Transcript America on the World Stage - Wise County Public Schools

America on the
World Stage
Chapter 28
1899-1909
Background for Filipinos
 On
February 4, 1899, the Filipinos erupted
in rebellion against the occupying United
States forces after the Senate refused to
pass a bill giving the Filipinos their
independence. The insurrection was led
by Emilio Aguinaldo.

"Little Brown Brothers" in the
Philippines
 American
soldiers as well as Filipino guerillas
resorted to brutal fighting tactics.
 The backbone of the Filipino rebellion was broken
in 1901 when American soldiers captured Emilio
Aguinaldo.
 President McKinley appointed the Philippine
Commission in 1899 to set up a Filipino
government. William H. Taft, who referred to the
Filipinos to "little brown brothers," led the body in
1900. He genuinely liked the Filipinos while the
American soldiers did not.
Continued
 President
McKinley's plan of "benevolent
assimilation" of the Filipinos was very slow
and involved improving roads, sanitation,
and public health. The plan developed
economic ties and set a school system
with English as the 2nd language. It was ill
received by the Filipinos who preferred
liberty over assimilation.
Hinging the Open Door in
China

Following China's defeat by Japan in 1894-1895, Russia
and Germany moved into China. The American public,
fearing that Chinese markets would be monopolized by
Europeans, demanded that the U.S. Government do
something. Secretary of State John Hay dispatched to all
the great powers a communication known as the Open
Door note. He urged the powers to announce that in their
leaseholds or spheres of influence they would respect
certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair
competition. The note asked all those who did not have
thieving designs to stand up and be counted. Italy was
the only major power to accept the Open Door
unconditionally and Russia was the only major power not
to accept it.
Continued
 In
1900, a super-patriotic group in China
known as the "Boxers" killed hundreds of
foreigners. A multinational rescue force
came in and stopped the rebellion.
 After the failed rebellion, Secretary Hay
declared in 1900 that the Open Door
would embrace the territorial integrity of
China as well as its commercial integrity.
Imperialism or Bryanism in
1900?
 President
McKinley was the Republican
presidential nominee for the election of 1900
because he had led the country through a war,
acquired rich real estate, established the gold
standard, and brought prosperity to the
nation. McKinley and the Republican Party
supported the gold standard and
imperialism. They proclaimed that "Bryanism" was
the paramount election issue. This meant that
Bryan would destroy the nation's prosperity once
he took office with his free-silver policy and other
"dangerous" ideas.
Continued



Theodore Roosevelt was nominated as the vice
president after the political bosses of New York (where
Roosevelt was governor) found it hard to continue their
"businesses" with the headstrong governor. They wanted
Roosevelt elected as vice president so that Roosevelt
would no longer pose an authority problem to the
political bosses.
William Jennings Bryan was the Democratic presidential
candidate for the election. Bryan and the Democratic
Party supported the silver standard and antiimperialism. They proclaimed that the paramount
election issue was Republican overseas imperialism.
McKinley and the Republican Party won the election of
1900.
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
 In
September 1901, a deranged anarchist
murdered President McKinley, and Theodore
Roosevelt took over the presidency.
 Roosevelt was a direct actionist in that he
believed that the president should lead and keep
things moving forward. He had no real respect for
the checks and balances system among the 3
branches of government. He felt that he may
take any action in the general interest that is not
specifically forbidden by the laws of the
Constitution.
Colombia Blocks the Canal
 In
order for ships to cross quickly from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, a canal had to be
built across the Central American isthmus. There
were initial legal issues blocking the construction
of this canal. By the terms of the Clayton-Bulwer
Treaty, made with Britain in 1850, the U.S. could
not gain exclusive control over a route for the
canal. But because of friendly relations with
Britain, Britain signed the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty in
1901, which gave the U.S. a helping hand to build
the canal and rights to fortify it.
Continued
 Many
Americans favored the Nicaraguan route for
the canal, but Congress decided on the Panama
route for the canal in June 1902 after the New
Panama Canal Company dropped the price of its
holdings significantly.
 Colombia stood in the way of the construction of
the canal. After a treaty to buy land for the canal
had been rejected by the Colombian senate,
President Roosevelt, who was eager to win the
upcoming election, demanded that the canal be
built without Colombia's consent.
Uncle Sam Creates Puppet
Panama
 On
November 3, 1903, Panamanians, who
feared the United States would choose
the Nicaraguan route for the canal,
made a successful revolution led by
Bunau-Varilla. Bunau-Varilla became the
Panamanian minister to the United States
and signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
in Washington. The treaty gave the U.S.
control of a 10-mile zone around the
proposed Panama Canal.
Completing the Canal and
Appeasing Colombia



The so-called rape of Panama marked a
downward lurch in U.S relations with Latin
America.
President Roosevelt defended himself against
all charges of doing anything wrong. He
claimed that Colombia had wronged the
United States by not permitting itself to be
benefited by the construction of the canal.
In 1904 the construction of the Panama Canal
began, and in 1914 it was completed at a
cost of $400 million.
TR's Perversion of Monroe's
Doctrine


Several nations of Latin America were in debt to European
countries. President Roosevelt feared that if the European
nations (mainly the Germany and Britain) got their feet in the
door of Latin America, then they might remain there, in
violation of the Monroe Doctrine. Roosevelt therefore created
a policy known as "preventive intervention." The Roosevelt
Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine declared that in the event
of future monetary problems of Latin American countries with
European countries, the U.S. could pay off the Latin American
counties' debts to keep European nations out of Latin
America.
Latin American countries began to hate the Monroe Doctrine
for it had become the excuse for numerous U.S. interventions
in Latin America. In actuality, President Roosevelt was the one
to be blamed for the interventions.
Roosevelt on the World Stage


Japan began war with Russia in 1904 after Russia
failed to withdraw troops from Manchuria and
Korea. Japan was defeating Russia in the war
when Japan's supply of troops began to run
low. Japan therefore asked President Roosevelt to
step in and sponsor peace
negotiations. Roosevelt agreed and in 1905
forced through an agreement in which the
Japanese received no compensation for the
losses and only the southern half of Sakhalin.
Because of the treaty, friendship with Russia faded
away and Japan became a rival with America in
Asia.
Japanese Laborers in
California


When the Japanese government lifted its ban
on its citizens emigrating in 1884, thousands of
Japanese were recruited to work in
California. Japanese immigrants were
confronted with racist hostility by whites.
In 1906, San Francisco's school board
segregated the Chinese, Japanese, and
Korean students to make room for white
students. The Japanese saw this action as an
insult and threatened with war.
Continued


President Roosevelt invited the entire San
Francisco Board of Education to the White House
to settle the dispute. TR broke the deadlock and
the Californians were persuaded to repeal the
segregation and to accept what came to be
known as the "Gentlemen's Agreement." The
Japanese agreed to stop the flow of immigrants to
the United States.
In 1908, the Root-Takahira agreement was
reached with Japan. The U.S. and Japan pledged
themselves to respect each other's territorial
possessions.