Transcript USH-c7-Imperialismx

Chapter 7
THE LURE OF IMPERIALISM
IMPERIALISM
Defined: the extension of a nation’s power over
other lands
“Quest for Empire” – Great Britain, France,
Belgium, Germany
Also, the United States became involved
Reasons for Imperialism
Economic Interests: markets & materials
Military Needs: naval bases & coaling stations
Ideology: Christianity & culture
“nationalism” and “cultural superiority”
Social Darwinism - Religion
US Expansionism
“Manifest Destiny” – the belief that all land east
to west (Pacific Ocean) belonged to the US
The appeal went even beyond our shores
QUESTION: What territories today belong to the
United States?
US TERRITORIES TODAY
Midway Islands , 1867
Puerto Rico (San Juan), 1898
American Samoa (Pago Pago), 1899
Virgin Islands (Charlotte Amalie), 1927
Federated States of Micronesia (Pohnpei ), 1947;
[gained independence 1986- currently in Free
Association with the United States]
Marshall Islands (Majuro), 1947 [gained independence
in 1990 - currently in Free Association with the
United States]
Northern Mariana Islands (Saipan), 1947
Guam (Agana), 1950
So, U.S. attracted to IMPERIALISM…
HAWAII
Britain: visited by Captain James Cook, 1778
Monarchy established by Kamehameha late
1800’s – later overthrown by American
business leaders
Sanford B. Dole made President – Hawaii
under U.S. protection
HAWAII
President William McKinley pushed Congress –
voted for Hawaii’s annexation 1898
By 1901, James Dole began growing
pineapples – by 1930’s DOLE supplied 90% of
the world’s canned pineapple
Hawaii (became a state 1950)
CHINA
By late 1800’s many nations had carved out
spheres of influence in China (for trade &
economic benefit).
Sec. of States John Hay proposed the OPEN
DOOR POLICY in 1899 (to give all nations
equal trade rights in China)
CHINA
In China, anti-foreigner sentiments grew –
secret group “Society of Righteous &
Harmonious Fists” (known as “BOXERS”)
began attacking foreign missionaries
June 1900 Boxers laid siege to capital city of
BEIJING – “Boxer Rebellion”
Western nations rushed 20,000 troops to China
– rebellion crushed September 1901
JAPAN
U.S. had been pressuring Japan to open its
ports to trade – did so in 1854, and Japan
began rapid modernization
1895 Japan seized Taiwan from China
1904 Russo-Japanese War – Pres. Theodore
Roosevelt helped negotiate peace treaty and
won Nobel Peace Prize
JAPAN (continued)
Japan clear victor in war with Russia, and
emerged as a major power
Japan “hungry” for territory
TR decided to “impress” Japan with how
powerful U.S. Navy was, and sent four
squadrons of battleships – “Great White
Fleet” – around the world
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
By 1890’s Spain had lost all colonies in Western
Hemisphere except Cuba & Puerto Rico
Cubans revolted against Spain February 1895 –
Spain sent army to suppress rebels, and many
Cubans were mistreated
American’s sympathetic to Cuban cause!
Spanish-American War
Many Americans thought Cuba’s struggle
similar to American Revolution
New York Journal (William Randolph Hearst) and
New York World (Joseph Pulitzer) “played up”
the struggle of Cubans
Sensationalism: “Yellow Journalism”
Spanish-American War
Hearst strongly felt U.S. should intervene in
Cuba, and Journal continued “drumbeat for
war”
Pres. William McKinley reluctant to involve U.S.,
but…
-deLome letter published (ridiculing
McKinley) Feb. 9, 1898
-Feb. 15, 1898 USS Maine mysteriously blew
up in Havana Harbor, killing 260 sailors
Spanish-American War
“REMEMBER THE MAINE” became a rallying
cry for war supporters
March 1898 McKinley demanded Spain grant
Cuba independence – Spain refused
April 25, 1898 congress declared state of war
with Spain
Spanish-American War
Lasted only about 4 months – but impact would
be felt for years
WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES
Assistant Sec. of War Theodore Roosevelt
sent secret orders to Commodore George
Dewey to attack Spain if war broke out – May
1, 1898 firing broke out – entire Spanish fleet
destroyed – Spanish surrendered August 14
Spanish-American War
WAR IN CUBA
Teller Amendment: adopted by Congress –
said when Cuba free of Spanish rule, it would
control itself
American soldiers fought in Cuba in difficult
circumstances
Most famous: “Rough Riders” led by TR
Spanish-American War
American strategy: capture city of Santiago
Had to capture hill around the city: Battle of
San Juan Hill
July 3: U.S. Navy sank entire Spanish fleet off
coast of Cuba in Battle of Santiago – 2 weeks
later, Spanish troops in Cuba surrendered
Consequences of Spanish-American
War
Terms of peace costly for Spain:
-give up claims to Cuba
-cede Puerto Rico and Guam to U.S.
-give over control of Philippines to U.S.
Cost to United States
-some $250 million
-2,000 solider died (of yellow fever)
Result of Spanish-American War
John Hay, Ambassador to Great Britain:
“It has been a splendid little war; begun with
the highest motives, carried on with
magnificent intelligence and spirit, favored
by that fortune which loves the brave.”
U.S. moved into ranks of IMPERIALIST
NATIONS – division of sentiment…
Annexing the Philippines
After Spanish-American War, controversy in
U.S. over whether to annex Philippines
FOR:
-U.S. had duty to spread values overseas
-wanted for economic & strategic value
AGAINST
-violate the ideal of self-government
-exporting oppression & invite immigration
The Outcome:
Senate approved treaty annexing Philippines
Feb. 6, 1899
Filipino nationalists infuriated – fighting broke
out, but U.S. put down rebellion by 1901
Finally, July4, 1946, U.S. granted full
independence to Philippines