Transcript US History CST Review - California Consortium for Independent Study

US History CST Review
La Entrada High School
19th Amendment
• The Nineteenth Amendment
(Amendment XIX) to the United
States Constitution prohibits each of
the states and the federal government
from denying any citizen the right to
vote because of that citizen's sex. It
was ratified on August 18, 1920.
• Women’s right to vote
• Same as Women’s Suffrage
ACLU-American Civil Liberties Union
• Founded in 1920
• Formed to insure that individual rights
are protected from government abuse
Americanization Movement
• Assimilation of ethnic immigrant
groups into the dominant culture
Assembly Line-Henry Ford-Model T
• is a manufacturing process in which
parts (usually interchangeable parts)
are added to a product in a sequential
manner using optimally planned
logistics to create a finished product
much faster than with handcraftingtype methods.
• Increased production
• Made products cheaper
• Provided jobs for unskilled labor
Bill of Rights
• The first 10 amendments to the
constitution
• The purpose of is to protect those
rights against infringement by the
government.
• Included basic freedoms such as
speech, religion, right to own guns etc.
• Was a compromise in getting the
Constitution ratified.
Brown v Board of Education
• was a landmark decision of the United States
Supreme Court, which overturned earlier
rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson in
1896, by declaring that state laws that
established separate public schools for black
and white students denied black children equal
educational opportunities. The Warren Court's
unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate
educational facilities are inherently unequal."
As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled
a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment of the United States
Constitution. This victory paved the way for
integration and the civil rights movement.
Cesar Chavez
• March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993) was
a Mexican American farm worker, labor
leader, and civil rights activist who,
with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the
National Farm Workers Association,
which later became the United Farm
Workers (UFW). Supporters say his
work led to numerous improvements
for union laborers. His birthday has
become César Chávez Day, a state
holiday in eight US states.
Open Door Policy-China
• As a specific policy with regard to China, it
was first advanced by the United States in
the Open Door Notes of SeptemberNovember 1899. In 1898, the United States
had become an East Asian power through
the acquisition of the Philippine Islands, and
when the partition of China by the European
powers and Japan seemed imminent, the
United States felt its commercial interests in
China threatened.
Cold War
• (1945–1991) was the continuing state
of political conflict, military tension,
and economic competition existing
after World War II(1939–1945),
between the USSR and its satellite
states, and the powers of the Western
world, primarily the United States.
Cuban Missile Crisis
• a confrontation between the United States,
the Soviet Union, and Cuba in October 1962,
during the Cold War. In Russia, former
Eastern Bloc, and communist countries (i.e.
China and North Korea). In September 1962,
the Cuban and Soviet governments placed
nuclear missiles in Cuba. When United
States intelligence discovered the weapons,
the U.S. government sought to do all it could
(blockade) to ensure the removal of the
missiles. Many thought this was the closest
time the world was brought to the brink of a
nuclear war.
Declaration of Independence
• The United States Declaration of
Independence is a statement
adopted by the Continental Congress
on July 4, 1776, which announced that
the thirteen American colonies then at
war with Great Britain were now
independent states, and thus no longer
a part of the British Empire. Written
primarily by Thomas Jefferson, the
Declaration is a formal explanation of
why Congress had voted on July 2 to
Domino Theory
• as a foreign policy theory during the
1950s to 1980s, promoted at times by
the government of the United States,
that speculated that if one land in a
region came under the influence of
communism, then the surrounding
countries would follow in a domino
effect.
Dust Bowl
• was a period of severe dust storms causing
major ecological and agricultural damage to
American and Canadian prairie lands from
1930 to 1936 (in some areas until 1940).
The phenomenon was caused by severe
drought coupled with decades of extensive
farming without crop rotation, fallow fields,
cover crops and other techniques to prevent
erosion. Deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of
the Great Plains had killed the natural
grasses that normally kept the soil in place
and trapped moisture even during periods of
drought and high winds. Many left farms to
look for work elsewhere such as California.
The Enlightenment-Natural Rights
• is a term used to describe a time in
Western philosophy and cultural life,
centered upon the eighteenth century,
in which reason was advocated as the
primary source and legitimacy for
authority.
• Stressed the “natural rights” of man
• Foundation of the Dec. of
Independence
Great Awakenings 1 & 2
• were several periods of rapid and
dramatic religious revival in AngloAmerican religious history, generally
recognized as beginning in the 1730s.
They have also been described as
periodic revolutions in colonial religious
thought.
Great Depression
• The Great Depression began on "Black Tuesday" with
the Wall Street Crash of October, 1929 and rapidly
spread worldwide. The market crash marked the
beginning of a decade of high unemployment, poverty,
low profits, deflation, plunging farm incomes, and lost
opportunities for economic growth and personal
advancement. Although its causes are still uncertain and
controversial, the net effect was a sudden and general
loss of confidence in the economic future. The usual
explanations include numerous factors, especially high
consumer debt, ill-regulated markets that permitted
malfeasance by banks and investors, cutbacks in foreign
trade, lack of high-growth new industries, and growing
wealth inequality, all interacting to create a downward
economic spiral of reduced spending, falling confidence,
and lowered production.
Greeks-Direct Democracy
• a unique and intriguing experiment in
direct democracy where the people do
not elect representatives to vote on
their behalf but vote on legislation and
executive bills in their own right.
Holocaust
• the Nazis' systematic murder of
millions Jews and of people in other
groups, including, ethnic Poles, the
Romani, Soviet civilians, Soviet
prisoners of war, people with
disabilities, homosexuals, Jehovah's
Witnesses, and other political and
religious opponents. By this definition,
the total number of Holocaust victims
would be between 11 million and 17
million people.
Harlem Renaissance
• refers to the flowering of African American
cultural and intellectual life during the 1920s
and 1930s. At the time, it was known as the
"New Negro Movement", named after the
1925 anthology. cross the cultural spectrum
(literature, drama, music, visual art, dance)
and also in the realm of social thought
(sociology, historiography, philosophy),
artists and intellectuals found new ways to
explore the historical experiences of black
America and the contemporary experiences
of black life in the urban North.
Korean Conflict
• was an armed conflict between North Korea
(Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, DPRK) and
South Korea (Republic of Korea, ROK), which began
on 25 June 1950 and paused with an armistice
signed 27 July 1953.
• The United States and the United Nations
intervened on the side of the South. After a rapid
UN counteroffensive reversing the initial North
Korean invasion, the People's Republic of China
(PRC) intervened on the side of the North. The
fighting ended with an armistice that approximately
restored the original border between the Koreas; it
became the Korean Demilitarized Zone.
• US supported the south, Russia and China the north
Immigration-19th century-Cities
• Millions came
• Mainly from Northern Europe
• Moved to cities
• Provided unskilled labor
Infrastructure
• The term typically refers to the
technical structures that support a
society, such as roads, water supply,
sewers, power grids,
telecommunications, and so forth.
Labor Unions
• Started in late 1800’s
• Unions fought for better working
conditions for laborers-examples
• 40 hour work week
• Lunch and restroom breaks
• Sick leave and Vacations
• Decent wages
• Created discord and violence
• Unions became powerful political forces
Japanese Internment
• Japanese American internment
refers to the forcible relocation and
internment in 1942 of approximately
110,000 Japanese nationals and
Japanese Americans to housing
facilities called "War Relocation
Camps", in the wake of Imperial
Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.
John Locke-Dec. of Independence
• was an English philosopher
• His arguments concerning liberty and the
social contract later influenced the written
works of Alexander Hamilton, James
Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and other
Founding Fathers of the United States. In
fact, several passages from the Second
Treatise are reproduced verbatim in the
Declaration of Independence, most notably
the reference to a "long train of abuses."
League of Nations
• was an inter-governmental organization
founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles
in 1919–1920
• the League's goals included upholding the
new found Rights of Man such as right of non
whites, rights of women, rights of soldiers,
disarmament, preventing war through
collective security, settling disputes between
countries through negotiation, diplomacy and
improving global quality of life.
• The US did not join
Manhattan Project
• The Manhattan Project was the
codename for a project conducted
during World War II to develop the first
atomic bomb.
• Allied countries were worried it may be
developed first by Germany.
• First suggested by A. Einstein to FDR
• The atomic bomb was later used
against Japan.
Marbury v Madison
• 1803) is a landmark case in United
States law. It formed the basis for the
exercise of judicial review in the United
States under Article III of the
Constitution.
• the first time the Supreme Court
declared something "unconstitutional,"
and established the concept of judicial
review in the U.S
• John Marshall Court-constitutionality
Marshall Plan
• was the primary plan of the United
States for rebuilding and creating a
stronger foundation for the countries of
Western Europe, and repelling
communism after World War II.
Martin L. King Jr.
• was an American clergyman, activist
and prominent leader in the AfricanAmerican civil rights movement. His
main legacy was to secure progress on
civil rights in the United States and he
is frequently referenced as a human
rights icon today
• won Nobel Peace Prize
• was assassinated in 1968 in Memphis
Mayflower Compact
• Signed by male heads of household
upon landing at Plymouth
• Outlined rules for Plymouth Colony
(Pilgrims)
• First democratic agreement in the New
World
Medicare
• is a social insurance program
administered by the United States
government, providing health
insurance coverage to people who are
aged 65 and over, or who meet other
special criteria.
• Began in 1965-Lyndon Johnson
President.
Muckrakers
• an individual who seeks to expose or
reveal corruption of businesses or
government to the public
• The term originates from writers of
the Progressive movement in America
who wanted to expose corruption and
scandals in government and business
NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• signed on 17 March 1948
• The organization constitutes a system of
collective defense whereby its member
states agree to mutual defense in response
to an attack by any external party.
• The Parties of NATO agreed that an armed
attack against one or more of them in
Europe or North America shall be considered
an attack against them all.
Nationalism
• an ideology, a sentiment, a form of
culture, or a social movement that
focuses on the nation.
• Some characteristics of nationalism
A fixed homeland
High autonomy
Hostile surroundings
Memories of battles
Sacred centers
Common language
Special customs
Historical records and thinking
Navajo Code Talkers
• Code talkers is a term used to describe people who
talk using a coded language. It is frequently used to
describe Native Americans who served in the United
States Marine Corps whose primary job was the
transmission of secret tactical messages. Code
talkers transmitted these messages over military
telephone or radio communications nets using
formal or informally developed codes built upon
their native languages. Their service was very
valuable because ordinary codes and ciphers in
shared languages can be broken, but codes based
on a unique language must be studied for a long
time before being understood.
New Deal
• The New Deal was the name that
United States President Franklin D.
Roosevelt gave to a complex package
of economic programs he effected
between 1933 and 1935 with the goals
of what historians call the 3 Rs, of
giving Relief to the unemployed and
badly hurt farmers, Reform of
business and financial practices, and
promoting Recovery of the economy
during the Great Depression.
Pearl Harbor Attack
• December 7, 1941
• was a surprise military strike
conducted by the Japanese navy
against the United States' naval base
at Pearl Harbor
• Immediately led to the US entrance
into WW II against the Axis Powers
(Germany, Japan, Italy).
Prohibition
• refers to a law which prohibits alcohol.
Typically, the manufacture
transportation, import, export, and
sale of alcoholic beverages is restricted
or illegal.
• 1919 to 1933 in the US
• 18th amendment created prohibition
• 21st amendment repealed prohibition
Red Scare
• The periods in the US after WW I and
WW II when there was a perceived
threat of possible Communist
revolution in the US.
Roe v. Wade-1973
• In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court
held that a mother may abort her
pregnancy for any reason, up until the
"point at which the fetus becomes
'viable.
• Reinforced issue of personal privacy
• Still controversial today
Rome-Republican Democracy
• Instead of direct democracy as the
Greeks held the Romans had a system
whereby the people elected officials to
make laws on their behalf
• Our congress (legislative branch)
reflects its roots in this type of
democracy.
Rosa Parks- Montgomery Bus Boycott
• On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery,
Alabama, Parks, age 42, refused to obey bus
driver James Blake's order that she give up
her seat to make room for a white
passenger.
• called the "Mother of the Modern-Day Civil
Rights Movement.
• Parks's action sparked the Montgomery Bus
Boycott.
• Parks's act of defiance became an important
symbol of the modern Civil Rights Movement
SEATO-Southeast Asian Treaty
Organization
• an international organization for collective
defense created by the Southeast Asia
Collective Defense Treaty or the Manila
Pact, which was signed on September 8,
1954.
• It was primarily created to block further
communist gains in Southeast Asia
• France, the United Kingdom, and the United
States represented the strongest Western
powers. Australia, Thailand, the Philippines,
and New Zealand represented Europeanized
or pro-Western nations in the Southeast
Asian area.
Social Security
• Created during the depression to offset
poverty of US citizens in old age
• Uses payroll deduction (FICA) to fund
minimum retirement benefits
• Also covers disability
• Has become a national financial liability
Separation of Church & State
• a political and legal doctrine that
government and religious institutions are to
be kept separate and independent from each
other. The term most often refers to the
combination of two principles: secularity of
government and freedom of religious
exercise.
• generally traced to the letter written by
Thomas Jefferson in 1802 to the Danbury
Baptists regarding 1st amendment rights
Sputnik
• Sputnik 1, launched the first humanmade object to orbit the Earth
• Built by Russians
• Started the US-Russian space race
• October 1957
• Forced the US to stress more math and
science in schools
“The Jungle”-Upton Sinclair
• Sinclair wrote this novel to highlight the
blight of the working class and to remove
from obscurity the corruption of the
American meatpacking industry during the
early 20th century
• The novel depicts in harsh tones the poverty,
absence of social programs, unpleasant
living and working conditions, and
hopelessness prevalent among the working
class
• Public outrage led to the Meat Inspection
Act, Pure Food and Drug Act and the FDA
Thomas Jefferson-Dec. of Independence
• a statement adopted by the
Continental Congress on July 4, 1776,
which announced that the thirteen
American colonies then at war with
Great Britain were now independent
states, and thus no longer a part of the
British Empire
• Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson
Three Branches of Government
• Executive-enforces laws (President)
• Legislative-makes laws (Congress)
• Judicial-reviews constitutionality of
laws (Supreme Court)
Treaty of Versailles
• Ended WW I
United Nations (UN)
• is an international organization whose
stated aims are facilitating cooperation
in international law, international
security, economic development, social
progress, human rights, and the
achieving of world peace.
• Currently 192 member countries
• Started in 1945-after WW II
Vietnam War
• The Vietnam War was a military conflict
that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and
Cambodia from 1959 to 30 April 1975. The
war was fought between the communist
North Vietnam, supported by its communist
allies, and the government of South
Vietnam, supported by the United States and
other nations.
• The United States entered the war to
prevent a communist takeover of South
Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of
containment. (see Domino Theory)
War Powers Act
• 1973-was a United States Congress
joint resolution providing that the
President can send U.S. armed forces
into action abroad only by
authorization of Congress or if the
United States is already under attack
or serious threat.
• Congress only has the power to declare
war
• President must only notify Congress
Warsaw Pact
• The Warsaw Pact was the Soviet Bloc’s
military response to West Germany’s
October 1954 integration to NATO.
• Created a Communist Bloc in response
to NATO-Iron Curtain countries.
Women’s Suffrage-19th Amendment
• Women’s right to vote
• culminating in 1920 with the passage
of the Nineteenth Amendment
Causes of World War I
• Mutual Defense Alliances
• Imperialism
• Militarism
• Nationalism
• Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
Causes of WW I
• Mutual Defense Alliances
• Russia and Serbia
• Germany and Austria-Hungary
• France and Russia
• Britain and France and Belgium
• Japan and Britain
Causes of WW I
• Imperialism
• Imperialism is when a country increases
their power and wealth by bringing
additional territories under their control
• Africa and Asia were points of contention
• Desire to control these areas led to
confrontation
Causes of WW I
• Militarism
• Arms race among Britain, Germany and
Russia
Causes of WW I
• Nationalism
• Countries wanted to prove their
dominance and power
Causes of WW I
• Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
• Led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on
Serbia
• Russia aligned with Serbia so Germany
declared war on Russia
Why US Entered WW I
• US was neutral to begin with
• Sinking of Lusitania stirred American
concerns
• German submarine warfare against US
merchant ships
• German sent secret message to Mexico
and promised them parts of the US
back if they aligned with Germany
Causes of World War II
• Failure of the Treaty of Versailles
• Failure of League of Nations
• Adolf Hitler’s rise to power
• Expansionism and Appeasement
• Fascism
• Economic depression and instability
• Entangling Alliances
Causes of World War II
• 1939-Germany invades Poland
• Brings Britain and France into the war
• Japan invades Manchuria, China
• Japan attacks Pearl Harbor bringing US
into the war
• Germany invades USSR