Transcript Chapter 10

Chapter 7
Completing the Revolution,
1789-1815
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The United States in 1790
First census
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Population about 4 million
1/5 of population African-American (750,000)
80% of population involved in agricultural production
Middle states well-balanced economy, largest cities, most
diverse ethnic and religious groups
Small manufacturing sector developing in New England
Indians not included in census
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Estimated 80 tribes numbering 150,000 people
Five powerful tribes in the South were Creeks,
Chickasaws, Choctaws, Seminoles
Cherokees,
About 125,000 whites and blacks lived west of the
Appalachians
Establishing the Government
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Election of 1789
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George Washington received 69 electoral votes =
President
John Adams received 34 votes = Vice president
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“The Vice Presidency most insignificant office ever
contrived.”
George Washington inaugurated as
first President in New York City on
April 30, 1780, at Federal Hall
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The “Republican Court”
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George Washington’s Cabinet:
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Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson (Democratic
Republican)
Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court: John Jay
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The First Congress
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James Madison, Speaker of the
House of Representatives
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Bill of Rights
Judiciary Act of 1789
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Established 6 justices on the Supreme Court
13 federal court districts
3 circuit courts of appeal
Hamiltonian Economics: The
National Debt
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Report on Public Credit (1790)
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Foreign debt paid promptly and
fully
Domestic debt—government issue
securities to debt holders that paid
4% interest
Alexander Hamilton:
Secretary of Treasury
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Hamiltonian Economics: The Bank
and the Excise Tax
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Bank of the United States
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Handle government revenue and disbursements
Privately owned and controlled; government
supervised
Stock payable in government securities
Taxes
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Excise taxes: alcohol, tea, coffee
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The Rise of Opposition and Sectional
Differences
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Madison led congressional opposition to Hamilton’s
proposals
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Is bank constitutional?
“necessary and proper” clause
South and West v. Northeast
Compromise reached:
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Accept Hamilton’s economic proposals, the permanent
capital of the United States would be located on the
Potomac River
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Jefferson versus Hamilton
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Thomas Jefferson
Wealthy, “renaissance” man
Supported agrarian culture
Feared capitalistic aristocracy
against deprived proletariat
Feared tyranny, loved liberty
Supported state rights; weak
central government
Pro-France
Democratic Republican
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Alexander Hamilton
1.
Orphaned at 13; self-made man
Foresaw diversified, capitalistic
economy
Agriculture balanced with commerce
and industry
Feared anarchy; loved order
Strong central government
Pro-England
Federalist
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3.
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5.
6.
7.
Washington’s Second Term
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1792 Election
French Revolution (1789 – 1799)
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Adds to rift between Adams and Jefferson
1793: France declares war on Britain and kills Louis XVI
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Washington declares American neutrality
U.S. recognizes the new French government and receives new
ambassador, Citizen Genêt
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British Orders in Council
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Encouraged privateers to harass British
Opened Caribbean colonies to American trade
Began seizing American ships and crew
French ignored neutrality of the U.S.
British engaged in overt and covert acts of war
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Jay’s Treaty - 1794
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British agreed to abandon forts on U.S. soil
U.S. granted Britain Most-Favored-Nation trading status
Nothing said of impressment or other British violations
New England and port cities support treaty
South opposed
Maintained peace between the two countries, but very
unpopular with many Americans
Pinckney Treaty (with Spain)
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Thomas Pinckney
Favorable Florida border
Americans can use Mississippi River and port of New Orleans
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Whiskey Rebellion – July: Open rebellion in western
Pennsylvania – refusal to pay federal alcohol excise
tax
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Whiskey is “national” drink
September – President Washington ordered federalized
militia to end Whiskey Rebellion
12,000 troops led by General Henry Lee
No resistance
Battle of Fallen Timbers: August 1794
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Protection from the Indians and right to navigate Ohio and
Mississippi Rivers
Shawnee and Miami vs. “Mad” Anthony Wayne
Treaty of Greenville
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Indians forced to cede 2/3 of their land (today’s Ohio and
southeastern Indiana)
Washington’s Farewell
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Set 2-term limit precedent
Accomplishments
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Organized a national government with demonstrated
power
Secured the national debt
Secured U.S. control of West
Admitted 3 new states: Vermont (1791), Kentucky (1792),
and Tennessee (1796)
Farewell address warnings
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“entangling alliances”
“factions”
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The Election of 1796
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John Adams v. Thomas Jefferson,
Hamilton tried to “fix” the election
in favor of Thomas Pinckney of
South Carolina
John Adams won presidency (71)
Thomas Jefferson won vicePresidency (68)
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Troubles with France, 1796-1800
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Adams inherits Washington’s cabinet and his problems
with France
France breaks off relations because of Jay’s Treaty
XYZ Affair (1797)
Adams needs to avoid war
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Adams begins to strengthen defenses (army and navy)
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Called Washington out of retirement to lead army
Hamilton second in command
France vs. U.S. in the Caribbean – undeclared war
(1798)
Adams threatens to resign if peace envoy not sent to
France
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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Alien and Sedition Acts
 Naturalization Act: 14 years residency requirement
 Alien Act: presidential power to imprison “dangerous” aliens
 Alien Enemy Act: in time of war, president could expel or
imprison enemy aliens
 Sedition Act: high misdemeanor any conspiracy against the
government; forbade writing, publishing, or speaking
anything “false and malicious” against the government or its
officers
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14 Republicans prosecuted, mostly journalists
Virginia and Kentucky Resolves (Madison and Jefferson)
 Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional
 States have the right to say when Congress has exceeded its
powers
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The Election of 1800
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First partisan election; dirty election
Democratic-Republicans: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr
Federalists: John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney
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Grievances against the Federalists
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Federalist Party divided over French situation
James Callender
Alien and Sedition Acts
Military buildup
Property tax
Jay’s Treaty
Result: Jefferson and Burr tie with 73 electoral votes each
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Congress chooses Jefferson (with influence from Hamilton)
Exposes a flaw with the Constitution; Amendment XII
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Jeffersonians in Power:
Cleansing the Government
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“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”
Reduced size and expense of government
Substantial cuts in military
Repealed whiskey tax, parts of Alien and Sedition Acts
Reduced government expenditures and debt
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Marbury v. Madison
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Judiciary Act of 1801 (Adams)
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Reduced number of associate judges from 6 to 5
Created new circuit court system that included new positions
“Midnight judges” of Adams
Jefferson distrusted Federalist controlled Judiciary
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
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William Marbury and James Madison (Secretary of State)
Chief Justice John Marshall
Ruling: Marbury deserved commission, but Court had no
jurisdiction over the case
Established judicial review : Supreme Court has the right to rule on the
constitutionality of Congressional acts
Louisiana Territory, 1803
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Dilemma for Jefferson
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Justified purchase through
power to make treaties
Loose interpretation of the
Constitution
Paid $15 million
Doubled size of the
country
New Orleans
“Corps of Discovery”
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Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark
The Republic and the Napoleonic
Wars, 1804-1815
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Napoleon Bonaparte declared war on Great Britain, 1803
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11-year war dominated national politics of the United States
1804 Election
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Hamilton and Burr
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Hamilton: Burr is “a dangerous man, and one who ought not to be trusted with
the reins of government.”
Duel: July 11
George Clinton (NY) new vice-president
Americans wanted neutrality
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1805: Both Britain and France interfered with American trade
Impressment and naval seizures
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6000 Americans impressed by British
1806: Congress retaliates with Non-importation Act
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Burr Conspiracy - 1807
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Burr entered into a scheme with General James
Wilkinson
Burr’s trial for treason
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John Marshall acquits Burr
Marshall sets rules for treason
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2 witnesses to “overt” act or confession
War had to be levied against US or give enemy comfort and
aid
Must have an overt act of treason
Jefferson’s accomplishments
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Louisiana Purchase 1803
Outlawed foreign slave trade January 1, 1808
Conciliatory presidency
Reduced national debt
Election of 1808
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James Madison wins the presidency
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George Clinton, vice president
Problems with Britain and France continued
War Hawks
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Congress divided
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Democratic Republicans divided into Old Republicans, Clintonians,
“Invisibles”, and War Hawks
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War Hawks – mostly from South and West
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Madison sent list of grievances against Britain
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Henry Clay (KY), Speaker of the House
John C. Calhoun (SC)
Richard Johnson (TN)
Impressment of American seamen
Establishing illegal blockades
Violating American waters
Inciting the Indians in the Northwest
War Hawks declared war to defend:
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Sovereignty
Western territory
Maritime rights of United States
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
War of 1812
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War declared against Britain June 18, 1812
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War marked beginning of sectionalism
Madison reelected in 1812
Invasion of Canada: end British influence on
Indians and provide land for land-hungry
Americans
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Detroit to Canada
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William Hull – not a good leader; feared Indians
Niagara River
Lake Champlain route to Montreal
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Tecumseh’s confederacy
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1805: Tenskwatawa (The Prophet) and Tecumseh
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1811: Battle of Tippecanoe
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William Henry Harrison
Tecumseh killed; Indian confederacy collapsed
Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
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William Henry Harrison
Battle of the Thames (1813)
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Red Stick Creeks (Alabama)
Indians slaughtered
Andrew Jackson hero
Put-in-Bay (1813), Lake Erie
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Oliver Hazard Perry: “We have met the enemy and they are
ours.”
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British burn Washington D.C.: Aug. 24, 1814
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Francis Scott Key and Ft. McHenry: Sept. 12, 1814
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“Star Spangled Banner”
British offensive in Great Lakes stalls
The Hartford Convention
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Dolley Madison
Secret meetings started December 1814
Andrew Jackson
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Battle of New Orleans (1815)
Gives U.S. national pride and a national hero
Song Battle of New Orleans
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
End of the War
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The Treaty of Ghent
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Signed Christmas Eve 1814, ending the war
Prisoners returned
U.S.- Canadian border remained as it was in 1812
Results of the War:
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Broke power of the Indians in the Northwest
Stimulated peacetime defense spending
Manufacturing thrived
America’s reputation with Europe enhanced
Political legacy: James Monroe, John Quincy Adams,
Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved