Transcript Latin America (cont.) - Loudoun County Public Schools

Causes of the Progressive
Movement
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Excess of the Gilded Age
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Poor working conditions
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Child labor
Four Goals of Progressives
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Goal One- Protect social welfare, support churches,
settlement houses, YMCA, Salvation Army.
Goal Two – Promote moral improvement, improve
morality, prohibition, Christian temperance
movements.
Goal Three – Economic reform, Labor leaders and
socialism, muckrakers.
Goal Four – Foster efficiency, improve
society/workplace, simpler manufacturing, scientific
management.
Progressive Movement
An early 20th century reform movement seeking to
return control of the government to the people, to
restore economic opportunities, and to correct
injustices in American life.
Accomplishments
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State and Local Reform
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Election Reform
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Better Worker’s Rights
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Women’s Rights
State and Local Reform
End the era of the political machine and political
boss.
Government needed to be more efficient and more
responsive to its constituents.
Election Reform
Secret Ballot
Primary Election for president
Initiatives and referendums.
Bills originated by the people and voted on
during elections.
Recall election.
Seventeenth Amendment.
Senators would be elected directly by the people.
Discussion
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What does democratic mean?
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What are two ways American elections became more
democratic?
Workers’ Rights
Child Labor
All family members need to work.
Children become fatigued easily and were more
prone to injuries.
Did not get an education.
Laws were passed to ban child labor in most
states.
Workers’ Rights
Muller v. Oregon
Ten hour workday for women.
Workers compensation.
Gave aid to families of those hurt or killed on the job.
Women in the Workforce
Farm women - their roll hadn’t changed much, took
care of household tasks, raised livestock, sometimes
worked in the fields.
Women in Industry - better pay, 1 out of 5 women
worked, 25% worked in manufacturing, new jobs in
offices, book keepers, and typists.
Domestic Workers - house cleaning, cooks, maids,
many African Americans worked in this field.
Women Reformers
Dangerous conditions, long hours, low
pay for workers.
International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union
Women’s Colleges - helped with jobs,
etc.
Florence Kelley
Susan B. Anthony 
Want Women’s Suffrage - women’s
right to vote
Who is Theodore Roosevelt?
National Politics
President of the United States
Progressive leader.
The Square Deal
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Roosevelt would give a “Square Deal” to the American
people.
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Use the “bully pulpit,” his ability to speak and promote
causes to make change as the president
It described Roosevelt’s progressive reforms.
The Jungle
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Who were muckrakers?
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Reading and Discussion
Regulating Food and Drugs
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Muckrakers
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Meat Inspection Act
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Upton Sinclair – The Jungle
Placed strict cleanliness requirements for
meatpackers. Creates federal meat inspection.
Pure Food and Drug Act
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Ends sale of contaminated food and medicine.
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Labels must be truthful.
Bull Moose Party – Election of
1912
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Theodore Roosevelt’s Progressive Party
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Created because the Republican Party did not
represent the views of Roosevelt.
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Also, President Taft (R) was running for reelection.
Splits the Republican Party – Roosevelt comes in 2nd in
the election of 1912.
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Democrat Woodrow Wilson wins the election.
Woodrow Wilson’s New
Freedom
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Clayton Anti-trust Act
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Harder to form a trust.
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Strengthened unions.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
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Regulates business, investigates violations, and
requires reports from Corporations
Federal Reserve System
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National banking system. Strengthens banks,
adjust the amount of money in circulation, protected
local banks.
Prohibition
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Banning the manufacture and sale
of alcohol.
18th Amendment makes this a
national law.
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The speak easy.
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Crime/Mafia
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Al Capone
Nineteenth Amendment
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Women’s Suffrage – the
Right to Vote
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Passed in 1919, final
ratification in 1920.
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Passes 72 years after the
Seneca Falls Convention.
What is Imperialism?
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Colonialism – Europeans and America takes control of
foreign lands.
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They want to civilize people in Latin America, Africa, and
Asia.
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Spread Christianity.
Expanding Manifest Destiny
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What was Manifest Destiny?
Imperialism-the policy of
extending a nation’s authority
over other countries by
economic, political, or military
means.
The U.S. wanted to show its
strength.
Alaska
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Bought from Russia
by Secretary of State
Seward in 1867.
Area is rich in timber,
minerals, and oil.
Became a state in
1959.
Aloha?
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Hawaii was important to American trade in the Pacific.
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The U.S. established Christian schools and churches.
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American owned-Hawaiian sugar plantations traded mostly with
American companies.
Aloha? (cont.)
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By 1900, foreigners and immigrant
laborers outnumbered Hawaiians 3 to 1.
An increased American presence:
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United States built naval base at Pearl
Harbor in 1887-refueling station for
American ships.
Aloha? (cont.)
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In 1891, Queen Liluokalani proclaimed “Hawaii for Hawaiians”-get rid
of voting restrictions.
Business groups revolted and established a government led by Sanford
B. Dole.
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President Cleveland recognized the Republic of Hawaii.
“Cuba Libre!!”
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End of 19th Century = declining
Spanish power.
American businesses invested
millions in Cuba (a Spanish
colony).
Stories of Spanish atrocities led to
calls for Cuban independence“Cuba Libre!”
Yellow Journalism
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American newspapers need more
readers: William Randolph Hearst
and Joseph Pulitzer competed by
publishing sensational and
exaggerated accounts of the events
in Cuba.
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Yellow journalism - sensational
writing that exaggerated news to
lure and enrage readers.
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“You furnish the pictures and I’ll
furnish the war.”-Hearst
The Path to War
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President McKinley ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Havana in
1898.
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On February 15, 1898 the ship mysteriously blew up in the
harbor, killing 260.
American media blamed Spain.
War was inevitable- “Remember the Maine!!”
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United States declared war on Spain on April 20, 1898.
Spanish American War
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Fought in the Philippines and
Cuba.
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Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Ridersvolunteer Calvary unit in Cuba.
Fighting lasted less than 15
weeks.
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Secretary of State John Jay-”a
splendid little war.”
Spanish American War (cont.)
Results:
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End of Spanish Empire
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Cuba was freed
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United States received Guam and Puerto Rico
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United States bought the Philippines for $20
million
Sparked a debate in the United States-Did the
U.S. have the right to control the Philippines?
Reasons Against Imperialism
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International trade did not require the United States to colonize.
Imperialism was in contradiction to American founding
principles: liberty, equality, and self-government.
Foreign entanglements would lead to war.
An Independent Cuba?
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United States insisted that the Platt Amendment be added to the
new Cuban constitution:
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Cuba could not make treaties that would allow other
countries to control parts of its territories.
United States could intervene in Cuba.
The United States could buy/lease land in Cuba for naval
purposes. (Guantanamo Bay)
The Not-So Independent Philippines
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Americans forced Filipinos to live in designated areas with poor
sanitation where starvation and disease were rampant.
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70,000 U.S. troops sent to put down the rebellion.
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Americans playing the role of Spain in Cuba?
Took three years, cost 20,000 Filipino lives, and cost the United States $400
million.
Philippines remained an American colony until 1946.
Open the Door to Asia
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Secretary of State John Hay
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Open Door Policy
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Called for equal trading rights
in China for all imperial
powers.
Latin America
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Panama:
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Roosevelt wants a canal to
shorten the voyage around
South America.
Panama, a Colombian
province, was identified as the
ideal location.
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Colombians refused.
Latin America (cont.)
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Roosevelt encouraged
Panamanians to revolt and
blocked Colombia with
U.S. Navy.
U.S. recognized the new
government of Panama,
who granted the United
States the lease
Panama Canal was
completed in 1914.
Latin America was angry at
the USA.
Latin America (cont.)
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The Roosevelt Corollary:
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Latin American nations owed debts to
Europeans and were not paying them.
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Europeans threatened to invade if
payment was not received.
Roosevelt instructed European
countries that the Monroe Doctrine
restricted them from interfering.
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He proposed expanding the Monroe
Doctrine to allow the U.S. to
intervene in Latin American nations
economic affairs to force them to pay
their debts-the Roosevelt Corollary.
Latin America (cont.)
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Dollar Diplomacy President Taft expanded the
Roosevelt Corollary, urging
American businesses to
invest in Latin America.
A Neutral America?
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Most Americans felt ties to the
British because of the common
ancestry.
Stories of German atrocities
(some true, some not) made
many support Allies against evil
Germans.
While the United States traded
with both sides, they had
significantly stronger trade ties
with Allies (Britain, France, et.
al.).
While Americans wanted to see
an Allied victory, they still did
Path to War
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Germany responded to the British blockade by launching a policy of
unrestricted submarine warfare.
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Threatened to sink any Allied ship found around Great Britain with U-boats
(submarines).
May 7, 1915-Germany sunk the British liner, Lusitania, killing 1,198
passengers (including 128 Americans).
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Germany claimed the ship was carrying weapons, thus justifying the attack.
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Americans were outraged and public opinion turned severely against the
Path to War (cont.)
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Zimmerman Telegram-German
foreign secretary had secretly
proposed an alliance with Mexico
in the event of war with the
United States.
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Offered the recovery of Texas,
New Mexico, and Arizona if
Germany won the war.
Message intercepted by the
British.
April 2, 1917-Woodrow Wilson
asks Congress for declaration of
war against Germany in order to
make “the world safe for
“Property can be paid for; the lives of peaceful and innocent people
cannot be. The present German submarine warfare against commerce
is a warfare against mankind…We are glad…to fight…for the ultimate
peace of the world must be made safe for democracy…We have no
selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek
no indemnities…it is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people
into war…But the right is more precious than peace.”-Woodrow Wilson
An American Boost
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The entry of the United States into the war provided much needed
resources and manpower for the Allies.
Experienced a deadly style of fighting never witnessed before:
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Machine guns
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Tanks
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Airplanes
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Poisonous gas
Armistice (cease-fire) signed on November 11, 1918, bringing the war to
an end.
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The bloodiest war in history up to that point-22 million dead (48,000
A Plan for Peace
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Fourteen Points-Wilson’s plan for peace:
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Abolish secret treaties (Alliances)
Freedom of the seas (Unrestricted
Submarine Warfare)
End Militarism
Recognize rights of colonies within Empires
(Imperialism)
Promise “self-determination” to oppressed
minority groups within European Empires
Create the League of Nations-international
organization designed to address
international issues-allow countries to discuss
and settle problems without war.
Treaty of Versailles
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Treaty that ends World War I.
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Provisions:
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Established nine new countries in Europe.
Created the Mandate System-former German colonies were given to France and
Great Britain as temporary colonies (mandates)-would be given freedom when it
was determined they were ready.
Germany was not allowed to maintain an army or manufacture many weapons.
Treaty of Versailles (cont.)
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Angered Germans:
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Were not allowed to take part in the negotiations.
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Did not feel responsible for the war.
Opposition in the United States
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Opposition to the Treaty of Versailles
in the United States was led by Henry
Cabot Lodge.
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Argued that the League of Nations
threatened American isolationist
foreign policy.
Congress did not want to give up the
power to commit troops to fighting to
an outside group.
Wilson refused to accept all
compromise and the treaty failed-the
United States settled with Germany in
1921 through a separate peace.
Legacy
“It cannot be that two million Germans should have fallen in vain…No,
we do not pardon, we demand-vengeance!”-Adolf Hitler