Transcript Imperialism Powerpoint - Taylor County Schools

The Rise of American
Imperialism
Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines,
and Latin America
Major Presidents During
Imperialism
William McKinley 1897-1901
Theodore Roosevelt 19011909
William H. Taft 1909-1913
Anti-Imperial Sentiment
 From the Civil War until the
1890s, most Americans had
little interest in territorial
expansion:
 Imperial rule seemed
inconsistent with America's
republican principles.
 The US did not welcome
people with different
cultures, languages, and
religions.
Acquisition of Alaska
 An exception to the rule
was Alaska. In 1867, Sec.
of State William Seward
arranged to buy Alaska
from the Russians for $7.2
million. Rich in natural
resources (timber,
minerals, and oil), Alaska
was a bargain at two cents
per acre.
European Imperialism
 By the mid-1890s, a shift
had taken place in
American attitudes toward
expansion. Why? Between
1870 and 1900, the
European powers seized 10
million square miles of
territory in Africa and Asia.
About 150 million people
were subjected to colonial
rule.
Fear of Competition
 In the U. S., a growing
number of policy makers,
bankers, manufacturers,
and trade unions grew
fearful that the country
might be closed out in the
struggle for global markets
and raw materials.
Belief in Darwinian Struggle
 A belief that the world's
nations were engaged in
a Darwinian struggle for
survival, and that
countries that failed to
compete were doomed to
decline, also contributed
to a new assertiveness on
the part of the U. S.
The White Man’s Burden
 The late 19th century saw
growing support for the idea
that the U. S. had a special
mission to uplift "backward"
people around the world
 Anglo-Saxonism: idea that
English-speaking nations
were superior in character,
ideas, and government,
and were destined to
dominate the planet.
Dependency on Foreign Trade
 By the late 19th Century, the
American economy was
increasingly dependent on
foreign trade. A quarter of the
nation's farm products and half
its petroleum were sold overseas.
 Tariffs had reduced trade
between industrialized nations,
so companies looked elsewhere
for new markets.
A New Assertiveness
 During the late 1880s,
American foreign policy
makers began to display
more assertiveness on the
world stage, wanting
Europeans to know that the
U.S. was the dominant
power in our region, which
included Latin America.
A Desire for Sea Power
 Alfred Thayer Mahan, author of
The Influence of Sea Power Upon
History, argued that national
prosperity and power depended
on control of the world's sealanes. "Whoever rules the waves
rules the world.”
 Congress authorized
construction of a modern navy
and quickly became a top naval
power by late 1890’s
Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan
To open trade with Asia, four black ships commanded by
Commodore Matthew Perry anchored at Edo (Tokyo) Bay in
1853. The Japanese had never seen ships steaming with
smoke and so heavily armed.
The Japanese government, in no position to defend itself,
signed a trade treaty with the U.S. that opened up two ports
to American vessels, and allowed American ships to buy
coal and other necessary supplies in Japanese ports.
No longer allowed to be isolationist, Japan began to
“westernize”. By 1890s, Japan had built a powerful navy
and set out to build their own empire in the East.
The Annexation of Hawaii
 In 1893, a small group of
sugar and pineapple-growing
businessmen, backed by the
U.S. military, deposed
Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani,
seized 1.75 million acres of
land, and conspired for U.S.
annexation of the islands
(achieved in 1898.) Hawaii
became a state in 1959.
Spanish-American War (1898)
 The Spanish-American War was a conflict
between the United States and Spain that ended
Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and
resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the
western Pacific and Latin America.
 The victorious United States emerged from the
war a world power with a new stake in
international politics that would soon lead it to
play a determining role in the affairs of Europe.
Origins of Spanish American War
 The Tariff of 1894,
which put restrictions
on sugar imports to the
U. S., severely hurt the
economy of Cuba, which
was then a Spanish
colony. Angry
nationalists began a
revolt against the
Spanish colonial regime.
The USS Maine
 The US, which had many
businessmen with
investment interests in
Cuba, became concerned
and dispatched the USS
Maine to rescue US citizens
who might be endangered
by the conflict.
The Effects of Yellow Journalism
 On February 15, 1898, the
Maine mysteriously blew up
and the US blamed a
Spanish mine.
 When the American public
was stirred into an anti-
Spain frenzy by the yellow
journalism of newspaper
men like Hearst and Pulitzer,
President McKinley gave the
OK for war.

Effects of Yellow Journalism
 Yellow journalism is exaggerated or biased
writing disguised as news, often used for
political, social, or economic gain.
 “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war.”
William Randolph Hearst
Teller Amendment
 Congress agreed to war,
but only after adopting
the Teller Amendment
that made it clear that
the United States did
not harbor imperialist
ambitions and would
not acquire Cuba.
Manila Bay
 What Happened at Manila Bay?
•Surprise naval attack
sunk the crumbling
Spanish Navy in the
Philippines
•Made Americans feel
very confident
20
Rough Riders
 Who were the Rough Riders?
•Teddy Roosevelt resigns a
Asst. Sec. of the Navy to
lead a volunteer “Cowboy
Calvary” that served with
the 17,000 soldiers that
landed in Cuba
•TR’s popularity from
this leads to his
becoming V.P. and
President
21
Rough Riders
 What famous Battle did they participate in?
•San Juan Hill
•(near Santiago)
•African Americans
also helped but get no
credit
22
Teddy Roosevelt
23
Spanish-American War
The fighting lasted only 4 months (AprilJuly.) By the Treaty of Paris (Dec. 10,
1898), Spain renounced all claim to Cuba,
ceded Guam and Puerto Rico to the U.S.,
and ceded the Philippines to the U.S. for
$20 million.
“A Splendid Little War”
John Hay, Secretary of State, 1898
•US defeats Spain after 144 days and 3,300 deaths to
Results:
become a world power.
•Teddy Roosevelt elected Vice President in 1900 and
becomes President in 1901 when McKinley is shot.
•Treaty of Paris: Cuba is granted independence, but it
becomes an American protectorate. The U.S. acquires
former Spanish possessions of Puerto Rico, Guam, and
the Philippines.
25
The Platt Amendment
 After the US defeated Spain,
it passed the Platt
Amendment, which gave the
US the right to intervene in
Cuba to protect "life,
property, and individual
liberties.”
The Philippine-American War
 To suppress Filipino
insurgency, the American
military forcibly relocated
or burned villages,
imprisoned or killed noncombatant civilians, and
used torture techniques
(including the water cure)
on suspected insurgents.
Philippine Independence
 During the war, more than
4,000 U.S. soldiers, about
20,000 Filipino fighters, and
an estimated 200,000
Filipino civilians died.

 U.S. made improvements in
infrastructure, education,
and healthcare. Resistance
ended by 1902
 Filipinos received their
independence in 1946.
China Open Door Policy
 Spheres of Influence: area
where a foreign power controls
economic development.
 European nations had divided up
China for trading purposes
 1899 John Hay (Sec. of State)
called for
 1. open access to all of China’s coastal
ports to all countries
 2. elimination of special privileges for
any trading nations
 3. maintenance of China’s
independence
3 American Beliefs reflected
in Open Door Policy:
 1. Growth of American
economy depended on
exports
 2. U.S. had the right to
intervene abroad to keep
foreign markets open
 3. A fear that closing of
an area to American
products, citizens, or
ideas threatened U.S.
survival
The Roosevelt Corollary
 In 1904, when Germany demanded a
port in the Dominican Republic as
compensation for an unpaid loan,
Theodore Roosevelt announced the
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine. It stated that the U.S.
would intervene in Latin American
affairs when necessary to maintain
economic and political stability.
 This was a declaration that the U.S.
would be the policeman of the
Caribbean and Central America.
America As World Power
 Panama Canal
 Built to connect Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans
 Cut travel time of U.S.
ships by half
 Panama was province of
Colombia, but TR helped
Panama obtain its
Independence to get
Canal built
 https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=Pv0upmpPw
3c
America As World Power
 Great White Fleet
 New all-steel fleet of 16
battleships that TR sent
around the world to
show U.S. dominance.
Great White’s World Wide Tour, 1907
Roosevelt and Latin America
 Gunboat Diplomacy
 Use force to accomplish
goals in world, especially
Latin America.
 “Speak softly and carry a
big stick; you will go far”
 (Big-stick Diplomacy)
Taft and Latin America
 Dollar Diplomacy
 Plan to invest money into a
country to help strengthen
that country’s economy in
hopes of preventing
revolutions
 U.S. corporations
developed industries in
Latin American countries,
benefiting both.
 “…substituting dollars for
bullets.”
Interventions in Western Hemisphere
 To enforce order, forestall
foreign intervention, and
protect economic interests, the
U. S. intervened in the
Caribbean and Central America
some 20 times over the next
quarter century (in Cuba, the
Dominican Republic, Haiti,
Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama.)
American Support of Dictators
 Each intervention
put into power a
dictator supportive
of American
interests (Somoza
in Nicaragua,
Trujillo in the
Dominican
Republic, and
Duvalier in Haiti).
Somoza
Protection of American
Interests
 On the whole, U.S. actions in
Latin America protected its
commercial and strategic
interests, but the goal of
spreading democracy went
mostly unfulfilled. The
frequent use of military force
also engendered widespread
resentment in the region.