Transcript Imperialism:

Imperialism:
Imperialism, is "the creation and/or maintenance of an
unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship,
usually between states and often in the form of an
empire, based on domination and subordination."
Imperialism not only describes colonial and territorial
policies, but also economic and military dominance and
influence.
Age of Imperialism
The Age of Imperialism was a time period beginning around
1870 when modern, relatively developed nations were taking
over less developed areas, colonizing them, or influencing
them in order to expand their own power. Although imperialist
practices have existed for thousands of years, the term "Age of
Imperialism" generally refers to the activities of nations such as
the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the
United States in the early 18th through the middle 20th
centuries,
The United States as "the
world's police"
policies such as Woodrow Wilson's mission to "make the
world safe for democracy"
• Pro-Imperialism
• “…Whether they will or no, Americans must now begin to
look outward. The growing production of the country
demands it. And increasing volume of public sentiment
demands it…”
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- Alfred T. Mahan
• “But today we are raising more than we can consume.
Today we are making more than we can use.
• Today our industrial society is congested; there are more
workers than there is work, there is more capital
• than there is investment. We do not need more money –
we need more circulation, more employment.
• Therefore, we must find new markets for our produce,
new occupation for our capital, new work for our
"The White Man's Burden"
• Anti-Imperialism
• "For Europe to rule Asia by force for purposes of
gain, and to justify that rule by the pretence that she
is civilizing Asia and raising her to a higher level of
spiritual life, will be adjudged by history, perhaps, to
be the crowning wrong and folly of imperialism. What
Asia has to give, her priceless stores of wisdom
garnered from her experience of ages, we refuse to
take; the much or little which we could give we spoil
by the brutal manner of our giving. This is what
imperialism has done, and is doing, for Asia."
Effects of Imperialism
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• Positive
new roads & railroads
telegraph & postal
systems
irrigation systems
improve farming
education
new laws = justice for
all classes
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• Negative
resources go to overseeing power
cash crop replacing
local goods
top jobs go to overseeing power
Natives treated as
inferiors
replacement of local
customs and beliefs w/
new
Social Darwinism in World Affairs
• Many contended that nations or races struggled
constantly for existence and only the fittest could
survive.
•Strong nations would dominate weak ones
•John Burgess flatly stated that Anglo-Saxon
possessed the highest political talents. therefore it was
their duty to uplift the less fortunate peoples, even to
force superior institutions on them if necessary.
Reasons for Imperialism
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New Markets
Raw materials
Social Darwinism
Naval Bases to defend trade routes
desire for prestige & power
security
spread Christianity
spread democracy
over population = need for resources
cash crops
Cheap labor force
Political reasons
Economic reasons
Reasons to
become an
imperialist nation
Moral reasons
Militaristic Reasons
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Hawaii
Hawaii = Self-sufficient society = agricultural &
fishing
Americans brought disease: decimating half the pop.
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Sugar cane plantations --> American Investors
• --> sugar production boomed --> influence of
Americans increased
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U.S. officials demanded control of Pearl Harbor in
exchange for tax-free status of Hawaiian sugar
Many Natives did not want to become apart of the
Long Term Effects
• Transportation, education, and
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medical care improved
nationalist Movements
Competition for empires leads to war
Industrial nations control new global
economy
Nationalism
• national pride or loyalty
• emphasizes collective identity - a
people who are autonomous, united,
and express a single national culture
Isolationism
• national policy of avoiding
involvement in the affairs of other
nations
Exit Ticket
• To justify their policies, the new American expansionists of the
late 1800s offered all of the following
• reasons except
•A) strong nations were destined by natural law to dominate
weak ones
•B) the United States had a duty to spread its superior
institutions to less civilized people
•C) the United States should try to create a community of
nations to guarantee world peace
•D) a strong navy was the key to becoming a great nation,
and colonies would serve as bases for such a navy
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E) selling goods in foreign nations would bolster the
economy
Humanitarianism
• Americans were outraged by the
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treatment of Cubans
Placed in concentration camps to
prevent them from joining the
revolution against Spain
200,000 died from hunger and
disease
Gen. Valeriano Weyler: "The
Butcher"
The Spanish Navy 1880-1920
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Spain's decline as a world power in the 19th century
was marked. As prosperity flooded the
industrializing parts of Europe, Spain falls behind,
without the $ to invest in great fleets. Europe's once
leading power, could no longer compete
as late as the 1880's, Spain was still building her
cruisers of wood and even her 1st steel ship
U.S.S Maine
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The Maine was sent to Cuba early in 1898 to
protect American lives and interests on the island,
where the local insurgents were on the victory over
the Spanish Empire.
o at first the Maine's presence in Havana had
exacerbated relations w/ Spanish authorities;
but things eventually calmed down.
Feb 15, 1898 the Maine exploded. the explosion
blew out the bottom of the ship, breaking her in two
and sinking within 10 min.
226 American servicemen were killed
This gave the war hawks in US gov what they were
looking for: By March, the march to war was
complete
Private Letter from Spanish Ambassador
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Within weeks of the sinking of the Maine,
intelligence operatives intercepted a private letter
between the Spanish Ambassador to the United
States and a friend in Havana, Cuba.
The letter disparaged U.S. President McKinley, and
hinted at plans to commit acts of sabotage against
American property in Cuba.
The letter was published by several newspapers,
further agitating public opinion. On April 19, 1898,
Congress resolved to end Spanish rule in Cuba.
War Declared
• (Sinking of the U.S.S Maine, Feb 15,
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1898)
Spain declares war on US, April 23, 1898
US declares war on Spain, April 25
Yellow Journalism
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In Havana, Hearst press illustrator Fredric
Remington cabled New York that there was no
action to illustrate. W.R. Hearst cabled back, "you
provide the pictures and I'll provide the war."
Remington obliged with lurid sketches
With the of the Maine, yellow journalist were quick
to blame Spain for the incident. Newspapers
headlined: "Remember the Maine - To Hell with
Spain."
Spain stood convicted of sabotage by public
opinion
Spanish Response to
the Revolt in Cuba
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exiled many leaders
of the independence
movement
sent soldiers to
battle rebels
sent Weyler to put
down revolt
Major Causes of the
Spanish-American
War
American
Intervention in
Spanish-Cuban
Affairs
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Imperialist ambitions
humanitarian
sympathy for the
rebels
the destruction of
the U.S.S. Maine
Battle of San Juan Hill
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decisive battle of the war. one of the bloodiest and
most famous
San Juan Heights was a north-south elevation, with
Spanish hill-top entrenchments: making return fire
more difficult for the Spanish
Also the location of the greatest victory for the
Rough Riders
Roosevelt was awarded the Medal of Honor for his
actions
"A Splendid Little War"
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In August, an armistice ended the fighting
War lasted four months
Under the terms of the armistice, Spain recognized
the independence of Cuba
Spain also ceded Puerto Rico and the pacific
islands of Guam to the US
December, Treaty of Paris officially ends the war
Outcome - U.S.
• Conclusion will help to maintain peace
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and protect life and property in Cuba
Must release all prisoners of war
must agree to mutual shipping rights
for Spain
Outcome - Spain
• Must give up all claims to Cuba
• Must give the U.S. control of Puerto
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Rico and Guam
Spanish citizens are free to stay in
Cuba
Outcome - Cuba
• Platt Amendment --> makes Cuba a
protectorate of the U.S.
o Could not sign any treaty that would
threaten its independence (in effect giving
the US control of Cuban foreign policy)
o Gave US the right to intervene to preserve
independence, life, and property.
o U.S. Naval base at Guantanamo Bay
•Left Cuba with nominal political
Outcome - Puerto Rico & Philippines
• Puerto Rico - Under control of the US
• Philippines - sold to the US for 20
million
Exit Ticket
• The Platt Amendment, incorporated into the Cuban
constitution, gave Cuba
• A) full independence
• B) economic independence
• C) nominal political independence
• D) an American colonial government
•E) an equal partnership with American interests
Seizing the Philippines
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Commander of the Navy's Pacific squadron,
George Dewey, attacked the Spanish fleet in
Manila Bay, Philippines
US Navy completed destroyed the aging Spanish
fleet stationed there.
only 1 American sailor died in the battle (of
heatstroke). Dewey instantly became the first hero
of the war
Months later, the city of Manila was surrendered.
What had begun as a war to free Cuba was
becoming a war to strip Spain of its colonies.
Yet there was no plan as to what the US would
Annexation of the Philippines
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McKinley was reluctant to annex the Philippines, but
ultimately decided to accept responsibility for the
islands. US paid $20 million for the islands
Returning them to Spain would be "cowardly &
dishonorable," turning them over to another
imperialistic power would be "bad business &
discreditable," and granting the islands independence
would be irresponsible. For the were "unfit for self
government."
only solution = educate & Christianize the
Filipinos
The Philippine War
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In the midst of the US trying to educate &
Christianize the Filipinos, insurgent forces began
fighting for independence
One of American longest and bloodiest wars; lasted
4 years; resulted in 4,300 American deaths (nearly
10x the amount killed during the Spanish American
war) along with an estimated 50,000 Filipino
natives
US soon found themselves drawn into the same
pattern of brutality that had outraged so many
Americans when Weyler had used them in the
Caribbean
The Philippines War
• Captured Filipinos guerrillas were not
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treated as prisoners of war, but as
murderers --> executed.
entire communities were evacuated - the
residents forced into concentration camps
while US troops destroyed their villages,
farms, crops and livestock. Orders were
given "to kill everyone over the age of 10."
the rebellion has eventually exhausted
itself
Governance of the Philippines
• 1901, US military transferred authority over the
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islands to William Taft --> 1st civilian
Governor
Taft announced that the American mission
was to prepare the Philippines for
independence, and he gave the Filipinos
broad local autonomy
US built roads, schools, bridges & sewers;
instituted major administrative and financial
reforms; & established a public health system.
1946 the islands finally gained their
Independence
John Hay's Open Door
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business policy in China
equal trading rights for all
Everyone agreed. Besides China.
Boxer Rebellion
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Chinese martial-arts society with nationalist
convictions launched a revolt against foreigners in
China.
Panama Canal
• Reasons o provide mobility for the Navy
o protect US colonies
o Increase trade with the far east
Roosevelt Corollary
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Extension of the Monroe Doctrine
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Doctrine cast the US as protector of the Western
Hemisphere
"Chronic wrongdoing...in the Western
Hemisphere...may force the United States...to the
exercise of an international police power."
US should restore law and order around the world
Big Stick Policy - Roosevelt
• "Speak softly and carry a big stick;
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you will go far."
Use whatever means necessary to
defend our interests by the use of
force
Tour of the "Great White Fleet".
Circumnavigated the globe in 1907.
This was to demonstrate America's
growing military might
"Dollar Diplomacy" - William Taft
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Expanded US influence in Latin
America and protecting US interests
•encouraged US banks & corporations to
invest $$ into the Caribbean. Replacing
European loans w/ American ones
o thus keeping European countries out
Moral Diplomacy - Woodrow Wilson
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The president hoped to influence and control
other countries through economic pressure, only
supporting Latin American governments that were
democratic or otherwise supported United States
interests.
By refusing to support non-democratic countries,
he hoped to hurt them economically and thus
force them into submission.
"the force of America is the force of moral
principle." Moral Diplomacy encouraged the
spread of human rights and the development of
"constitutional liberty" throughout the world.
Review
• Nationalism: devotion to the interests and
culture of one’s nation
• Imperialism: nation building – extending
political control over various people of the
world
• Militarism: development of armed forces and
their use as a tool of diplomacy
What were the causes of WWI?
• World War I was the biggest war the world had ever seen.
Nearly 10 million soldiers died. New war technology
was partly responsible for this devastation. Before the
war, no European country held power over the others.
Instead, two groups of nations - the Central Powers
and the Allies - kept a kind of balance of power. the
nations made many complicated, and sometimes secret,
agreements to help defend each other. When any
country threatened another, all were involved.
• The Archduke Franz Ferdinand was in line to be the
ruler of Austria-Hungary. In June 1914 he was visiting
Bosnia, when a terrorist from Serbia shot and killed
him. That bullet started it all.
• Austria-Hungary (a Central Power) responded by
declaring war on Serbia (one of the Allies), and the other
nations of Europe began honoring their agreements.
M.A.N.I.A - causes of WWI
• M - Militarism: build up of armed forces
• A - Alliances:
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The Allies - France, England, Russia
The Central Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary
•N - Nationalism: pride in your country. National
interest 1st
•I - Imperialism: extending authority over another
country
•A - Assassination: June 28th, 1914 Archduke Franz
Ferdinand was killed
Neutrality & partiality
• Wilson called on American’s to remain
“impartial in thought as well as deed”
• However, many American’s were not. Many
sympathized with Britain, such as Wilson, who
admired England along with its traditions, its
culture, and political system. These ideals
would sway many American’s to side with the
Allies. Lurid reports of German atrocities in
Belgium and France, skillfully exaggerated by
British propagandists, strengthened the hostility
of many Americans toward Germany and the
Central Powers
Economic Ties
• To prevent Germany from obtaining munitions
and supplies, Britain placed a Naval
blockade on Germany.
• As a neutral, America, in theory, could
continue to trade with Germany. However a
truly neutral response would be to stop
trading with both Germany and Britain.
• Ultimately America ignored the blockade
and continued trading w/ Britain. In doing
so, by 1915, America gradually transformed
itself from a neutral power into the arsenal of
the Allies
Unrestricted Sub warfare
• German U boats interfered with freedom of
seas. Announced enemy vessels would be
sunk on sight
• Attacked US merchant ships
• 1915 – Sinking of the Luisitania
Sinking of the Lusitania
• May 1915, a German submarine sank the
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British passenger liner without warning
1,198 people perished, 128 were American
It later became clear that the Lusitania was in
fact not only carrying passengers but
munitions as well
But most Americans considered the attack
what T. Roosevelt called it: “an act of piracy”
Sussex pledge – Germans promised to warn
ships
Zimmermann Telegram
• After months of inconclusive warfare in the trenches with
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France, Germany decided on a risky plan
February → the British gave Wilson a telegram
→intercepted from the German foreign minister, Arthur
Zimmermann, to the Mexican government.
proposed that if America joined the war, the Mexicans
should join with Germany
German’s promised that Mexico would regain their “lost
provinces”
Widely publicized by British propagandists & American
press, the telegram inflamed public opinion & helped
build popular sentiment for war
April → Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of War
Exit Ticket
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The Zimmermann telegram stirred up anti-German
sentiment in the United States because it revealed
German plans to
A) destroy the Panama Canal
B) deploy submarines along the Atlantic coast of
the United States
C) return to Mexico her lost provinces in the
American Southwest in exchange for a Mexican
declaration of war on the United States
D) recruit German and Irish-Americans for use
as spies and saboteurs in the United States
E) subvert the Open Door policy in the Far East
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Homework
• Choose 2 new technologies that were
introduced in WWI that you feel are the most
influential in the transformation on modern
warfare
• Explain what each item is: what it is, who
invented it, who first used it, how many
countries used it during the war?
• What were the pro’s & con’s with its use?
• How did it forever transform warfare? Do we
still use it today?
Warm-Up
• Identify and explain the 5 major causes of WWI?
• Why was the U.S. partial to Great Britain? and how did
this affect our economic ties with them and Germany?
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In reference to President Wilson's address to Congress,
what were his reasons/justifications for America to join
WWI?
The German government believed that the sinking of the
Lusitania was a legitimate act because the ship was
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A) given ample warning
B) sailing into German waters
C) armed with deck guns
D) trying to blockade German food supplies
Military Service
• as hostilities in Europe began to suggest the horrible
possibility of war, many U.S. leaders began thinking
about how to prepare the military for a large-scale
conflict. Some such as t. Roosevelt advocated
compulsory military training for all American men. It
was argued, "the volunteer system is not dependable
because of the uncertainty as to returns, and in any
case because of lack of time for training and
organization." Others argued against compulsory
service. Max Eastman, editor of the Masses: "for my
part I do not recognize the right of the government to
draft me to a war whose purpose I do not believe in.
but to draft me to a war whose purposes it will not so
much as communicate to my ear, seems an act of
Selective Service Act
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President Wilson & the Secretary of War
decided on a national draft, immediately
following our declaration of war (1917)
the draft brought nearly 3 million men into
the military
another 2 million joined voluntarily
collectively they formed the American
Expeditionary Force
The AEF was the most diverse fighting
force the U.S. had ever assembled -->
women permitted to enlist --> over 10,000
Draft Eligibility
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Eligible & Liable for Military service: unmarried
registrants with no dependents. Married registrants with
one or more dependent children over 16 with sufficient
family income.
Temporarily deferred, but available for military service:
Married registrants with dependent spouse and / or
dependent children under 16 with sufficient family
income
Exempt: Local officials, Registrants who provide sole
family income for dependent parents and / or siblings
under 16, Registrants employed in agricultural labor or
industrial enterprises essential to the war effort.
Ineligible: State or Federal officials, Members of the
clergy, Registrants who were deemed either medically
disabled or "morally unfit" for military service, Enemy
aliens.
Conscientious Objectors
•In the United States during World War I,
conscientious objectors were permitted to serve in
noncombatant military roles. About 2000 absolute
conscientious objectors refused to cooperate in any
way with the military. These men were imprisoned
in military facilities such as Fort Lewis
(Washington), Alcatraz Island (California) and Fort
Leavenworth (Kansas). Some were subjected to
treatment such as short rations, solitary
confinement and physical abuse severe enough as
to cause the deaths of two draftees.
U.S. enters the War
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American intervention had its most immediate
effect on conflict at sea.
Britain --> vast loses by German U-boats --> 1 in 4
British ships never returned
within weeks, America turned the tide--> U.S. ships
destroyed U-boats and escorted merchant vessels
across the Atlantic
Sinking of Allied ships had = 900,000 tons in April
1917 --> by October 1918, declined to 112,000
No American ship was lost at sea during WWI
African American Soldiers
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nearly 400,000 black soldiers enlisted or were
drafted into the Army and Navy (Marines would not
accept them)
served in segregated regiments, under white
commanders
most were assigned to noncombat duties
but some black units fought valiantly in the great
offensives of 1918
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Life in the Trenches
frequently shelled & even when calm were muddy,
cold, polluted, and infested with rats and lice.
• some men lived in the trenches for months or even
years
• ate mostly rotten food
trench foot
shell shock: psychiatric illness resulting from injury to
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the nerves during combat.
U.S. made it possible for the Allies to break out of
their entrenchment positions and advance against
the German's --> by July the Allies had halted the
German advance and were beginning a successful
offensive of their own
Death Toll
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about 5 Million Allied soldiers
about 3.5 Million Central Power soldiers
20 million injured
devastated an entire generation of men
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in France, for example, 90% of the healthy young
men had served in WWI. More than 7 out of 10 of
these men were killed or wounded
116,000 Americans killed. 200,000
wounded
Warm-up (Quiz)
•1. How did trench warfare influence the
war?
• -pro's & con's
• -result
•2. What was the American Expeditionary
Force?
•3. How did America's enter into the war
change the course of the war?
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-how did the war change?
Aim: How did WWI affect the
US at home?
•How has the War in Iraq changed
your life?
• ie: USA PATRIOT Act. Uniting (and) Strengthening
America (by) providing Appropriate Tools Required
(to) Intercept (and) Obstruct Terrorism. 2001
• Passed in the House by 357 to 66 and the Senate
by 98 to 1 and was supported by members of both
parties
World War I
was a
TOTAL WAR
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The entire country “goes to war”
Military Draft
All citizens do their part
rations, Victory Gardens, Liberty Bonds
All businesses focus on production for the
war
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Propaganda
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in 1917, Wilson commissioned the establishment of the
Committee on Public Information --> led a
propaganda campaign to encourage the American
public to support the war
fact-based to present upbeat version of the war --> raw
propaganda that depicted Germans as evil monsters
CPI pamphlets warned citizens to be on the look out for
spies
led to strong anti-German sentiments --> German
books disappeared from library bookshelves, no more
German in schools, no more German music, publicly
humiliated people of German heritage by forcing them
to kiss the flag, recite the Pledge of Allegiance, and buy
war bonds --> 100% "Americanism"
Economy & Industry
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War Industries Board –allocated raw materials,
eliminate waste, expand production
Food Administration – increase output,
wheatless and meatless days
Fuel Administration – increase production of
fuel and oil
Rations - butter, salt, meats, milk, heat
Financing the war = Liberty Bonds (low-interest
loans by civilians to the Gov't) – WWI cost $35
Billion. Americans helped pay $21 billion
through war bonds
Children in the War Effort
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children & young adults volunteered both
money & labor to help win the war
contributed money they would earn on side
jobs to purchase war bonds
some 2 million boys & girls joined the US
Garden Army & grew $480 Million worth of
produce
New York passed laws so that 12 year old
children could miss up to 7 months of school
in order to work on farms.
Boys 16 and older were let out of school to
help plant wheat crops during the spring and
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Punishing Sedition
Espionage Act (1917)--> penalties for
obstructing war effort.
o notify the justice dept when you encounter men
"who spreads the pessimistic stories, cries for
peace, or belittles our efforts to win the war."
Schenck vs. US (1919) –> Charles Schenck was
a critic of the war. Arrested under Espionage Act
o **Clear and Present Danger to the US**
Sedition Act (1918) –> punished anyone who
spoke or wrote against the war or the president
Woman, Minorities & Labor
• Began to replace men in jobs
• labor shortage strengthened unions
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and brought about changes in the
workforce
African Americans migrate north for
jobs --> Great Migration
Opportunities not there after the war
End of the Great War
• the armistice between the Allied and Central
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powers went into effect on the 11th hour, of the
11th day of the 11th month of the year (1918)
about 5 Million Allied soldiers
about 3.5 Million Central Power soldiers
20 million injured
devastated an entire generation of men
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in France, for example, 90% of the healthy young
men had served in WWI. More than 7 out of 10 of
these men were killed or wounded
116,000 Americans killed. 200,000
wounded
14 points: Wilson’s Plan for
Peace
• End secret alliances
• specific recommendation for adjusting
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postwar boundaries
Restore freedom of the seas
Reduce arms
Austria Hungary decide their own fate
Association to secure world peace
(League of Nations): goal was to
Treaty of Versailles
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tied up the loose ends of the war
Germany admit responsibility for war
Pay $56 billion to pay for damages to
civilians
Dissolve Austria Hungary
Germany lost colonies
occupation of Germany by the Liies
Free trade
Why did US reject the Treaty
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US did not agree with Article 10
Felt it could drag us into future
wars
Senate supported ISOLATIONISM