Transcript HIS 121 - Garrett College

Chapter 5
Part II
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From 1794-1925 Iran was ruled by the Qajar
Dynasty
When one Shah tried to reform the country, he
met with resistance from the Shi’ite
population
The Shah then asked Russia & Britain for
protection
Those against this protection formed the
Persian Nationalist Movement
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In 1906 the reigning Shah was forced to give
the people a constitution, but he kept the
protection of Russia and Britain who
proceeded to divide up the country into
spheres of influence; oil had been discovered
there and the profits went to Britain and Russia
In 1921 a new Shah seized power:
Reza Khan
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Reza Khan
seized power in 1921 with the idea of establishing a
republic; he was prevented by traditional forces
 so he set up the Pahlavi Dynasty instead in 1925
 became an effective, modernizing ruler by creating a
modern army, a new university, and a railroad
 Reza Khan abdicated his throne in 1941, and his son
took the throne
 Mohammad Reza Shah then ruled from 1941-1979
when he was forced from power
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Other areas of the old Ottoman Empire were
given to France and Britain as mandates
There was an international zone around
Jerusalem
In 1917 the British gave their support to the
idea of an independent Jewish State;
supported by the Zionist Movement led by
Theodor Herzl
This support was made official in 1917 with the
Balfour Declaration
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Britain was given as mandates the territory that
is today Israel and Jordan; Britain already had
Cyprus and Egypt
France got Syria which they then divided into
Syria and Lebanon
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In the early 1920s Ibn Saud united Arab tribes
in the northern part of the Arabian peninsula
and established the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
by 1932
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Lenin believed that communism could be a
worldwide movement
Many thought that communism could not take
hold in places that did not have industry (the
idea of the proletariat rising up and taking over
the means of production)
Many third world nations did not have
industry; they provided the raw materials
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In 1921 Lenin desperately needed allies, so he
tried to appeal to non-Western societies
He felt it was the raw materials that kept
Western nations alive, so cut off the raw
materials and the West would shrivel and die
But most nationalist leaders didn’t want all-out
revolution at that time
And most of the people practiced religions that
went against Marxist atheism
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Lenin felt that if communist parties were
formed in these societies from the working
class, they could help the nationalists get rid of
the colonizers
Once the colonizers were gone, the communists
could push out the nationalists
So in the 1920s Soviet agents went around the
world trying to make converts
To help, Lenin began the Communist
International or the Comintern dedicated to
world revolution
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By the end of the 1920s, almost every colonial
or semi-colonial society in Asia had a party
based on Marxism
Later some appeared in Africa like in the
Sudan and the Ivory Coast
Communism appealed to those wishing to get
rid of their colonizers and to those who wanted
a classless society
It was difficult for communism to take hold in
places with strong religion (Muslim societies)
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Communism varied from place to place
because it blended with local customs
Revolutionary Marxism had its greatest impact
in China
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was
begun in 1921 at Peking University
The Guomindang (GMD) and the CCP tried to
bring order to China in the 1920s
They were competing with one another for
power
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Each party tried to court the other
Actually, they were using one another and
trying to take power from the war lords
Sun Yat-sen died in 1925 and was succeeded by
Chiang Kai-shek
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Sun Yat-sen
Chiang Kai-shek
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Chiang moved against the communists in
Shanghai in April 1927, killing thousands
Communists then started revolts in different
parts of China but these were put down; their
leaders were killed or forced into hiding
Chiang established the new Chinese Republic
in 1928 and reunified China by 1931
Communists were forced into the mountains of
North China on the Long March in 1934
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Communists under Mao Zedong would later
become the best movers of the Chinese masses
Mao Zedong
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Chiang was able to hold onto power with the
help of the United States until the late 1940s
He did have problems
Few administrative controls
 Weak fiscal system
 Control was mostly in the cities
 Peasants got little from the GMD
 Japanese aggression
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Until the 1920s, it looked like Japan was a fullfledged democracy
Its economy was expanding but controlled by 4
Zaibatsu (financial cliques) by 1930
Economic growth had come at the expense of
the peasants who worked in industry; poor
conditions
Japan had few raw materials of its own, so it
began taking over other territories
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They did try Shidehara Diplomacy (using
diplomacy ) but it didn’t work very well in
Asia
In the 1930s Japan also had to deal with the
Great Depression, conflicts with China over
Mongolia, and the rise of fascism
These added pressures brought the military
into power with its authoritarianism
Japan’s aggression in China and the expansion
of its navy upset relations with the U.S. and
Britain who sold them scrap metal
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Japan moved more and more towards fascism ,
like that found in Italy and Germany
Japan joined in an alliance with Italy and
Germany (the Axis Powers) which helped
bring them into World War II – although they
had their own reasons
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Latin American countries primarily exported
food and raw materials
They were very dependent on that income
The U.S. invested a lot of money in some Latin
American companies
To protect U.S. interests, it would support a
leader who might not be good for the people
There was growing hostility towards the U.S.
because of this
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The U.S. even sent troops in to some Latin
countries to protect our interests there
We were then seen as an aggressive, imperialist
power
Franklin D. Roosevelt tried to improve
relations in the 1930s with the Good Neighbor
Policy
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rejected the use of U.S. military force in the region
ex: FDR removed U.S. troops from Haiti in 1936
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Since Latin American countries made most of
their money from exports, the Depression was
at first a disaster for them; no one was buying
But the situation forced them to start their own
industry
At first they produced the products they
imported the most; this is called import
substitution
Then they began other industries
They invested in themselves and emerged from
the Depression sooner than Western nations
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Move towards authoritarianism:
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Colonies
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Republics by1830 -- dominated by elites and
military
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Tried democracy
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Authoritarianism took hold in 1930s
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Porfirio Diaz (r. 1876-1910)
allowed U.S. investments
 had hacienda system
 95% of Mexicans owned no land
 wages went down
 overthrown by Francisco Madero
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Francisco Madero (r. 1911-1913)
idealist
 upper-class
 wanted democracy
 moderate
 well-educated
 assassinated by Victoriano Huerta
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Victoriano Huerta (r. 1913-1914) , overthrown
with help from the United States
Venustiano Carranza (r. 1914-1920)
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set up constitution that wasn’t enforced
called for land redistibution
Mexico for Mexicans but allowed U.S. investments
assassinated
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Obregon and Calles governed in the 1920s –
made some positive changes
Lazaro Cardenas
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became president in 1934
had wide support of peasants
redistributed 44 million acres of land and broke the
hacienda system
seized U.S. land and mineral holdings in Mexico
Obregon
Calles
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offered to reimburse Americans for their losses
Americans didn’t want to accept their low offer
FDR finally accepted Mexico’s offer because things
were heating up again in Europe, and FDR
remembered his history and the Zimmerman
Telegram; if war broke out, he wanted Mexico on
our side
Cardenas
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Culture:
Mexico supported its artists
 Their work was used to promote their new stronger
nation
 Ex: Diego Rivera who produced monumental
murals showing Mexico’s past and present
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World War I and its resultant Great Depression
brought turmoil to nations worldwide
Nations were no longer isolated from one
another
What happened in one nation affected others