Transcript A New Nation

Chapter 4
Federalists and
Republicans
After the American Revolution, who
would lead the new country?
I’m your
huckleberry!
Washington and Congress
President Washington and the
First Congress had to decide
how to make the new
government function
effectively. The philosophies
of Thomas Jefferson and
Alexander Hamilton became
the basis for two new political
parties.
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Too much power
given to the states
Not enough
Federal powers to
hold the country
together
Shays Rebellion was a catastrophe!
How are we going to stop the confusion?
Creating a New Government
At the Philadelphia Convention a New Constitution was
created. In 1789, to get the government running, the
president needed a bureaucracy to handle different
responsibilities of the United States. Congress created the
Department of States, Department of Treasury, Department
of War, and the Office of Attorney General.
Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of State
Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of Treasury
Washington’s Cabinet
Henry Knox
Secretary of War
The Bill of Rights
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Democratic-Republicans did not like the Constitution
Federalists had promised to include a Bill of Rights in its
amendments - First 10 amendments to the Constitution (Bill of Rights)
James Madison drafted the Bill of Rights relying on the
following:
 Magna Carta (1215)
 English Bill of Rights (1689)
 Virginia Declaration of Rights (George Mason – 1776)
 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (Thomas Jefferson)
Judiciary Act of 1789
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Under the Constitution,
Congress was required to pass
legislation establishing courts.
The Judiciary Act of 1789,
established 13 district courts, 3
courts of appeal, and the
Supreme Court.
Washington elected federal
judges and selected John Jay to
become the first chief justice of
the United States.
John Jay
Article III of the United States
Constitution created the Supreme
Court and gave Congress the
power to establish inferior courts.
It made no provision, though, for
the composition or procedures of
any of the courts, leaving this to
Congress to decide.
Financing the Government
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Hamilton’s Politics
strong Federal
Government, because the
masses are ignorant
Wise elite should govern all
Loose interpretation of the
Constitution
Wants a National Bank
Economy based on
merchants, shipping, and
manufacturing
NORTH!
Leader of the DemocraticRepublican Party
Jefferson
Leader of the
Federalist Party
Hamilton
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Jefferson Politics
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states should share power with the National government
Fears strong central government
Sees America as a democracy of farmers and tradespeople
Strict interpretation of the Constitution
Opposes National Bank
Economy based on farming (agrarianism)
SOUTH!
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The Treasurer’s Economic Recovery
Plan: The National Bank
Hamilton must put the nation’s finances in order
-Problems:
-Huge national debt as a result of the Revolution
-How will the new nation pay?
-Solution: the National Bank
-ask wealthy Americans to invest in the nation’s bank
-assume debt of the individual states
-issue paper money, a national currency
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The Debate: does the government have the power
to establish a national bank?
 Is this an enumerated power of the Constitution?
 Strict vs. Loose interpretation of the Constitution.
 Hamilton wins, the bank is established.
 Congress passed the bank bill due to Article 1,
Section 8, of the Constitution which states, “to make
all laws which shall be necessary and proper to
execute its responsibilities”. The “necessary and
proper” clause created implied powers (powers not
listed in the Constitution but necessary for the
government to do its job.
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Hamilton argued that a National Bank was
needed to collect taxes, regulate trade, and
provide for defense. Washington signed the bill
in 1791 creating the Bank of the United States
with a 20-year charter.
In July 1790, a deal was reached between
Hamilton, Madison and Jefferson. To convince
Southerners to accept Hamilton’s plan, the
United States capital would move from New York
to an area along the Potomac River to be called
the District of Columbia.
Challenges to Federal Power:
The Whiskey Rebellion
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1789 Congress passed a protective tariff on
imports from Europe to encourage buying
American products
Excise Tax was levied on whiskey
Frontier farmers refused to pay the tax, and beat
up tax collectors. PA threatened to secede from the
Union.
The Rebellion was crushed by Federal troops,
showing the Federal government now had the
power to enforce laws.
The Whiskey Rebellion
Under the Articles of Confederation, could the national
government put down this rebellion?
No! It would be left up to the states
Political Parties Emerge: WHY?
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Hamilton and Jefferson lead the two opposing
groups (disagreement over translation of the
Constitution)
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Hamilton’s supporters became the Federalists and
Jefferson’s supporters became the Republicans
Federalists – Supported the urban Northeast and a
strong national government (also supported “laissezfaire” economics – government hands off policy of
the economy; govt. does not restrict or regulate
economy)
Republicans – Supported agriculture and rights of the
states
Relations with Britain
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Despite American neutrality,
Britain began intercepting all
neutral ships carrying goods to
French ports, including hundreds
of American ships.
To avoid war, Washington sent
John Jay to Britain to seek a
solution.
Jay’s Treaty
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Britain could seize ships
going to France
Opened up Ohio River Valley
to the US
Britain give up U.S. ports
Republicans accused
Federalists of being proBritish
“A speedy death to
Washington” –Revolutionary
veterans from Virginia
Pinckney’s Treaty or Treaty of San Lorenzo (1795)
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Jay’s Treaty helped the United
States win concessions from Spain.
Spain joined France against Britain
in 1795, it feared United States
would join forces with Britain
Spain wanted to negotiate issues
with the United States. Washington
sent Thomas Pinckney to Spain to
negotiate.
The treaty granted United States
the right to navigate the
Mississippi and to deposit goods at
the port of New Orleans.
Western farmers were now able to
use the Mississippi to get crops to
market.
Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796
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Washington warns
Americans:
Political parties are
bad (sectionalism)
 Foreign affairs (stay
out of)
TRENDS STARTED
BY WASHINGTON:
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ONLY SERVE TWO TERMS
LEGISLATIVE LEADER
Select cabinet
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Federalist Becomes
President:
John Adams elected 1796
Adams defeats Jefferson in
election
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Jefferson becomes V. P.
Anger over Jay’s Treaty
made the election close
North votes for Adams
South votes for Jefferson
SECTIONALISM!
John Adams
Political Freedom Prior to 1820
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Forerunner in the future
movements that would
bring about women’s
suffrage. “Remember the
ladies”
Suffrage –right to vote
Most white males were the
only voters in the U.S. –
Had to own land
Abigail Adams
Westward Expansion
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In the 1780’s, many
Americans moved into the
land between the
Appalachians and the
Mississippi River
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1792 - Kentucky becomes a state
1794 - Tennessee becomes a state
As settlers moved west, they
clashed with the Native
Americans.
In the Northwest, Native
Americans united into a
confederacy to defend their
lands.
Battle of Fallen Timbers –
Native Americans lost
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In August 1795, 12 Native
American nations signed
the Treaty of Greenville.
They agreed to give up part
of southern Ohio and
Indiana in exchange for a
yearly payment of $10,000
from the federal govt.
After the treaty was signed,
many settlers moved into
the region.
By 1803, Ohio had enough
settlers to become a state.
French Revolution 1789
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French Revolution began
1789, and the French want
our support
Treaty of 1778 (or Treaty of
Alliance) with France is not
upheld, it called for the U.S.
to defend French colonies in
the Caribbean.
Both Washington and
Adams decide to remain
neutral cause it feared war
with Britain. French upset!
France considers U.S. as
traitors.
Relations with France
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XYZ AFFAIR
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Adams sends diplomats to try and improve relations with
France. France demands $250,000 be paid before U.S.
diplomats can see French leaders. Adams is outraged!!
Quasi-War – undeclared war at sea.
The Convention of 1810 ended the conflict (U.S. gave up
all claims against France and France released U.S. from the
Treaty of 1778.
Fought mostly at sea, the Quasi War,
brought an end to French privateer
attacks on U.S. shipping.
USS Constellation
Alien and Sedition Acts
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The Quasi-War affected domestic politics in the United
States. Federalists accused Republicans of being proFrench.
Federalists resented the harsh criticisms printed in
Republican newspapers.
They remembered the angry Republican crowds that had
protested Jay’s Treaty.
The Quasi-War reversed the situation, and the Federalists
decided to strike back at the Republicans.
Federalists pushed four laws into Congress: the Alien and
Sedition Acts.
The first three laws were aimed at aliens. Many of the new
immigrants were often anti-British coming from Ireland and
France. They tended to vote for Republicans when they
became citizens.
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The first law required immigrants to wait 14 years
before becoming citizens.
Two of the laws gave the president the power to deport
without trial any alien deemed dangerous to the United
States.
The fourth law tried to prevent sedition, or incitement
to rebellion.
This law made it illegal to say or print anything “false,
scandalous, and malicious” about the federal
government or any officer of the government.
The Federalists used the Sedition and Alien Acts to
silence critics (Democratic-Republicans)
Immigrants came to US poor and drawn to Dem.-Rep.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
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In 1798 and 1799, Republican-controlled legislatures of
Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions, secretly written
by Jefferson and Madison, criticizing the Alien and
Sedition Acts. Both resolutions argued that since the
states had created the Constitution, they could declare laws
unconstitutional.
The Virginia Resolutions created the theory of
interposition which argued if the government did
something unconstitutional, the state could interpose
between the federal government and the people and stop
the illegal action.
The Kentucky Resolutions advanced the theory of
nullification which stated that if the federal government
passed an unconstitutional law, then the states had the
right to nullify the law, declare it invalid. States would
later use these ideas in later decades to defend their
regional interests.
Election of 1800
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Growing tensions between Federalists and Jeffersonian
Republicans made the 1800 presidential campaign
particularly divisive. Supporters of Jefferson accused
Adams of being a monarchist. Federalists called Jefferson
a godless man who would lead the nation into chaos.
A decisive President, John Adams had angered many of
his supporters while he was in office. Unable to quiet his
critics, Adams failed to win reelection.
Thomas Jefferson won the 1800 election, a clear leader of
those who preferred local government to national
government.
Aaron Burr becomes Vice President
“Midnight Judges”
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At the end of their term, the Federalist
majority in Congress enacted the Judiciary Act
of 1801.
It created 16 new federal judges.
Adams appointed federalists to these positions.
He stayed up until midnight on his last day in
office.
Republicans in Congress not pleased.
After Jefferson took office, Congress repealed
the Judiciary Act of 1801.
Jefferson Takes Office
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Jefferson won approval by reducing
taxes and cutting the size of the federal
bureaucracy and the size of the army.
He easily won reelection in 1804 but
had a more difficult second term.
In an important case, Marbury v.
Madison (1803), the Supreme Court
declared part of the Judiciary Act of
1789 to be unconstitutional.
Chief Justice John Marshall established the power of judicial
review — the power of federal courts
to review state laws and state court
decisions to determine if they are in
keeping with the federal Constitution.
Jefferson
John Marshall
Louisiana Purchase
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In 1803, the United
States paid $15 million
for the vast French
territory of Louisiana.
The following year, the
Lewis and Clark
expedition set off to
explore lands west to
the Pacific.
Revolts in Haiti
(Caribbean) and war
with Britain caused
Napoleon to sell
Louisiana.
Lewis and Clark (May 1804)
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Set out to find a route to the
Pacific Ocean (Northwest
Passage).
Jefferson chose Meriwether
Lewis and William Clark to
lead the expedition.
Along the way, Lewis and
Clark met Sacagawea who
joined the expedition as a guide
and interpreter. The expedition
gave United States a claim to
the Oregon Territory along the
coast.
The Essex Junto
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In Massachusetts, a small group
of Federalists known as the
Essex Junto drafted a plan to
take New England out of the
Union (Louisiana Purchase
would weaken their influence in
national affairs)
Hoping to expand their
movement, they persuaded Vice
President Aaron Burr to run for
governor of New York in 1804.
During the campaign, Alexander
Hamilton called Burr “a
dangerous man, and one who
ought not to be trusted with the
reigns of government.”
Burr challenged Hamilton
to a duel. The two met on
July 11, 1804, and Burr
shot and killed Hamilton.
Rising International Tensions
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Barbary Pirates - Countries
on the North African coast
known as the Barbary States
had troubled Med. shipping.
European nations paid a
“tribute” to these countries so
their ships would not be
attacked, believing that it was
less expensive than fighting.
In 1795, the United States
paid $1 million to the ruler of
Algiers to release the crew
and ship they had attacked.
When Jefferson stopped
payments, Tripoli declared
war on the United States in
1802. For four years, US
fought its first foreign military
conflict.
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Impressment - a legalized
form of kidnapping that forced
people into military service.
Britain claimed the right to
stop American ships and
search for deserters. Some
American citizens were
impressed as well.
When the captain of the
Chesapeake refused to comply,
three Americans were killed.
After the Americans
surrendered, the British went
aboard and seized four sailors.
Embargo of 1807
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The attack on the
Chesapeake enraged the
public and American
newspapers clamored for
war. Jefferson did not want
to entangle the United
States in the affairs of
Europe. Instead of going to
war, he asked Congress to
pass the Embargo Act of
1807, halting all trade
between the United States
and Europe.
Congress repealed the
embargo in March of 1809
shortly before Jefferson left
office because it was not
working.
embargo (a government ban
on trade with other countries)
wound up hurting the United
States more than France or
Britain.
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President Thomas
Jefferson, after his
second term, retired to
his estate, Monticello, in
Virginia.
The embargo made
Jefferson unpopular
His administration had
reversed the Federalist
course by limiting the
power of the federal
government.
His administration also
acquired a vast new
territory in the West.
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James Madison won the
Election of 1808 easily
despite the anger of the
Embargo Act of 1807.
He entered office in the midst
of an international crisis.
Tensions between the United
States and Britain were rising,
and it would fall to Madison
to decide whether or not to
lead the United States into its
full-scale war since the
Revolution.
James Madison
War Hawks
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Henry Clay
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The War Hawk’s guiding spirit
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John C. Calhoun
(called by their opponents)
were led by Henry Clay of
Kentucky, John C. Calhoun
of South Carolina.
The War Hawks supported
war with Britain to protect
trading rights and western
settlements.
Hoped war would produce
lands for the U.S. in both
British Canada and
Spanish Florida.
Tecumseh and Tippecanoe
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The increased demands by
settlers and speculators increased
problems with the Native
Americans.
Tecumseh, a Shawnee leader,
who united Native Americans
with the British to protect
Canadian border from the U.S.
Tecumseh’s brother
Tenskwatawa, known as the
“Prophet”, called for a spiritual
rebirth of Native American
culture and lived in Prophetstown
on the Tippecanoe River.
The “Prophet” Tenskwatawa
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William Henry Harrison,
governor of Indiana, prepared to
take out Tecumseh’s movement.
Harrison gathered troops and
marched toward Prophetstown
where Tenskwatawa sent fighters
to intercept Harrison near the
Tippecanoe River.
The Battle of Tippecanoe left 200
of Harrison’s troops dead or
wounded, but it shattered Native
American confidence in the
Prophet (idea of spiritual rebirth of
Native American cultures) and
many Native Americans fled to
Canada including Tecumseh.
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Tecumseh’s flight to Canada
seemed to prove that the
British were supporting the
Native Americans, as did the
British-made rifles his forces
left behind on the battlefield.
Many western farmers argued
that war with Britain would
enable the United States to
seize Canada and end Native
American attacks.
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Causes of
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Federalists called it
Mr. Madison’s War
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Impressment, a legalized form of
kidnapping that forced Americans to
serve in the British Navy
War Hawks, Congressmen who
wanted to go to war with Britain to
seize Canada
Problems with Native Americans.
Many Americans believed the British
were giving guns to Native
Americans. Tecumseh, a Shawnee
leader attempted to unit many tribes
to take back lands lost to Americans
The British still maintained a military
presence in the US
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In June 1812,
President Madison
gave in to the
pressure and asked
Congress to declare
war.
The vote in
Congress split
along regional
lines. The South
and West voted for
war; the Northeast
did not.
Hartford Convention
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Hartford Convention (1814) Members of the
Essex Junto (members of the Federalist Party)
urged New England to secede.
American victory in the South put a stop to
Federalists complaints.
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
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With the help of the
Cherokee Nation,
Andrew Jackson
defeated Britain’s
Native American ally in
the South.
The victory also served
to open up the
Southwest to settlement.
Treaty of Ghent
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Unpopular with the
people of both Great
Britain and the United
States, the war ended
with the signing of the
Treaty of Ghent on
December 24, 1814.
USS Constitution (“Old
Ironsides”) defeats the HMS
Guerriere
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Unfinished Capitol after
burning of Washington
The War left
boundaries the same
but generated a new
spirit of patriotism
and national unit
(nationalism).
Battle of New Orleans (Jan. 8, 1815)
US forces under the command
of Andrew Jackson win a
major victory at New Orleans.
Jackson becomes a national
hero
The war had already ended!!
Treaty of Ghent 1814, really
an armistice
The Star Spangled Banner
(The Defense of Fort McHenry)
September 20, 1814
By Francis Scott Key who was
onboard a British ship negotiating
the release of the prisoners.