Transcript World War II to Sept. 11

World War II to Sept. 11
Pearl Harbor
• U.S. naval base in
Hawaii
• Attacked by Japan
unexpectedly on
December 7, 1941
• United States
declares war on
Japan and enters
World War II
Japanese-American Internment
Camps
• After Pearl Harbor,
the United States
racists fears led the
country to put
120,000 Japanese
Americans in
concentration camps
Lend-Lease Act
• Passed after Pearl
Harbor, the U.S. sends
military equipment and
supplies to its Allies
during World War II
• Britain, France, Soviet
Union and China all
receive aid
War Mobilization
• Millions of men
volunteered after Pear
Harbor to fight World
War II
• Factories- were
converted from
consumer goods to
military goods
Rationing for WWII
Rationing- everything went
to the war, so Americans
were only allowed a
small portion of key
items that were needed
for the war
Americans donate metals,
newspapers, rubber,
clothes, paper to the war
effort.
Women Work for the War
Factories-millions take the
place of men and build
the machines of war.
Equality- first time women
are seen as equal to their
male counterparts. Will
eventually lead to greater
rights for women.
Rosie the Riveter- symbol
of the American women’s
war effort.
D-Day
• D-Day- codename for
Operation Overlord,
Allied troops landed in
Normandy, France
• The largest sea
invasion in history,
German troops were
caught off guard an
unable to push back the
invasion
Battle of Midway
Battle of Midway- Led by
Admiral Nimitz, the U.S.
sinks four Japanese
Aircraft carriers to the
American one.
Turning Point in the war
against the Japanese
who never fully
recovered from the loss
of the aircraft carriers
and aviators from this
battle.
Mass Production replaces
our losses and puts the
pressure on Japan.
Fall of Berlin
One of the final battles in
the European Theater of
WWII
The Soviet Union storms
the city; bloodiest battles
of the war
Hitler and most of his key
leaders commit suicide
during the battle
Ends the War in Europe
Manhattan Project
Los Alamos, New MexicoThis is where the United
States developed the
Atomic Bomb
President Truman- orders
the dropping of it on the
Japanese cities of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
to force the surrender of
the country
Impact of the Atomic Bomb
The Atomic Bomb was a
game changer and for
the first time humans
could destroy the Earth
Made the U.S.A. a
superpower in the world
Will lead to Nuclear energy
and the Nuclear Arms
Race between the U.S.
and Soviet Union
Post WWII and the Cold War
• Marshall Plan- was
America’s program
for rebuilding
Western Europe to
protect it from
communism.
• It was the United
States best weapon
against the influence
of the Soviet Union
Cold War
• This was a name given to the relations
between the U.S. & the Soviet Union in
the second half of the 20th century which
saw the buildup of nuclear arms.
Cold War and Containment
Containment- the U.S. was determined to stop the
spread of communism throughout the world
Truman Doctrine- American foreign policy to
provide economic and military aid to any country
to prevent it from becoming communist
The U.S. tried to contain the Soviet Union’s
influence
Communist China
Mao Zedong is the leader of
the Communist Revolution
in China after WWII he
overthrew the Nationalist
leader Chiang Kai-shek in
1949.
Chiang Kai-shek will establish
the country of Taiwan an
island off the coast of
China.
Americans blame Truman for
not stopping the spread of
communism
Korean War
Korea- In 1950 Communist
North Korea invades
South Korea
The U.S. sends troops in to
help protect S. Korea and
pushed N. Korea back to
the Chinese border
Communist China sends in
troops to help N. Korea
and an armistice is signed
in 1954 ending the war,
leaving the country
divided
McCarthyism
Senator McCarthy led the
second Red Scare in
America during the
1950s
He lied about communist
infiltrations in the U.S.
government and army,
destroying the lives of
innocent people
He was later found to be
lying about all of his
accusations
Cuban Revolution
Fidel Castro- led the successful Cuban revolution in
1959 to overthrow the
corrupt government
backed by the U.S.A.
Castro- established a communist government in
Cuba, this catches the
U.S. off guard and angers
it.
President Eisenhower places
an embargo on Cuba to
isolate it
Baby Boom
1945–1965 are the baby boom years; the birth
rate in the United States soars when soldiers
return from World War II and the Korean
War.
Interstate Highway Act
Eisenhower gets Congress
to pay for a Federal
Highway system, for
Defense.
The highway connects
people to the suburbs,
cities, schools, and
shopping malls.
Whites begin to flee to the
suburbs like Levittown.
Fast Food restaurants
develop to feed the
people in the cars of
Suburbia
Levittown
The first large scale suburban development in the United
States
The cookie cutter home development, it is the inspiration
for suburbs everywhere
Sputnik
In 1957 the Soviet Union
launched the first ever
satellite into space
This frightened Americans
who felt the U.S. had
fallen behind the Soviet
Union
The U.S. devotes millions
into Science and Math
education to improve our
technology
Jackie Robinson
The first black to integrate
Major League Baseball
in 1947 with the
Brooklyn Dodgers
This leads to Truman
desegregating the
Military and re-launches
the Civil Rights
Movement after WWII
Integration of the U.S. Military
President Trumanorders the integration
of the U.S. military in
1948
One of the first major
Civil Rights changes
of the 20th century
Brown v. Board of Education
The Supreme Court ended the practice of
Separate but Equal in 1954
Southern reaction to Brown v.
Board of Education
Little Rock Nine- were 9
African-Americans who
integrated Little Rock
Central H.S.
President Eisenhower had
to send in the Air Force
to protect them from
angry whites
White Southerners were
angered over the end of
Separate but Equal
Election of 1960 Kennedy Wins!!!!!
VS.
Televised Debates
Voters fell in love with the physical appearance and
charisma possessed by Kennedy. He was confident and
organized.
Nixon was pale, sweating and tense.
This election proved the power of T.V. in politics
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Kennedy’s biggest mistake, he gives approval to a
plan by the C.I.A. to overthrow Castro using Cuban
exiles.
The exiles are captured by Castro on the beaches of
Cuba
Embarrassment- Kennedy is forced to pay a ransom
(food/medicine) to free the exiles.
Castro- uses this to get more support from the Soviet
Union and strengthen his grip on power.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Crisis- the closest the world ever came to all out nuclear
war.
Spy planes discover that Cuba was building
underground missile sites for nuclear weapons that
could reach the U.S. in minutes
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy Reacts- orders a
naval blockade of Cuba
until all weapons are
removed.
The U.S.S.R. is told that
any ship that tries to run
the blockade will start a
full scale war with the
U.S.
Khrushchev Reacts- turns
the Soviet ships around
and removes the missiles
if Kennedy promises not
to invade Cuba
Fallout of the Cuban Missile Crisis
• Hotline- direct line between D.C. and Moscow
to allow for peaceful talks
• Khrushchev- reputation is damaged in the
U.S.S.R.
• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-100 nations agree to
stop open air testing of nuclear weapons
• Criticism- Kennedy seen as soft for not
ousting Castro, brinkmanship policy
Kennedy Assassination
November 23,1963
President Kennedy is
assassinated in Dallas,
Texas.
Stunned Americans- were
devastated by the
Kennedy assassination,
remember where they
were.
Civil Rights Agenda- gets a
boost with his death as
Vice President Johnson
is a better politician,
Johnson will get several
landmark laws passed.
Vietnam War
Military conflict between the
Communist forces of
North Vietnam supported
by China and the Soviet
Union and the nonCommunist forces of
South Vietnam supported
by the United States.
Tet Offensive
Vietcong troops take
advantage of a cease
fire between the North
and South and launch a
sneak attack
U.S. military defeats the
Vietcong but Americans
turn on the war
President Johnson losses
American support for the
war, the media attacks
the war.
Opposition to the Vietnam War
Begins on college campuses
but spreads to all walks of
life as the war drags on for
years and deaths mount
Television shows the graphic
nature of the war, turning
Americans against it
People protest the ability of
the wealthy and middle
class to “buy” their way out
of the war, leading to bigger
protests by the poor against
the war
Opposition to the Vietnam War
• Protesters- calls for
civil disobedience;
counsels students to
go abroad, antiwar
demonstrations,
protests increase,
some become violent
• Some men burn draft
cards; some refuse to
serve; some flee to
Canada
Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society
The Great SocietyJohnson’s program to
end poverty and racism
in the U.S.
1. Medicare- medical
insurance program for
those 65 and older.
2. Medicaid- government
paid healthcare for poor
and disabled
Civil Rights and Television
For the first time Southern
tactics to maintain
segregation are shown
on T.V. horrifying white
liberals
The beatings, killings, and
attacks on AfricanAmericans force White
America to confront
segregation and
inequality
Letter from Birmingham Jail
Written by Martin Luther King
Jr. it is his attempt to
explain to White America
why victims of segregation,
violent attacks, and murder
found it difficult to wait for
injustices to end in the
South
I Have a Dream- King’s most
famous speech given in
Washington D.C., it calls
for a future of racial
harmony and peace
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This law signed by
President Johnson
banned discrimination of
any kind in any park,
restroom, library, theater,
and public building in
America
This was inspired by King’s
“I have a dream” speech
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Outlawed the Jim Crow
restrictions on African
Americans right to vote
declaring it
unconstitutional
Banned the use of literacy
tests, poll taxes, jelly
bean counting
Let the Federal government
to overlook voting rights
violations and register
millions of minorities in
the 1960’s
SNCC and SCLC
SNCC- Student non-violent
Coordinated Committee
was made up of young
people who were the
front line soldiers of the
Civil Rights Movement
SCLC- Southern Christian
Leadership Committee
were the “leaders” of the
movement. They were
the organizers and
speech makers
Warren Court 1953-1969
The Supreme Court under
Justice Warren will
protect the rights of
individuals and minorities
Key Cases:
1. Brown vs. Board of Ed
1954-ends separate but
equal
2. Miranda v. Arizonacriminals must have their
rights read, lawyer
present during
National Organization of Women
• NOW- founded to
promote equal rights
for women of all
races in America
• NOW fights for
political, social, and
economic equality in
America
Environmental Movement
Silent Spring- written by
Rachel Carson it set off
the Environmental
Movement in America
It led to the Water Quality
Act of 1965 and the
Earth Day
Environmental Protection
Agency- established to
limit pollution, protect the
environment and clean
up polluted sites in
America
United Farm Workers
Led by Cesar Chavez he
fights for the rights of
migrant farm workers
Improved the working
conditions and wages of
migrant workers
Used non-violent protests
to achieve their goals
Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated
• April 4th, 1968- Martin
Luther King Jr. is shot
on a motel balcony in
Memphis, Tenn., by
James Earl Ray.
• Riots break out in
African American
communities revealing
the anger and
frustration still felt in
the North and South.
Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated
Robert F. Kennedy- is running for the office of
President.
June 5, 1968- RFK is shot
by an assassin after
winning the presidential
primary in California.
Reaction- many counter
culture supporters,
African Americans and
democrats are
devastated. He was the
last liberal “60’s”
politicians.
Democratic National Convention 1968
Protesters are marching out
of anger at the convention
Chicago police attack and
beat protesters who were
marching to the
convention
T.V.- Conservative White
America sees this as an
attack against their
country and vote
Republican to restore
order in the country
The Conservative Movement
Barry Goldwater(1964)
runs for President, this
is the beginning of the
conservative movement
President Richard Nixon
(1968)wins office,
elected by the “silent
majority” who want
America restored to the
good old days
Conservative Movement
The "Solid South" angry with
Democratic party support of
Civil Rights for AfricanAmericans and Women
Opposition to "Liberal" Supreme
Court's Judicial Activism
Beliefs- they opposed civil
rights, gun control, liberals,
Feminism, Affirmative Action,
Sexual Revolution, Hippies,
Gay Rights, Great Society,
big government, Social
Security, and Tennessee
Valley Authority (TVA).
Nixon Presidency
Visits China to open up
relations, only a staunch
anti-communist could
repair relations, recognizes
Communist China
Watergate Scandal:
– Centered on Nixon’s
attempt to cover up a
burglary at the offices of the
Democratic Party
– Crime committed by
Nixon’s reelection team
- Nixon forced to resign due to
his attempts to cover up the
Americans turn on the government
Americans no longer trust
the government after the
disastrous Vietnam War
and Nixon Presidency
American become very
cynical about their
political leaders
Americans want President
Nixon arrested to stand
trial
President Gerald Ford
He becomes president
after Nixon resigns
Ford grants Nixon a
Presidential pardon
on Watergate; people
are angry
Ford is president during
a recession and can’t
deal with the high
unemployment and
gas prices
Key Supreme Court Decisions
Roe v. Wade 1973- this
case legalized abortion in
the United States
Bakke v. California 1978- A
white male sues the
University of California
for reverse
discrimination.
• The Supreme Court bans
the use of race in college
admission applications
Camp David Accords
Negotiated by President
Carter it is a peace
settlement between
Egypt and Israel.
First step in the peace
process between Israel
and Arab nations
Egypt recognizes Israel,
the 1st Arab nation in the
world to do so.
Iranian Revolt 1979
1979 Ayatollah Khomeini
overthrew the U.S.
backed Shah of Iran and
established a Islamic
fundamentalist
government
President Carter was
unable to deal with the
situation, which led to
another oil shortage
when Iran stopped
producing oil
Iran Hostage Crisis
• 50 members of the
U.S. Embassy in Iran
are held hostage
when Iranian students
overwhelm the
guards.
• For 444 days
President Carter can
not get the hostages
freed.
President Ronald Reagan
• His election is seen as
a victory for the
Conservative
Movement
• During his presidency
he will appoint
conservative judges to
overturn the decisions
of the Warren Court
Reaganomics
An economic policy followed
by President Reagan it
wanted to:
1. Give the wealthy huge tax
cuts, the wealthy are then
suppose to help the poor by
starting businesses and
creating jobs
2. Budget Cuts, reduced
government spending on all
domestic programs
3. Build up the armed force
Iran-Contra Scandal
The Reagan administration
agreed to sell billions in
weapons to Iran for help in
freeing American hostages in
the Middle East.
President Reagan was dealing in
illegal weapon sales beyond
his powers, upsets the system
of checks and balances in
America.
• Conservative America does
not care sees him as a great
president
Collapse of the Soviet Union
Reagan’s plan was to force
the U.S.S.R. to keep up in
an arm’s race, this
bankrupts the Soviet Union
The leader of the Soviet
Union Gorbachev
establishes better relations
with the U.S.
The collapse of the Soviet
Union marks the end of the
Cold War in 1991
President Clinton
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)- this
created a free trade zone
between the U.S.,
Canada and Mexico
Impeached in 1998 by the
Republican House of
Representatives, Clinton
becomes the second
U.S. President to be
impeached
Clinton is acquitted by the
Senate
2000 Presidential Election
Highly controversial
election in which Vice
President Gore wins the
popular vote but loses
the electoral vote to
President Bush
Supreme Court- selects
Bush as President when
it refuses to allow Gore
to continue arguing the
election in Florida
War on Terrorism
September 11, 2001America is attacked
beginning the “war”
Operation Enduring
Freedom: invasion of
Afghanistan in 2001
Operation Iraqi Freedom:
War in Iraq in 2003