Transcript Cold War: Truman-JFK

Aim #70: Why did wartime cooperation between the US and the
Soviet Union collapse post World War II?
Do now!
1. Read Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech Stalin’s
response and answer the accompanying questions
2. Look at timeline: be ready to discuss what you think changed
between the two countries
Roots of the Cold War
Philosophical
Differences
World War II
Conflicts
Postwar
Conflicts
•
Philosophical differences between the Soviet Union and the
United States reached back to the 1920s.
•
Soviet Union: communism, totalitarian dictatorship
•
United States: free-enterprise capitalism, republic
•
Allies during the war, but not truly friends
•
Soviets wanted British and Americans to open a second
European front earlier in the war.
•
U.S. atomic bomb plans worried Soviet Union.
•
The Soviet Union refused to let Eastern Europe hold elections as
promised at Yalta.
•
The United States resisted Soviet expansion.
Cold War Origins: Post-War World Vision
●
Soviet Goals
●
With tens of millions killed
in both world wars the
Soviets main goal was…
“NEVER AGAIN!”
●
●
Soviets wanted buffer states
of “friendly” governments to
protect them from future
invasion
Exact revenge/reparations
from Germany
●
US Goals
●
Rebuild Europe/Germany
●
“Wilsonian” Peace
●
●
●
Self-determination or free
elections
Decolonization
Disarmament
(I) What was the Cold War?
Military, political and economic competition between US
(west) and USSR from 1945-1991
1. Military alliances
2. Arms race
3. Each support opposing sides in civil wars (Korea, Vietnam)
b. No direct fighting
a.
(II) Disagreements over future of Europe after WWII
a. Truman: wants democracies in Europe to prevent
totalitarianism and provide market for US goods
b. Stalin: control of E. Europe (set up satellite nations) and rebuild
the Soviet Union’s economy
c. Churchill: Europe has been divided by an “iron curtain” (East
and West, communism and capitalism)
By 1946, Europe was divided by an “iron curtain” that separated
democratic/capitalist Western Europe from communist/totalitarian
Eastern Europe
Communism &
Totalitarianism
Capitalism &
Democracy
(III) What was containment?
Stopping the spread/expansion of communism
b. Policy created by some of Truman’s advisors:
1. Secretary of State: George Marshall
2. George F. Keenan: expert advisor on Soviet affairs
(IV) How was Truman Doctrine example of
containment?
a. Greece and Turkey in danger of communist
revolutions
b. Congress allocated $400 million in economic and
military aid to prevent communism there
c. Result…successful!
a.
V. What was the Marshall Plan? (aka European Recovery
Plan)
US offered economic aid to European nations to prevent
communist revolutions and strengthen democratic
governments
b. Countries faced harsh economic conditions after war
c. $12billion in aid (SU refused aid)
a.
Questions: Why would Stalin WANT TO block the
Marshall Plan? Why do you think the Soviets
wouldn’t accept aid under the plan?
1 What is the overall
message of the cartoon?
2. Do you think Block
favors the Marshall Plan?
Use evidence from the
cartoon to support your
answer.
GERMAN CITY OF HAMBURG
IN 1945 BEFORE THE
MARSHALL PLAN
HAMBURG, 1952, AFTER THE
MARSHALL PLAN
VI. How did US update its military in 1947?
a. National Security Act
1. Created Department of Defense (coordinate Army, Navy
and Air Force Efforts)
2. Created the National Security Council to advise the
president on foreign policy
3. Created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to gather
information on foreign governments
At the end of
WWII, Germany
was divided into
zones occupied
by the USA,
Britain, France,
& the USSR
Berlin, the
German capital,
was also divided
but was located
in the Soviet zone
In 1948, Stalin tried to turn all
of Berlin communist & ordered
the Berlin Blockade
which shut down all ground
transportation to West Berlin
VII. What was the Berlin Airlift? (June 1948-May, 1949)
1st major crisis of Cold War
b. Soviets cut all land access to Wester Berlin: want US to
withdraw from city
c. Truman’s response
1. US planes flew supplies into West Berlin
d. Soviets ended an 11 month standoff by opening roads
to Berlin
e. Impact of airlift
1. Soviets established e. Germany as a separate nation
with a Communist govt.
2. US, Britain and France combined their zones into W.
Germany (democratically elected government)
a.
VIII. Why did the US join NATO? (North Atlantic Treaty
Organization)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Military alliance designed to protect western Europen from Soviet
invasion
Promise to defend each other from attack
US troops are stationed in Europe as deterrent
USSR’s response: formed the Warsaw Pact (alliance of communist
nations in Eastern Europe)
NATO: THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
ORGANIZATION IS FORMED IN 1949
WARSAW PACT FORMED BY THE USSR
TO COUNTER NATO IN EUROPE
MAY 1, 1955
Exit Ticket Question: Who do you think
was primarily responsible for the
starting the Cold War: the US or the
Soviet Union? Explain your answer.
You can use today’s notes and/or last
night’s homework.