Transcript The Articles and the Constitution

THE ARTICLES AND THE CONSTITUTION
Chapter 5
U.S. History to 1877
CHAPTER 5
5.1 The Critical Period
5.2 The Constitutional Convention
5.3 The Constitution
5.4 The Ratification Process
5.1 THE CRITICAL PERIOD
• State Relations after the War
• The Articles of Confederation
• Push for a Stronger
Government
• Shays’ Rebellion
ALABAMA COURSE OF STUDY
3. Trace the chronology of
events leading to the
American Revolution.
4. Describe the political
system of the United
States.
5. Identify key cases that
helped shape the United
States Supreme Court.
STATE RELATIONS AFTER THE WAR
• Americans were more loyal to
their states than their nation.
• The United States was a
confederation:
– “an alliance of separate
governments that work
together.”
The Articles of Confederation
STATE RELATIONS AFTER THE WAR
• State governments had more power than the
national government.
• Individual states created their own
constitutions.
• “A constitution is a plan of government that
describes the different parts of the government
and their duties and powers.”
THE ARTICLES OF
CONFEDERATION
• The Second Continental Congress adopted the
Articles of Confederation in November 1777.
• Ratification was delayed until 1781.
– All states except Maryland ratified the Articles by early
1779.
– Maryland waited because of a dispute over ownership of
western land.
– Maryland wanted states with large claims to the West to
cede them to the national government.
– Virginia was the last big state to give up its claims in
January 1781.
– Maryland ratified the Articles soon afterward.
THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
• The time period from 1781 to
1789 is called “The Critical
Period.”
• The Articles of Confederation
established a weak, national
government.
– Characteristics
• Unicameral (One-house)
legislature (one vote per
state)
• No federal court system
• No executive branch
THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
– Strengths of the Articles
• Congress had control
over foreign affairs.
• (It negotiated the Treaty
of Paris 1783.)
• It laid the foundation for
future westward
expansion.
THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
– Weaknesses of the Articles
• Congress had no power to
tax.
• Congress had no power to
regulate trade between
states or between states and
foreign powers.
• Congress and the states
issued money with no sense
of uniformity.
• The Articles required
unanimous approval by the
states to amend the Articles.
THE PUSH FOR A STRONGER GOVERNMENT
• The national government could not solve the
economic problems.
– The national and the state governments struggled to pay
off their war debts.
– The economy went into a depression after the Revolution.
• Nationalists were people who supported a stronger
national government.
• They wanted to bring order back to the states.
THE PUSH FOR A STRONGER GOVERNMENT
• Most Americans wanted a democracy:
– “a government by the people.”
• The Congress established a republic:
– “a government run by the people through their elected
representatives.”
MONARCHY VS. REPUBLIC
THE PUSH FOR A STRONGER NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT
• In 1786, Nationalists held the
Annapolis Convention in
Annapolis, Maryland, to
discuss economic problems.
• Little was accomplished at
the Annapolis Convention.
• They called for another
convention to meet in
Philadelphia in 1787.
Independence Hall
SHAYS’ REBELLION
• Causes of Shays’ Rebellion
– Massachusetts passed heavy
taxes to help pay off its war
debt.
– This tax had to be paid in
specie rather than paper
money.
– Specie is a gold or silver coin.
– Daniel Shays led a group of
farmers to rebel against these
taxes
– This revolt became known as
Shays’ Rebellion.
Shay’s Rebellion
SHAY’S REBELLION
• Effects of Shays’ Rebellion
– Congress had no money to
raise troops to stop the
rebellion.
– It could not get the money
because it had no power to tax.
– Massachusetts raised its own
army to stop the rebellion.
– It showed many Americans
that a stronger national
government was needed.
Shay’s Rebellion
5.2 THE CONSTITUTIONAL
CONVENTION
5.2 THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
• The Convention
• The Compromises
• The Content
ALABAMA COURSE OF STUDY
3. Trace the chronology of
events leading to the
American Revolution.
4. Describe the political
system of the United
States.
5. Identify key cases that
helped shape the United
States Supreme Court.
THE CONVENTION
• 12 states were represented at the
Constitutional Convention in May
1787.
• Rhode Island did not send delegates.
• They met in Philadelphia to revise
the weaknesses of the Articles.
• Instead of revising the Articles, they
created the United States
Constitution.
• They were not authorized to replace
the Articles.
THE CONVENTION
• James Madison of Virginia was
delegate at the Constitutional
Convention.
– He kept the best records of what
happened at the convention.
– He became known as “the
father of the Constitution.”
James Madison
• The Convention’s first action
was to elect George
Washington as the president
of the Convention.
Washington resigning his commission as
commander-in-chief after the war
THE COMPROMISES
• Two plans were proposed: the
Virginia Plan and the New
Jersey Plan.
– The Virginia Plan (Large-state
plan)
• was proposed by Edmund
Randolph.
• called for bicameral, or twohouse, national legislature.
• based representation in both
houses on population.
Edmund Randolph
THE COMPROMISES
– The New Jersey Plan
(Small-state plan)
• was proposed by William
Patterson.
• called for a unicameral
legislature.
• called for equal
representation among the
states.
William Patterson
THE COMPROMISES
• The Great Compromise
– Roger Sherman proposed the
Great Compromise which created
a bicameral legislature.
– The Senate would have equal
representation among the states.
– The House of Representatives
would be based on each state’s
population.
Roger Sherman
THE COMPROMISES
• The Three-Fifths Compromise
– This debate was between the North and the
South.
– The South wanted slaves to be counted in the
population in order to have more
representatives in the House.
– The North did not want the slaves to be
counted.
– They compromised by agreeing to count 3
slaves out of every 5.
THE COMPROMISES
• The Slave Trade
– Southern states feared Congress might try to stop the
importation of slaves.
– Many Northern states supported stopping the slave trade.
– Southern states would not have ratified the Constitution if
the slave trade was abolished.
– They compromised by agreeing that Congress could not
abolish slave importation for 20 years.
– The convention approved the United States Constitution on
September 17, 1787.
THE CONTENT
• Preamble
– The Preamble outlines the
goals of the Constitution.
form a more perfect Union
establish Justice,
insure domestic Tranquility
provide for the common
defense
• promote the general Welfare
• secure the Blessings of
Liberty to ourselves and our
Posterity,
•
•
•
•
THE CONTENT
• Federalism
– This divides the powers of government between 2 levels of
government.
– The idea of federalism is found in the 10th amendment.
– It states that powers not granted to the national government
belong to the states.
– Powers that are specifically mentioned in the Constitution
are called delegated powers.
– Powers that are not specifically mentioned in the
Constitution belong to the states and are called reserved
powers.
– Powers that are shared between the national and state
governments are called concurrent powers.
THE CONTENT
• Separation of Powers
– The Constitution established three separate branches of
government: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
– The legislative branch consists of Congress (the House of
Representatives and the Senate).
– It is responsible for making laws.
– The executive branch consists of the president and the vice
president.
– It is responsible for carrying out, or enforcing, the laws.
– The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court and other
federal courts and is responsible for interpreting the laws.
THE CONTENT
• Checks and balances
– This system prevents the misuse of power by
any one branch.
– Examples:
• Congress may pass bills but the president may veto
them, and Congress can override the veto with a twothirds vote of both houses.
• The President makes treaties with foreign nations,
but they must be ratified by two-thirds of the Senate.
• The Supreme Court may declare laws
unconstitutional, but Congress may amend the
Constitution.
5.3 THE CONSTITUTION
ALABAMA COURSE OF STUDY
3. Trace the chronology of
events leading to the
American Revolution.
4. Describe the political
system of the United
States.
5. Identify key cases that
helped shape the United
States Supreme Court.
5.3 THE CONSTITUTION
• Preamble
• Article I: The Legislative Branch
– Qualifications for House/ Senate
– Differences between House/Senate
– “Elastic Clause” Section 8, Clause 18
THE CONSTITUTION
• Article II: The Executive Branch
– Constitutional Requirements
• natural born citizen
• at least 35 years old
• resident of the U.S. for at least 14 years before taking office
– Powers and Duties
•
•
•
•
•
Command of military
Appointing some federal officials
Foreign Policy
Enforcement of the Law
Lawmaking agenda
THE CONSTITUTION
• Article III: Judicial Branch
• Article IV: National/ State Relations and
Obligations
• Article V: Methods of Amendment
• Article VI: Supremacy of the Constitution as
law
• Article VII: Process of Ratifying the
Constitution
ARTICLE I, SECTION 2:
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Qualifications
Single Term
Length
Minimum Age
Citizenship
Residency
Representation
House of
Representatives
Senate
ARTICLE I, SECTION 2:
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Qualifications
House of
Representatives
Single Term
Length
2 years
Minimum Age
Citizenship
Residency
Representation
Senate
ARTICLE I, SECTION 2:
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Qualifications
House of
Representatives
Single Term
Length
2 years
Minimum Age
25 years
Citizenship
Residency
Representation
Senate
ARTICLE I, SECTION 2:
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Qualifications
House of
Representatives
Single Term
Length
2 years
Minimum Age
25 years
Citizenship
7 years
Residency
Representation
Senate
ARTICLE I, SECTION 2:
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Qualifications
House of
Representatives
Single Term
Length
2 years
Minimum Age
25 years
Citizenship
7 years
Residency
In the district of
State Represented
Representation
Senate
ARTICLE I, SECTION 2:
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Qualifications
House of
Representatives
Single Term
Length
2 years
Minimum Age
25 years
Citizenship
7 years
Residency
In district of State
Represented
Representation Based on
Population
Senate
ARTICLE I, SECTION 2:
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Qualifications
Single Term
Length
Minimum Age
Citizenship
Residency
Representation
House of
Representatives
Senate
ARTICLE I, SECTION 3:
THE SENATE
Qualifications
Single Term
Length
Minimum Age
Senate
House of
Representatives
2 years
6 years
25 years
Citizenship
7 years
Residency
In District of State
Represented
Representation Based on
Population
ARTICLE I, SECTION 3:
THE SENATE
Qualifications
Single Term
Length
Minimum Age
Senate
House of
Representatives
2 years
6 years
25 years
Citizenship
7 years
Residency
In District of State
Represented
Representation Based on
Population
30 years
ARTICLE I, SECTION 3:
THE SENATE
Qualifications
Single Term
Length
Minimum Age
Senate
House of
Representatives
2 years
6 years
25 years
30 years
Citizenship
7 years
9 years
Residency
In District of State
Represented
Representation Based on
Population
ARTICLE I, SECTION 3:
THE SENATE
Qualifications
Single Term
Length
Minimum Age
Senate
House of
Representatives
2 years
6 years
25 years
30 years
Citizenship
7 years
9 years
Residency
In District of State In State Represented
Represented
Representation Based on
Population
ARTICLE I, SECTION 3:
THE SENATE
Qualifications
Single Term
Length
Minimum Age
Senate
House of
Representatives
2 years
6 years
25 years
30 years
Citizenship
7 years
9 years
Residency
In District of State In State Represented
Represented
Representation Based on
Population
2 Per State
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE HOUSE AND SENATE
Differences
Senate
House of
Representatives
Size
435 voting
members
Term
Debate
Prestige
Cooperation
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE HOUSE AND SENATE
Differences
Senate
House of
Representatives
Size
435 voting
members
Term
Debate
Prestige
Cooperation
100 members
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE HOUSE AND SENATE
Differences
Senate
House of
Representatives
Size
435 voting
members
Term
Two- year term
Debate
Prestige
Cooperation
100 members
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE HOUSE AND SENATE
Differences
Senate
House of
Representatives
Size
435 voting
members
Two- year term
Term
Debate
Prestige
Cooperation
100 members
Six-year Term
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE HOUSE AND SENATE
Differences
Senate
House of
Representatives
Size
435 voting
members
100 members
Term
Two- year term
Six-year Term
Debate
Limited
Prestige
Cooperation
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE HOUSE AND SENATE
Differences
Senate
House of
Representatives
Size
100 members
Term
435 voting
members
Two- year term
Debate
Limited
Extended
Prestige
Cooperation
Six-year Term
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE HOUSE AND SENATE
Differences
Senate
House of
Representatives
Size
100 members
Term
435 voting
members
Two- year term
Debate
Limited
Extended
Prestige
Less
Cooperation
Six-year Term
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE HOUSE AND SENATE
Differences
Senate
House of
Representatives
Size
100 members
Term
435 voting
members
Two- year term
Debate
Limited
Extended
Prestige
Less
More
Cooperation
Six-year Term
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE HOUSE AND SENATE
Differences
Senate
House of
Representatives
Size
435 voting
members
100 members
Term
Two- year term
Six-year Term
Debate
Limited
Extended
Prestige
Less
More
Cooperation More Partisan
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE HOUSE AND SENATE
Differences
Senate
House of
Representatives
Size
100 members
Term
435 voting
members
Two- year term
Debate
Limited
Extended
Prestige
Less
More
Cooperation More Partisan
Six-year Term
More Bipartisan
DIFFERENT POWERS OF
THE HOUSE AND SENATE
House of Representatives
Senate
Impeach
Convict impeached officials
Originate Appropriation bills
(Article I, Section 7)
Approve presidential
appointments
Approve treaties
5.4 THE RATIFICATION PROCESS
•
•
•
•
Ratification
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Bill of Rights
ALABAMA COURSE OF STUDY
3. Trace the chronology of
events leading to the
American Revolution.
4. Describe the political
system of the United
States.
5. Identify key cases that
helped shape the United
States Supreme Court.
RATIFICATION
• 9 states had to ratify the Constitution for it to
become the supreme law of the land.
• Each state called special conventions to ratify or
reject the Constitution.
• Delaware was the first state to ratify the
Constitution.
FEDERALISTS
• People who favored the Constitution were called
Federalists.
• George Washington, James Madison, and Alexander
Hamilton all supported the Constitution.
George Washington
James Madison
Alexander Hamilton
FEDERALISTS
• The Federalists wrote a series of 85 essays known as
The Federalist, or the Federalist papers, to gain
support for the Constitution.
• Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay
wrote the Federalist papers.
Alexander Hamilton
James Madison
John Jay
ANTI-FEDERALISTS
• Anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution.
• Anti-Federalists believed the Constitution weakened
state governments and the rights of individuals.
• The anti-Federalists included John Hancock, Patrick
Henry, and Richard Henry Lee.
John Hancock
Patrick Henry
Richard Henry Lee
ANTI-FEDERALISTS
• The Federalists feared the ignorant masses more
than big government.
• The anti-Federalists feared big government more
than the general population.
BILL OF RIGHTS
James Madison
• Virginia and New York agreed to
support the Constitution if a bill of
rights was added.
• In September 1789, James Madison
helped draft 12 constitutional
amendments.
• They were designed to guarantee
individual rights.
• 10 of the amendments were ratified
by the states.
• The first ten amendments are called
the Bill of Rights