Transcript File

World War I
Do Now
• Get out a pen/pencil and red
pen.
• Pick up handouts
• Take out LAST week’s review
sheet (Chapter 21).
Agenda
• Finish Imperialism (Ch. 21)
• Why did we enter WWI?
• Ch. 22 Review
• 14 Points Quiz
Homework:
Unit 7 Overview
Topic
1. Populism and Progressivism
2. The Emergence of America as a World Power
Big Questions
•In what ways did reformers attempt to respond
to the ills of industrialism? Were they successful?
•How did African-Americans respond to their
continued oppression?
•How did the growing imperial nature of US
foreign policy compare to earlier foreign
relations?
•How did World War I both change America’s role
in the world and affect global relations?
The Rise of Jim Crow Segregation Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)
The 1883 Civil Rights Cases
• Weakened protections given to African
Americans under 14th amendment
• Much of Civil Rights Act of 1875 was
declared unconstitutional
• Cases declared 14th amendment
prohibited only govt violations of civil
rights, not the denial of civil rights to
individuals
Disenfranchising Black Voters
• Literacy tests and poll taxes were used to
deny African Americans the right to vote
• “Grandfather clause” said only anyone
whose forebear had voted in 1860 could
vote
• Electoral districts gerrymandered to
favor Democratic party
• Case involved a dispute
over the legality of
segregated railroad cars in
Louisiana
• It upheld that segregation
by approving “separate but
equal” accommodations for
African Americans
• Led to establishment of
separate school systems
• Doctrine of “separate by
equal” was reversed in 1954
Brown vs. Board of
Education of Topeka
Booker T. Washington
Head of the Tuskegee Institute in
Alabama
Atlanta Compromise Speech, 1895
• Called African Americans to seek
opportunities rather than political
rights
• Blacks’ need for education and
economic progress was most
important
• They should learn skills for better
wages.
Key Positions
• Supported black economic self-help
• Supported accommodation to white
society
• Supported vocational education
• Supported racial solidarity
• Opposed public political agitation
•
•
•
•
W.E.B. Du Bois
Emerged as the most influential
advocate of full political, economic, and
social equality for Black Americans
Founded the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP) in 1909.
Advocated the intellectual development
of a “talented tenth” of the Black
population
• Hoped the talented tenth would
become influential by continuing
their education, writing books, or
becoming directly involved in social
change
Opposed Booker T Washington’s
progress for Black progress
• Supported cooperation with White
people to further Black progress
• His goal was integration, not
separatism
•
•
The NAACP
Rejected Booker T.
Washington’s gradualism
and separatism
NAACP focused on using
the courts to achieve
equality and justice
The Great Migration(s) North
(1910-1930; 1940-1970)
Causes
• Jim Crow laws denied
African Americans their
rights as citizens & forced
them to endure poverty
and systematic
discrimination
• Beginning with WWI, the
wartime demand for labor
attracted African
Americans to the cities in
N&W
Leaving the Rural South
• In 1915, majority lived in
rural South
Ida B. Wells
• African American
civil rights advocate
and an early
women’s rights
advocate
• Principal opponent
of lynching in the
South
The Birth of a Nation and the KKK
• The KKK first emerged during
Radical Reconstruction (18651877)
• D.W. Griffith’s epic film The
Birth of a Nation (1915)
became controversial b/c of its
depiction of KKK activities as
heroic and commendable
• The Birth of a Nation played
role in the resurgence of the
KKK during the Progressive Era
• KKK favored White supremacy
and immigration restriction
Women
Carrie Chapman Catt
• President of the National
American Woman Suffrage
Association (NAWSA)
• Sought suffrage at state level,
then later a national amendment
The 19th Amendment
1920: The efforts of women in World
War I caused Wilson to adopt the
women’s suffrage amendment.
It guaranteed women the right to vote
in all elections.
Carrie Chapman Catt created the
League of Women Voters to keep
women informed.
President Wilson refused to
support a National
Amendment.
Older generation of
feminists (Elizabeth Cady
Stanton & Susan B.
Anthony) passed the torch
to the new generation.
Alice Paul
• National Women’s Party
founder
– More militant: mass pickets,
parades, hunger strikes
• Focused on an amendment
to the Constitution
The Fight for Suffrage
• Frontier life tended
to promote the
acceptance of
greater equality for
women
• Only states with
complete women’s
suffrage before
1900 were located
W of the Mississippi
• Wyoming
(1869) was the
first state to
grant women
the full right to
vote
• The 19th
amendment (1920)
guaranteed women
the right to vote
Women and the Progressive Reforms
• Jane Addams and the settlement houses
(Unit 6)
• Dorothea Dix worked tirelessly on behalf of
The Women’s
the mentally ill
Christian
• Ida B. Wells-Barnett was an African
Temperance
American civil rights advocate and an early
Union (WCTU)
women’s advocate (opposed lynching)
• Carry Nation
• Women’s reformers were also actively
was one of the
involved in:
best known
• Passage of child labor legislation at the
and most
state level
outspoken
• Campaigns to limit the working hours of
leaders
women and children
• Successfully
convinced
many women
that they had
a moral
responsibility
to improve
society by
working for
prohibition
Women and the Workplace
• During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the majority of female
workers employed outside the home were young and unmarried
• During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, women were most likely
to work outside their homes as one of the following
• Domestic servants
• Garment workers
• Teachers
• Cigar makers
• During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, women were least likely
to work outside their homes as either of these:
• Physicians
• lawyers
FYI: The passage of the 19th amendment and the end of the Progressive Era left a great
void in the struggle for women’s rights. Margaret Sanger and Eleanor Roosevelt were
the two best-known proponents of women’s rights.
Name the foreign policy…
“The United States should wait patiently and quietly to
achieve its goals overseas, but use force if necessary.”
– Maintain peace between rival nations
• Mediate the Russo-Japanese War
• Algeciras Conference (France/Germany/Morocco)
• Second International Peace Conference: limit warfare
The Big Stick Policy
“Speak softly, but carry a big stick.”
Theodore Roosevelt
1901-1909
Name the president who created this
Name
the
foreign
policy…
foreign policy…
“The United States should focus on advancing American
economic interests in Latin America and Asia.”
– Promote U.S. trade by supporting U.S. enterprises abroad.
•
Dollar Diplomacy
Use econ investments to bolster U.S. economy
•
Achieved very little success
William Howard Taft
1909-1913
Name the president who created this
Name
foreign policy…
foreignthe
policy…
“The United States should focus on advancing democracy
throughout the world.”
– The United States should “right past wrongs.”
Moral Diplomacy
Woodrow Wilson
1913-1917
“New Freedom in Government”
U.S. Intervention in Latin
America
Latin American Foreign Relations
in the 1880’s & 1890’s
The Pan-American Conference
(1889)
Cleveland, Olney, and the
Monroe Doctrine (1895-1896)
• Representatives of Western
Hemisphere nations
created an organization that
set a precedent for
hemispheric cooperation on
economic and political
issues.
• Today, this is known as the
Organization of American
States
• British Guiana and
Venezuela had a dispute;
Cleveland insisted that the
United States be allowed to
arbitrate, arguing that the
Monroe Doctrine applied to
this situation.
• Britain agreed; from this
point, Britain sought
friendship with the U.S.
McKinley’s
presidency
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Spanish American War
Causes
Jingoism (intense nationalism)
Cuban revolt (Spain sent in an autocratic general to
suppress the revolt)
Yellow journalism
– A circulation battle between the newspapers
of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph
Hearst.
– Their sensationalist headlines and stories
created public support for a war to liberate
Cuba from Spanish control
De Lôme Letter (the Spanish minister to the United
States insulted McKinley)
5.
Battleship Maine (U.S. battleship exploded in
Havana harbor)
6.
McKinley’s Ultimatum (demanded that Spain end
atrocities; public pressure  message to Congress: end
barbarities; protect Americans)
Teller Amendment (Congress declared war; Cuba will
control itself)
7.
War
1.
Philippines
–
–
2.
Navy in Manila Bay
With Filipino rebels 3
months
Cuba
–
–
–
–
3.
Tropical diseases
Volunteer forces
destroyed Spanish
army
Rough Riders (Theodore
Roosevelt)
Destroyed Spanish fleet
Hawaii
–
Annexed (Queen
overthrown five years
earlier)
McKinley’s
presidency
The Spanish American War
Territorial Acquisitions
Spain relinquished control
of Puerto Rico, Cuba,
Guam, and the
Phillippines to the U.S.
By establishing a
protectorate over Cuba,
the U.S. began
implementing imperialist
foreign policy
•
•
•
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Results
Peace Treaty  Cuban Independence
Insular [Supreme Court] Cases
•
Constitutional rights were not
automatically granted to territorial
possessions.
Platt Amendment
•
Made Cuba a U.S. protectorate
Election of 1900
•
McKinley and Roosevelt won
•
“new territory and prosperity”
The U.S. was seen as a first class world
power with the Navy.
The Debate Over Annexing the Phillipines
The Anti-Imperialism League opposed annexation arguing that it violated America’s
long-established commitment to the principles of self-determination and anticolonialism
Supporters of annexation argued that America had a moral responsibility to “civilize”
the islands. They also pointed out that the Phillippines could become a valuable
trading partner.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine,
1904
Cause: President Theodore Roosevelt worried that
the Dominican Republic and other Latin American
nations would default on debts owed to European
banks. These defaults could then provoke
European military intervention.
Action: Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary to
the Monroe Doctrine to forestall European
intervention
Impact of the Roosevelt Corollary
• It expanded America’s role in Central America and the
Caribbean
• It claimed America’s right to assume the role of “an
international police power.” Presidents Roosevelt, Taft,
and Wilson enforced the Roosevelt Corollary by sending
American troops to Cuba, Panama, Nicaragua, the DR,
Mexico, and Haiti
• Theodore Roosevelt explained and justified the
Roosevelt Corollary as follows:
“Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a
general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in
America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some
civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence
of the U.S. to the Monroe Doctrine may force the U.S… to the
exercise of an international political power.”
Roosevelt’s Presidency
The Panama Canal
• The canal was attained by Colombia by
supporting a revolt in Panama.
• It took 10 years to build.
– Mosquitoes caused yellow fever, which
caused many deaths.
•
•
•
In 1921: Colombia was paid $25 million
for the loss.
The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)
gave the U.S. long-term control of the
Canal Zone (until 1999).
The Hay-Paunceforte Treaty (1901)
determined that there would not be
joint U.S.-British control of the Canal.
Taft’s
Presidency
Wilson’s Presidency
Mexico
Nicaragua
•
•
•
Sent troops when Civil War broke out (1911)
He wanted to protect foreign investments of
the United States.
The U.S. kept Marines there until 1933.
1917: Wilson made Puerto Rico a U.S.
territory, and Puerto Ricans gained
citizenship.
Panama Canal: The U.S. agreed to pay
tolls.
Haiti & Dominican Republic: Wilson
ordered troops in.
•
•
Tampico incident:
– Wilson didn’t support Huerta as
president.
– The U.S. placed an arms embargo
on Mexico.
– The U.S. Imposed a naval
blockade on Vera Cruz;
Argentina, Brazil, and Chile
mediated.
Pancho Villa
– Villa challenged the new
president (Carranza)
– Led raids across the U.S.-Mexican
border and killed 11 Americans
– U.S. troops pursued him
unsuccessfully, and later
withdrew before entering World
War I.
Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan
negotiated Conciliation treaties in which
countries agreed to an international
arbiter and a one-year cooling off period.
U.S. Intervention in Asia
•
As China Qing (Manchu) dynasty weakened,
European powers carved out spheres of
influence where they exercised political
leverage and obtained exclusive commercial
privileges.
•
Although he knew he could not force the
Europeans to leave China, Secretary of State
John Hay was determined to protect
American missionaries and commercial
interests
•
In 1899, Hay sent the nations with spheres of
influence in China a note calling for open
access to China for American investment and
commercial interests
•
Known as the Open Door, the policy
underscored America’s commitment to free
trade and opposition to obstacles that
thwarted international commerce
•
The nations indirectly accepted the Open
Door Policy.
•
After the U.S. helped to crush the Boxer
Rebellion (an attack against foreigners) was
crushed, nations continued to allow free
trade in China and respect Chinese
independence.
The Open Door
Policy
Spheres of Influence
McKinley’s
presidency
Roosevelt’s
presidency
Root’s Asian Policies
• Russo-Japanese War: Theodore
Roosevelt helped negotiate a
peace treaty at Portsmouth, New
Hampshire
– Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace
Prize for this.
• Gentlemen’s Agreement: Japan
would secretly restrict
immigration of Japanese workers
to the U.S. ; the U.S. agreed to
end segregated education for
Japanese in California.
• Root-Takahira Agreement (1908):
– Pledged mutual respect for each
country’s Pacific possessions
– Pledged support for the Open Door
Policy
Taft
Railroads in China
• Taft wanted U.S. bankers
to be included in a
European plan to invest in
railroads in China.
• Russia and Japan entered
a secret agreement
regarding railroad
building in Manchuria
that the United States
was not involved in.
Wilson
Jones Act of 1916
(The Philippines)
– Granted territorial status
to the Philippines.
– Created a Bill of Rights
and granted male
suffrage.
– Promised independence
when a stable
government was
established (1946).
The Lodge Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine: Non-European powers (Japan)
would be excluded from owning territory in
the Western Hemisphere. Taft and Japan
were offended by this.
Today… you will..
• To explain the War in Europe and American
neutrality
• To identify the main components, causes of
and effects of The First World War at home
and abroad
• To identify and explain the Treaty of Versailles
• To analyze the wars effects on society and
economy in the postwar years
World War I
1914-1918
The War In Europe
Outbreak of War
1. A Serbian assassinated
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
(Austria-Hungary)
2. Austria threatens Serbia, but
backed by Russia, they do
not waver
3. Germany (A-H’s ally) invades
France (Russia’s ally)
through neutral Belgium
4. Great Britain (France’s ally)
declares war against
Germany
The Two Alliances:
The Allies
• Great Britain
• France
• Russia
The Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Turkey/ The Ottoman Empire
Stages of United States Involvement:
1. Neutral Nation
2. Warring for Peace
3. Victorious World Power
4. Isolationist Nation
American “Neutrality”
Submarine Warfare
•
•
•
•
•
Britain established a naval blockade of Germany.
Germany responded by using U-boats
(submarines) to sink any ships around Britain.
When Germany sank the British Lusitania [128
Americans were killed], Wilson threatened
“accountability.” (Jennings resigned)
3 months later, the Arabic (French ship) was sunk
– Wilson demanded an end to “unrestricted
submarine warfare.”
7 months later, the Sussex (British ship) was sunk
– Germany made the Sussex Pledge, promising
not to sink merchant or passenger ships
without warning.
•
•
•
•
Economic Links with Great Britain and France
The war brought the U.S. out of a recession;
trading war supplies to Britain and France helped
the U.S. economy to boom.
Because of the British blockade of Germany (which
the U.S. tolerated), U.S. didn’t trade as much with
Germany.
1914-1917: US allied trade quadrupled; trade w/
Central powers dwindled.
Loans
JP Morgan & other bankers extended $3 billion in
credit to Great Britain and France.
–
–
Secured U.S. prosperity.
Sustained the Allied war effort.
Public Opinion
Ethnic Influences
30% of Americans = 1st or 2nd generation
immigrants.
• They supported U.S. neutrality, but
tended to sympathize with their
“mother nation.”
• Most native-born Americans
supported the Allied Powers
British Propaganda
Britain cabled news stories to
U.S. newspapers depicting
German soldiers committing
atrocities in Belgium and
France, so Americans became
disgusted with the Germans.
Summary
American Neutrality
• President Wilson sought to
distance American from
WWI by issuing a
proclamation of Neutrality
• Wilson’s policy of neutrality
was consistent with
American’s traditional policy
of avoiding European
“entanglements”
• Wilson insisted that all
belligerents respect
American neutral rights on
the high seas
Germans Challenge American
Neutrality
• Germany launched campaign
of unrestricted submarine
warfare in Feb. 1917
– B/C stalemate in trenches
across France & Brit. Blockade
so exhausted fighting
• Feb. 1917  German foreign
secretary, Arther Zimmerman,
sent secret telegram to
German minister in Mexico to
join a military alliance vs. US
–
GY would help MX recover
territories lost in Mexican War
The War Debate
Preparedness
National Security League [Eastern
Republican business leaders, led by
Theodore Roosevelt] argued for
more defense spending in
preparation for war.
1916: Wilson convinced Congress to
pass the National Defense Act ,
increasing the army and navy.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Decision for War
Germany launched unrestricted
submarine warfare.
The Zimmerman Telegram was
intercepted from Germany promising
to help Mexico regain New Mexico,
Arizona, and Texas if they joined the
war on the side of the Germans.
Russian Revolution brought a
democracy to Russia
Submarine Attacks: Germany
attacked five unarmed U.S. merchant
ships.
Election of 1916: Wilson won the
presidency on the slogan “He kept us out
of war.”
Opposition to War
Midwestern and Western Americans opposed the
preparedness movement.
Opponents of war included:
•
Populists
•
Progressives
•
Socialists
Anti-war leaders were:
•
William Jennings Bryan
•
Jane Addams
•
Woman suffragists (initially)
Wilson’s Peace Efforts
Wilson sent his Chief Foreign Advisor to
Europe to unsuccessfully negotiate a peace
settlement (“peace without victory”).
Declaration of War
•Wilson declared that Germany’s
submarine policy was “warfare against
mankind.”
•He asked Congress to declare war because
“the world must be made safe for
democracy.”
Summary: Wilson’s War Message
• Wilson accused the Germans of violating
freedom of the seas, killing innocent
Americans and interfering with Mexico
• Wilson galvanized public opinion by calling on
America to launch a “noble” crusade “to make
the world safe for demoncracy”
Mobilizing the Country to Support the War
•
•
War Agencies
War Industries Board: set production priorities and
control over materials and prices
Food Administration: encouraged U.S. households to
eat less meat and bread, so more food could be
shipped abroad. (US shipments x3)
–
–
–
•
1.
–
–
2.
Established daylight savings time
Heatless Mondays
Gasless Sundays
National War Labor Board: arbitrated disputes
between labor and owners.
–
Wages rose, 8-hour workday, union membership
increased.
Armed Forces
• Selective Service Act: All men 21-30 would have to
register for the national draft. 2.8 million men were
called to armed service by lottery.
• The army was racially segregated. Few African
Americans were allowed to become officers.
•WEB Du Bois believed by fighting in the war,
African Americans would earn equal rights at
home.
Americans gave their savings to the federal
government
The government promised to pay back the money
at a fixed rate of interest on a certain date.
Taxes
Congress increased…
–
Personal income tax
–
Corporate tax
–
Tax on luxuries
Fuel Administration: efforts to save coal:
–
–
–
•
Meatless Mondays
Wheat-less Wednesdays
Victory Gardens
Financing the War
Liberty Bonds
Congress raised $33 billion for the war.
Civil Liberties
•
•
•
Espionage Act
• Imprisonment for anyone who incited
rebellion in the army or obstruction of the
national draft
Sedition Act
• Prohibited anyone from making disloyal or
abusive comments about the U.S.
government.
Schenck v. United States
• Free speech could be limited when it
represented a “clear and present danger” to
the public safety.
Propaganda
• Committee on Public Information
• Enlisted artists, writers,
performers, and movie stars to
depict the boys as heroes and
the Kaiser as a villain.
• Urged Americans to watch out
for German spies and “do your
bit.”
• Stir American support for war
and get rid of dissent
• Americans persuaded to buy
war bonds and believe
Germany = barbarous
• (Nativist) American Protective
League
• “Hate the Hun” campaign:
prejudice against “disloyal”
minorities—attacked all things
German.
World War I and American Society
African Americans
• The “Great
Migration” of
African Americans
was encouraged
by job
opportunities in
northern factories
and in the west
during the war.
•
•
•
•
Women
Mexicans
More jobs (New types • Because of the
of jobs) were available
Mexican Revolution
for women as men left
(1910-1920) and
jobs for the army.
wartime job
opportunities, many
Some women entered
Mexicans crossed the
the workforce for the
border to work in
first time.
agriculture and
Most women had to
mining.
give up their jobs for
• Most stayed in the
men when the war
Southwest, but some
ended.
came to the Midwest
Women’s
for factory jobs.
contributions
• Thousands of
convinced the
Mexican Americans
President and
also fought in the
Congress to support
armed forces, despite
the 19th Amendment
facing discrimination.
(suffrage)
Fighting the War
Making Peace
Wilson’s 14 Points
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
included…
Freedom of the Seas
End to Secret Treaties
Reduction of national armaments
Impartial adjustment of colonial claims
Self-determination within Austria-Hungary
An International Peace Organization:
– Political independence
– Territorial integrity
1.
–
–
–
–
–
2.
3.
Wilson’s Ratification Battle
Congress’s concern: The League of Nations would
interfere with U.S. sovereignty and cause Europe to
violate the Monroe doctrine.
•
OPPONENTS TO L.O.N.:
•
Irreconcilables: rejected it outright.
•
Reservationists: would accept if the wording
was changed.
•
WILSON’S WESTERN TOUR:
•
Wilson toured the country in a huge
speaking tour to convince Americans to
support the League of Nations. He suffered
a major stroke.
•
REJECTION:
•
Wilson refused to reword the treaty, and
ultimately, the treaty was defeated.
Treaty of Versailles
Germany:
Disarmed
Lost colonies in Asia and Africa
Accepted guilt for the war
Gave the Rhineland to France
Paid reparations to Allied countries
Italy and Japan:
Felt they were not fairly
compensated for their efforts
United States
The League of Nations was formed,
but the US never did join…
Peace without Victory?
or
Revenge against Germany &
compensation?
The Fourteen Points
• Fourteen Points included a call
for:
– Open diplomacy
– Freedom of the seas
– The creation of an international
organization to preserve the
peace & security of its members
– National self-determination for
oppressed minority groups
• Fourteen Points didn’t include:
– Recognition of Allied economic &
territorial agreements made
during the war
– A provision to create the
International Monetary Fund
Reasons the US didn’t Join
League of Nations
• Wilson refused to compromise
on the issue of America’s
unconditional adherence to
the charter of the League of
Nations (hardened Senate
opposition)
• Opponents believed that the
League would lead to further
involvement in foreign wars
• Senator Lodge = skillful
opponent of the League
– Personal & political rivalry b/n
Lodge and Wilson = no chance of
compromise
Postwar
Problems:
Demobilization & Recession
•
•
•
4 million white men took jobs
from women and African
Americans.
The Business Boom of the war
fell flat; farmers suffered from
falling crop prices.
In 1921, the nation faced 10%
unemployment.
The Palmer Raids
• AG A Mitchell Palmer established an office under
J Edgar Hoover to investigate radicals.
• Caused by fear of communism and radicalism
• Raids on anarchists, socialists, and labor
agitators  arrested “en masse ” on limited
evidence.
• Most arrestees were foreign-born; 4,000+ people
jailed w/p counsel; 500 were deported
• When May Day riots never happened, Palmer
lost credibility and the hysteria receded.
• Disregarded basic civil liberties
• Govt. agents in 33 cities broke into meeting
halls & homes w/o search warrants
Red Scare
The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
• Led by Lenin, the Bolsheviks overthrew the czar & seized power in Russia
Source:
• Unhappiness with the peace process
• Fear of socialism (communist takeover of Russia)
• Labor unrest  confused and frightened Americans
= (anti-German hysteria ) ANTI-COMMUNIST HYSTERIA
Postwar Problems:
Labor Conflict
Union gains: Under Roosevelt’s Square
Deal, the Clayton Antitrust Act, and
the National War Labor Board, labor
made many gains.
Strikes of 1919:
• Seattle: shipyard workers struck
(higher pay)
• Boston: Police struck (protested that
police officers who tried to unionize
were fired) =National Guard sent in.
• US Steel Corporation: violent strike
took 3-4 months to break.
these strikes turned public opinion
against unions.
Race Riots
African American migration to northern
cities during the war yielded racial
tension.
Whites saw them as competitors for jobs.
Race riots erupted during the war (East
St. Louis, Illinois = largest)
In 1919, there were violent riots in many
cities.
– Chicago: 40 people were killed; 500
people were injured.
•
In the South, racism and fears of
African American soldiers returning
led to increased violence and
lynching by Whites.