANTED FROM GERMANY.
• PRO-SOVIET COMMUNIST GOVERNMENTS WERE ESTABLISHED IN POLAND,
ROMANIA, BULGARIA, HUNGARY, AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA. THE COMMUNIST
TAKEOVER OF EASTERN EUROPE BECAME KNOWN AS THE IRON CURTAIN.
POTSDAM
•
•
•
•
FDR IS NO LONGER PART OF THE BIG THREE
•
THE OTHER THREE FRANCE, BRITAIN, AND US COMBINED
THEIR THREE ZONES TO MAKE WEST GERMANY.
•
THE CAPITAL BERLIN WAS ALSO DIVIDED BY THE BERLIN
WALL.
TRUMAN REPLACES HIM
SPLIT GERMANY INTO 4 SECTIONS.
THE SIDE CLOSEST TO THE SOVIETS IS EAST GERMANY
AND THEY WERE COMMUNIST
IRON CURTAIN
• IT WAS NOT A TANGIBLE DIVIDE
• IT WAS NOT A WALL
• HOWEVER, IT WAS AN IDEA
• TERM COINED BY WINSTON CHURCHILL
• PRO-SOVIET COMMUNIST GOVERNMENTS WERE
ESTABLISHED IN EASTERN EUROPE
Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an
‘iron curtain’ has descended across the Continent.
Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient
states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin,
Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and
Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations
around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere,
and all are subject, in one form or another, not only
to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some
cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.”
—Winston Churchill, Westminster College,
Fulton, Missouri, March 5, 1946
IN YOUR NOTEBOOK
WHAT IS SO BAD ABOUT COMMUNISM…
• IT IS AN ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SYSTEM.
• THE GOVERNMENT OWNS ALL MEANS OF MONEY -
AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY
• NO PRIVATE OWNERSHIP
• ESSENTIALLY EVERYONE IS EQUAL
• THERE IS NO COMPETITION
• ALSO, THEY (STALIN) ELIMINATES COMPETITION
AND OPPOSITION
CONTAINING COMMUNISM
• THE UNITED STATES DEVELOPED A “POLICY OF CONTAINMENT” TO KEEP
COMMUNISM FROM SPREADING.
• THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AIDED COUNTRIES THREATENED BY OUTSIDE
CONTROL, AND THE MARSHALL PLAN PROVIDED AID TO EUROPEAN NATIONS
TO REBUILD THEIR ECONOMIES.
• THE CREATION OF WEST GERMANY CAUSED THE SOVIETS TO BLOCKADE WEST
BERLIN. THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) WAS A
MUTUAL DEFENSE ALLIANCE BETWEEN NATIONS, AND SOVIETS LATER
RESPONDED WITH THEIR OWN ALLIANCE, THE WARSAW PACT.
CONTAINMENT
• CONTAINING COMMUNISM IS LIKE CONTAINING
THE ZOMBIE VIRUS
• YOU DO NOT WANT IT TO SPREAD.
WAYS TO STOP COMMUNISM
A HAUS DIVIDED
• WESTERN GERMANY DEMOCRATIC
• EASTERN GERMANY OPPRESSED COMMUNIST
BUFFER BETWEEN USSR AND ENEMYS
IN YOUR NOTEBOOK
DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA AND THE KOREAN
WAR
• A REVOLUTION IN CHINA CAUSED THE COUNTRY TO BECOME COMMUNIST AND
FORM AN ALLIANCE WITH THE SOVIET UNION.
• THE U.S. WORKED TO REBUILD JAPAN AND INTRODUCE DEMOCRACY.
• WHEN COMMUNIST NORTH KOREA INVADED SOUTH KOREA, THE U.S.
RESPONDED TO AID THE SOUTH AND CHINA RESPONDED TO AID THE NORTH.
• AN ARMISTICE WAS REACHED IN 1951, AND A DEMILITARIZED ZONE WAS
ESTABLISHED TO SEPARATE NORTH KOREA AND SOUTH KOREA.
USSR AND CHINA
• USSR WAS COMMUNIST
• CHINA IS COMMUNIST
• NORTH KOREA ALSO FALLS TO COMMUNISM
• VIETNAM ALSO IS COMMUNIST
• THEY MAKE UP THE MAJORITY OF ASIA
REBUILDING OF JAPAN
• GENERAL MACARTHUR HELPED ESTABLISH
JAPAN'S SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT BASED ON
THE CONSTITUTION
• ALSO THEY ADOPTED CAPITALISM FOR THEIR
SYSTEM OF ECONOMY
KOREA
• THE INVASION STARTED THE KOREAN WAR [NOT
AN ACTUAL WAR, BUT A POLICE ACTION FOR THE
US]
• MACARTHUR WANTED TO USE THE NUKE ON
CHINA
• NK BACKED BY CHINA
• SK BACKED BY US AND UN
DMZ
A NEW RED SCARE
• DURING THE MID-1940S TO THE MID-1950S, THE “RED SCARE” OF
COMMUNISTS IN THE U.S. LED THE GOVERNMENT TO INVESTIGATE AND
PROSECUTE PEOPLE SUSPECTED OF INVOLVEMENT WITH COMMUNISM.
• FBI DIRECTOR J. EDGAR HOOVER MADE USE OF THE HOUSE UN-AMERICAN
ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE (HUAC) TO HOLD PUBLIC HEARINGS ABOUT
CITIZENS SUSPECTED OF SUBVERSION (REBELLION).
• IN 1995, THE GOVERNMENT REVEALED THAT A SECRET PROJECT CODENAMED “VENONA” CRACKED SOVIET SPY CODES AND CONFIRMED SOME OF
THE SUSPECTED SPY ACTIVITIES IN THE 1940S
J. EDGAR HOOVER
VENONA
MCCARTHYISM
• SENATOR JOSEPH MCCARTHY CLAIMED THAT HE HAD A LIST OF 205
MEMBERS OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT THAT WERE MEMBERS OF THE
COMMUNIST PARTY.
• MCCARTHY BECAME CHAIRMAN OF A SENATE SUBCOMMITTEE ON
INVESTIGATIONS INTO COMMUNISM, DAMAGING THE REPUTATIONS OF
PUBLIC FIGURES WITH VAGUE, UNFOUNDED CHARGES. THE PRACTICE
BECAME KNOWN AS MCCARTHYISM.
• AFTER TELEVISED HEARINGS, MCCARTHY LOST HIS INFLUENCE AND THE
RESPECT OF THE PUBLIC.
MCCARTHY HEARINGS
LIFE DURING THE EARLY COLD WAR
•
THE SOVIET DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC BOMB AND THE FALL OF CHINA TO
COMMUNISM CAUSED AMERICANS TO FEAR A NUCLEAR ATTACK.
•
MANY AMERICANS PURCHASED BOMB SHELTERS, AND SCHOOLS HELD BOMB
DRILLS.
•
THE COLD WAR BECAME PROMINENT IN POPULAR CULTURE–IN FILMS, NOVELS,
AND ON TELEVISION.
•
THE LAUNCH OF THE SOVIET SATELLITE, SPUTNIK, WAS A TURNING POINT IN
THE COLD WAR, AND IGNITED THE SPACE RACE BETWEEN THE U.S. AND
SOVIETS.
DUCK AND COVER
SPUTNIK-USSR
MASSIVE RETALIATION
• AFTER TRUMAN DECIDED NOT TO RUN FOR RE-ELECTION, WORLD WAR II
GENERAL DWIGHT EISENHOWER WON THE PRESIDENCY BY A LANDSLIDE.
• EISENHOWER FELT THE WAY TO KEEP COMMUNISM FROM TAKING HOLD IN
AMERICA WAS TO IMPROVE THE ECONOMY.
• HE ACCOMPLISHED THIS BY REDUCING THE SIZE OF THE CONVENTIONAL
MILITARY AND INCREASING THE NUCLEAR ARSENAL. THIS “BRINKMANSHIP”
MEANT THAT EISENHOWER HAD TO BE READY TO THREATEN NUCLEAR WAR,
SUCH AS IN THE SITUATIONS OF THE TAIWAN CRISIS AND THE SUEZ
CRISIS.
BRINKMANSHIP
COVERT OPERATIONS
•
THE U.S. TOOK PART IN COVERT OPERATIONS TO AVOID THE CONSTANT THREAT
OF BRINKMANSHIP.
•
INTERVENTIONS IN IRAN AND GUATEMALA SHOWED THE UNITED STATES’ STRONG
STANCE AGAINST THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM.
•
THE EISENHOWER DOCTRINE AUTHORIZED THE USE OF MILITARY FORCE
WHENEVER THE PRESIDENT THOUGHT IT WAS NECESSARY TO ASSIST MIDDLE
EAST NATIONS IN RESISTING COMMUNISM.
•
AS EISENHOWER LEFT OFFICE, HE WARNED AGAINST THE INFLUENCE OF THE
MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX IN A DEMOCRACY.
CIA TYPE COVERT
MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX