Transcript Domain 4 - SchoolRack

2011 United History End
of Course Test Review
Created by Francis Legagneur
Model Teacher Leader Social Studies
EOCT PREP
Table of Content
Domain 1: Colonization through Constitution
Domain 2: New Republic through Reconstruction
Domain 3: Industrialization, Reform, and Imperialism
Domain 4: Establishment as a World Power
Domain 5: Modern Era
Domain 4:
Establishment as a World Power
World War I (US view)
• President Wilson- declares US
neutrality, but the Lusitania is
sunk in 1915 by Germany
• Unrestricted Submarine
Warfare- used by the Germans
to sink all ships near Europe, the
U.S. complains
• Zimmerman telegram- letter
Germany sends to Mexico
asking them to attack the U.S.
and they would help fight us,
President Wilson declares war
Domestic Impact of WW I
• Selective Service Act (draft)– Random selection process
so that all groups would be called into service
• Women at work – 1st time ever
• Daylight Savings Time- designed to save fuel
• Migration of workers – Mexicans and African-Americans
took advantage of the open jobs in the north
Great Migration
Great Migration
• From 1910-1930, African-Americans migrate from the
South to the North
• Reasons1. Escape Jim Crow Laws in the South
2. Jobs in factories in Northern cities during WWI
3. Anger over not being treated equal after fighting for
America in WWI
Espionage and Sedition Act
• Espionage and Sedition
Act – 20 year prison
sentence for inciting
rebellion in the armed
forces or obstructing the
draft.
• Sedition centered on
anyone making disloyal or
abusive remarks about the
U.S. government
Eugene Debs
• Former leader of the AFL,
now Socialist Party
Presidential Candidate
• Jailed in Atlanta for violating
the Espionage and Sedition
Act, speaking out against
recruiting
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• Key ideas the President felt were
needed to avoid another World
War
• League of Nations- suggested as
a peacekeeping organization
• Senate opposition- U.S. Senators
reject the Treaty of Versailles in
favor of isolationism, many
believe the League would draw
them into another European war
Prohibition
• 18th Amendmentbanned the sale of
alcohol in the United
States
• Passed during the
Progressive Era
Women’s Suffrage
• 19th Amendment- Gave
women the right to vote.
• Passed because women
helped get the U.S.
prepared during World
War I
Communism
• Political belief in a oneparty government ruled
by a dictator
• There is no private
ownership, all property is
owned by the state
• People in the United
States were afraid of this
idea after World War I
Red Scare
• The fear of international
communism, it was
called the Red Scare
because red was the
color of the communist
flag
Immigrant Restriction
• The Quota System- This emerges as a reaction to the Red
Scare
o sharply reduces European immigration
o 1924, European arrivals cut to 2% of number of
residents in 1890
o Discriminates against southern, eastern Europeans
o Prohibits Japanese immigration; causes ill will between
U.S., Japan
o Does not apply to Western Hemisphere; many
Canadians, Mexicans enter
Henry Ford
Impact of the Automobile
• Henry Ford- The “Father of Mass Production”
• Assembly Line- Parts flow down a conveyer belt, each
part a small section of a greater machine
• Division of Labor- Each person on an assembly line does
one job repeatedly until a machine is put together.
• Mass Production- Assembly Line allows for high
production of goods at a cheap cost.
• Model T- millions are made and sold in America cheaply
by Ford
Impact of Radio and Movies
• Mass Media- the use of
radio and movies created
movie stars in the United
States and made sport’s
figures celebrities
Harlem Renaissance
• Harlem, New York – a wave
of creativity celebrating
African culture spreads
across the country
• Langston Hughes – Notable
author, poet, and play
writer, Theme for English B
• Jazz Age – a form of music
from New Orleans
Key Jazz Artists – Duke
Ellington, Louis Armstrong
Irving Berlin and Tin Pan Alley
• Irving Berlin- Russian born,
American musical
composer
• Berlin wrote over 1,000
songs most famous are
“God Bless America”,
“White Christmas”
• Tin Pan Alley- located in
New York City, it was the
center of music in the
world for 30 years. Irving
Berlin worked here for a
time.
Causes of the Great Depression
• Distribution of wealthWages had not risen with
corporate profits. Over 70%
of Americans were living
below the poverty line.
•
Stock Market Speculationwas seen as a get rich quick
scheme. Millions of
Americans poured in money
expecting to get rich.
Causes of the Great Depression
• “Playing the market”People began guessing
on stock prices this is
called speculation.
• Buying on Marginallowed people to
borrow for the cost of the
stock but only paying
10% of the price.
Causes of the Great Depression
• Consumption- the working
class and poor can’t
afford the products made
by companies
• OverproductionCompanies produced
more than people could
buy, so they cut wages to
make money
Causes Great Depression
• Government control- no
regulation of businesses,
led to high prices and
low wages
• Farms- income declines
as people can’t buy their
crops, farmers lose their
farms
The Great Depression
• Period of economic crisis
lasting from 1929-1939
• Economic crisis that caused
25% unemployment and
worldwide poverty
• Banks Collapse- people
panic and withdraw their
money causing over 20% of
all banks to close wiping out
millions of savings accounts
President Hoover
• President at the beginning
of the Great Depression,
he believed it was the
responsibility of the state
and local governments to
help not the federal
government,
The Great Depression’s Effects
• Soup kitchens- offer free
or low-cost food
• Bread lines- people line
up for food from
charities, public
agencies. Americans
find this shameful to
stand in lines and reject
them.
The Great Depression’s Effects
• African Americans, Latinos
have higher
unemployment, lower pay
• Shantytowns- settlements
consisting of shacks, arise
in cities, people dig
through garbage, beg for
food and money
Hoovervilles
• Unemployed and
homeless people begin
living in shantytowns
named after President
Hoover
Hoovervilles and Families
• Hoover was blamed primarily for the depression
• People who could not pay their mortgage needed alternative
housing
• Villages named “Hoovervilles”
• Family- some break under the strain of the depression
1. Men- commit suicide and go into depression, use to
taking care of the family most can’t find jobs leave their
families.
2. Women- find jobs sewing, maid service, resented by their
husbands.
3. Children- poorly fed, schools close, poor health, teenagers
leave home looking for jobs.
Psychological Effects of the
Great Depression
• 1928–1932, suicide rate rises over 30%
• Admissions to state mental hospitals triple
• People give up health care, college, put off marriage,
children
• Stigma of poverty doesn’t disappear; financial
security becomes goal
• Many show great kindness to strangers
• Develop habit of saving and thriftiness
Dust Bowl
• Large dust storms hit the plain states scattering
soil and destroying crops; no money for farmers
• Caused by farmers overproduction of crops and
a drought in Middle America
The New Deal
• Program for reviving the
economy during the
Great Depression
• Begun by President
Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Made up of the three
r’s – relief, recovery,
reform
Tennessee Valley Authority
• Created by Roosevelt
as one of the major
public works projects
of the New Deal
• Built a system of dams
for hydroelectricity in
the south
• Created hundreds of
jobs
Second New Deal
• These were the programs
FDR started after the
programs from the
original New Deal failed
to end the Great
Depression
The Wagner Act
• The law established
collective bargaining
rights for workers
• Prevented companies
from banning unions or
firing union members
Social Security Act
• One of the most important laws to pass has three
parts
1. Retirement for people 65 an older
2. Unemployment insurance
3. Aid paid to families with disabilities and
children
Eleanor Roosevelt
• Most active first lady in history
– wrote newspaper columns,
gave speeches, traveled the
country
• Served as FDR’s social
conscience
• She led the fight in America
for Women’s, AfricanAmerican and Human Rights
Huey Long
• Huey Long- A senator and
former governor of Louisiana
he was immensely popular in
his home state and America
• He wants to help the poor
by taxing the wealthy to
provide new programs to
help the poor get out of
poverty
• He challenges FDR for the
Democratic nomination but
is killed by an assassin the
same year
Court Packing Bill
• Supreme Court- strikes down
several New Deal laws as
unconstitutional
• “Court-packing bill”- Roosevelt
proposes that the president be
allowed to appoint a new
justice for each member over
70.5.
• Reaction- Congress and the
Press are outraged at Roosevelt
for trying to tamper with the
system of checks and balances.
Roosevelt backs off his idea
Neutrality Acts
• By 1938 the American
government is controlled
by Isolationists who pass
the Neutrality Acts:
1. Prohibits the sale of
weapons and travel by
Americans to countries at
war
2. Forbids the extension of
trade or loans to nations
at war
A. Phillip Randolph
• Civil Rights leader of the
30’s and 40’s
• Threatened a march on
D.C. before WWII, forcing
FDR to ban segregation in
government jobs and the
defense industry
• Forces President Truman to
ban segregation in the
military in 1948
Pearl Harbor
• U.S. naval base in Hawaii
• Attacked by Japan
unexpectedly on
December 7, 1941
• United States declares
war on Japan and enters
World War II
Japanese-American Internment
Camps
• After Pearl Harbor, the
United States racists fears
led the country to put
120,000 Japanese
Americans in
concentration camps
Lend-Lease Act
• Passed after Pearl Harbor,
the U.S. sends military
equipment and supplies to
its Allies during World War II
• Britain, France, Soviet Union
and China all receive aid
War Mobilization
• Millions of men volunteered
after Pear Harbor to fight
World War II
• Factories- were converted
from consumer goods to
military goods
Rationing for WWII
• Rationing- everything went
to the war, so Americans
were only allowed a small
portion of key items that
were needed for the war
• Americans donate metals,
newspapers, rubber,
clothes, paper to the war
effort.
Women Work for the War
• Factories-millions take the
place of men and build
the machines of war.
• Equality- first time women
are seen as equal to their
male counterparts. Will
eventually lead to greater
rights for women.
• Rosie the Riveter- symbol of
the American women’s
war effort.
D-Day
• D-Day- codename for
Operation Overlord, Allied
troops landed in Normandy,
France
• The largest sea invasion in
history, German troops were
caught off guard an unable
to push back the invasion
• This was the beginning of the
end for Germany in WWII
Battle of Midway
• Battle of Midway- Led by
Admiral Nimitz, the U.S.
sinks four Japanese Aircraft
carriers to the American
one.
•
Turning Point in the war
against the Japanese who
never fully recovered from
the loss of the aircraft
carriers and aviators from
this battle.
• Mass Production replaces
our losses and puts the
pressure on Japan.
Fall of Berlin
• One of the final battles in
the European Theater of
WWII
• The Soviet Union storms
the city; bloodiest battles
of the war
• Hitler and most of his key
leaders commit suicide
during the battle
• Ends the War in Europe
Manhattan Project
• Los Alamos, New MexicoThis is where the United
States developed the
Atomic Bomb
• President Truman- orders
the dropping of it on the
Japanese cities of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki to
force the surrender of the
country
Impact of the Atomic Bomb
• The Atomic Bomb was a
game changer and for
the first time humans could
destroy the Earth
• Made the U.S.A. a
superpower in the world
• Will lead to Nuclear
energy and the Nuclear
Arms Race between the
U.S. and Soviet Union
Post WWII and the Cold War
• Marshall Plan- was
America’s program for
rebuilding Western Europe
to protect it from
communism.
• It was the United States
best weapon against the
influence of the Soviet
Union
Cold War
• This was a name given to the relations between the
U.S. & the Soviet Union in the second half of the
20th century which saw the buildup of nuclear
arms.
Cold War and Containment
• Containment- the U.S. was determined to stop the
spread of communism throughout the world
• Truman Doctrine- American foreign policy to provide
economic and military aid to any country to prevent
it from becoming communist
• The U.S. tried to contain the Soviet Union’s influence
Communist China
• Mao Zedong is the leader of
the Communist Revolution in
China after WWII he
overthrew the Nationalist
leader Chiang Kai-shek in
1949.
• Chiang Kai-shek will establish
the country of Taiwan an
island off the coast of China.
• Americans blame Truman for
not stopping the spread of
communism
Korean War
• Korea- In 1950 Communist
North Korea invades South
Korea
• The U.S. sends troops in to
help protect S. Korea and
pushed N. Korea back to
the Chinese border
• Communist China sends in
troops to help N. Korea and
an armistice is signed in
1954 ending the war,
leaving the country divided
McCarthyism
• Senator McCarthy led the
second Red Scare in
America during the 1950s
• He lied about communist
infiltrations in the U.S.
government and army,
destroying the lives of
innocent people
• He was later found to be
lying about all of his
accusations
Cuban Revolution
• Fidel Castro- led the
successful Cuban revolution
in 1959 to overthrow the
corrupt government
backed by the U.S.A.
• Castro- established a
communist government in
Cuba, this catches the U.S.
off guard and angers it.
• President Eisenhower places
an embargo on Cuba to
isolate it
Baby Boom
• 1945–1965 are the baby boom years; the birth
rate in the United States soars when soldiers
return from World War II and the Korean War.
Interstate Highway Act
• Eisenhower gets Congress
to pay for a Federal
Highway system, for
Defense.
• The highway connects
people to the suburbs,
cities, schools, and
shopping malls.
• Whites begin to flee to the
suburbs like Levittown.
• Fast Food restaurants
develop to feed the
people in the cars of
Suburbia
Levittown
• The first large scale suburban development in the United
States
• The cookie cutter home development, it is the inspiration
for suburbs everywhere
Sputnik
• In 1957 the Soviet Union
launched the first ever
satellite into space
• This frightened Americans
who felt the U.S. had fallen
behind the Soviet Union
• The U.S. devotes millions
into Science and Math
education to improve our
technology
Jackie Robinson
• The first black to integrate
Major League Baseball in
1947 with the Brooklyn
Dodgers
• This leads to Truman
desegregating the Military
and re-launches the Civil
Rights Movement after
WWII
Integration of the U.S. Military
• President Truman- orders
the integration of the U.S.
military in 1948
• One of the first major Civil
Rights changes of the 20th
century
Brown v. Board of Education
• The Supreme Court ended the practice of Separate
but Equal in 1954
Southern reaction to Brown v.
Board of Education
• Little Rock Nine- were 9
African-Americans who
integrated Little Rock
Central H.S.
• President Eisenhower had
to send in the Air Force to
protect them from angry
whites
• White Southerners were
angered over the end of
Separate but Equal
Domain 5:
The Modern Era
Election of 1960 Kennedy Wins!!!!!
VS.
Televised Debates
• Voters fell in love with the physical appearance and
charisma possessed by Kennedy. He was confident and
organized.
• Nixon was pale, sweating and tense.
• This election proved the power of T.V. in politics
•
Bay of Pigs Invasion
• Kennedy’s biggest mistake, he gives approval to a
plan by the C.I.A. to overthrow Castro using Cuban
exiles.
• The exiles are captured by Castro on the beaches of
Cuba
• Embarrassment- Kennedy is forced to pay a ransom
(food/medicine) to free the exiles.
• Castro- uses this to get more support from the Soviet
Union and strengthen his grip on power.
Cuban Missile Crisis
• Crisis- the closest the world ever came to all out nuclear
war.
• Spy planes discover that Cuba was building underground
missile sites for nuclear weapons that could reach the U.S.
in minutes
Cuban Missile Crisis
• Kennedy Reacts- orders a
naval blockade of Cuba
until all weapons are
removed. By the
• The U.S.S.R. is told that any
ship that tries to run the
blockade will start a full
scale war with the U.S.
• Khrushchev Reacts- turns
the Soviet ships around and
removes the missiles if
Kennedy promises not to
invade Cuba
Fallout of the Cuban Missile Crisis
• Hotline- direct line between D.C. and Moscow to allow
for peaceful talks
•
Khrushchev- reputation is damaged in the U.S.S.R.
• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-100 nations agree to stop open
air testing of nuclear weapons
• Criticism- Kennedy seen as soft for not ousting Castro,
brinkmanship policy
Kennedy Assassination
• November 23,1963
President Kennedy is
assassinated in Dallas,
Texas.
• Stunned Americans- were
devastated by the
Kennedy assassination,
remember where they
were.
• Civil Rights Agenda- gets a
boost with his death as
Vice President Johnson is a
better politician, Johnson
will get several landmark
laws passed.
Vietnam War
• Military conflict between
the Communist forces of
North Vietnam supported
by China and the Soviet
Union and the nonCommunist forces of South
Vietnam supported by the
United States.
Tet Offensive
• Vietcong troops take
advantage of a cease fire
between the North and
South and launch a sneak
attack
• U.S. military defeats the
Vietcong but Americans
turn on the war
• President Johnson losses
American support for the
war, the media attacks
the war.
Opposition to the Vietnam War
• Begins on college campuses
but spreads to all walks of life
as the war drags on for years
and deaths mount
• Television shows the graphic
nature of the war, turning
Americans against it
• People protest the ability of
the wealthy and middle class
to “buy” their way out of the
war, leading to bigger
protests by the poor against
the war
Opposition to the Vietnam War
• Protesters- calls for civil
disobedience; counsels
students to go abroad,
antiwar demonstrations,
protests increase, some
become violent
• Some men burn draft
cards; some refuse to
serve; some flee to
Canada
Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society
• The Great SocietyJohnson’s program to end
poverty and racism in the
U.S.
1. Medicare- medical
insurance program for
those 65 and older.
2. Medicaid- government
paid healthcare for poor
and disabled
Civil Rights and Television
• For the first time Southern
tactics to maintain
segregation are shown on
T.V. horrifying white liberals
• The beatings, killings, and
attacks on AfricanAmericans force White
America to confront
segregation and
inequality
Letter from Birmingham Jail
• Written by Martin Luther King
Jr. it is his attempt to explain
to White America why victims
of segregation, violent
attacks, and murder found it
difficult to wait for injustices
to end in the South
• I Have a Dream- King’s most
famous speech given in
Washington D.C., it calls for
a future of racial harmony
and peace
Civil Rights Act of 1964
• This law signed by
President Johnson banned
discrimination of any kind
in any park, restroom,
library, theater, and public
building in America
• This was inspired by King’s
“I have a dream” speech
Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Outlawed the Jim Crow
restrictions on African
Americans right to vote
declaring it unconstitutional
• Banned the use of literacy
tests, poll taxes, jelly bean
counting
• Let the Federal government
to overlook voting rights
violations and register
millions of minorities in the
1960’s
SNCC and SCLC
• SNCC- Student non-violent
Coordinated Committee
was made up of young
people who were the front
line soldiers of the Civil
Rights Movement
• SCLC- Southern Christian
Leadership Committee
were the “leaders” of the
movement. They were the
organizers and speech
makers
Warren Court 1953-1969
• The Supreme Court under
Justice Warren will protect
the rights of individuals and
minorities
• Key Cases:
1. Brown vs. Board of Ed
1954-ends separate but
equal
2. Miranda v. Arizonacriminals must have their
rights read, lawyer present
during questioning
National Organization of
Women
• NOW- founded to
promote equal rights for
women of all races in
America
• NOW fights for political,
social, and economic
equality in America
Environmental Movement
• Silent Spring- written by
Rachel Carson it set off
the Environmental
Movement in America
• It led to the Water Quality
Act of 1965 and the Earth
Day
• Environmental Protection
Agency- established to
limit pollution, protect the
environment and clean up
polluted sites in America
United Farm Workers
• Led by Cesar Chavez he
fights for the rights of
migrant farm workers
• Improved the working
conditions and wages of
migrant workers
• Used non-violent protests
to achieve their goals
Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated
• April 4th, 1968- Martin Luther
King Jr. is shot on a motel
balcony in Memphis, Tenn.,
by James Earl Ray.
•
Riots break out in African
American communities
revealing the anger and
frustration still felt in the
North and South.
Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated
• Robert F. Kennedy- is
running for the office of
President.
•
June 5, 1968- RFK is shot by
an assassin after winning
the presidential primary in
California.
• Reaction- many counter
culture supporters, African
Americans and democrats
are devastated. He was
the last liberal “60’s”
politicians.
Democratic National Convention 1968
• Protesters are marching out
of anger at the convention
• Chicago police attack and
beat protesters who were
marching to the convention
• T.V.- Conservative White
America sees this as an
attack against their country
and vote Republican to
restore order in the country
The Conservative Movement
• Barry Goldwater(1964)
runs for President, this is
the beginning of the
conservative movement
• President Richard Nixon
(1968)wins office,
elected by the “silent
majority” who want
America restored to the
good old days
Conservative Movement
• The "Solid South" angry with
Democratic party support of
Civil Rights for African-Americans
and Women
• Opposition to "Liberal" Supreme
Court's Judicial Activism
• Beliefs- they opposed civil rights,
gun control, liberals, Feminism,
Affirmative Action, Sexual
Revolution, Hippies, Gay Rights,
Great Society, big government,
Social Security, and Tennessee
Valley Authority (TVA).
Nixon Presidency
• Visits China to open up relations,
only a staunch anti-communist could
repair relations, recognizes
Communist China
• Watergate Scandal:
o Centered on Nixon’s attempt to
cover up a burglary at the offices
of the Democratic Party
o Crime committed by Nixon’s
reelection team
o Nixon forced to resign due to his
attempts to cover up the break-ins
Americans turn on the government
• Americans no longer trust
the government after the
disastrous Vietnam War
and Nixon Presidency
• American become very
cynical about their
political leaders
• Americans want President
Nixon arrested to stand
trial
President Gerald Ford
• He becomes president
after Nixon resigns
• Ford grants Nixon a
Presidential pardon on
Watergate; people are
angry
• Ford is president during a
recession and can’t deal
with the high
unemployment and gas
prices
Key Supreme Court Decisions
• Roe v. Wade 1973- this
case legalized abortion in
the United States
• Bakke v. California 1978- A
white male sues the
University of California for
reverse discrimination.
• The Supreme Court bans
the use of race in college
admission applications
Camp David Accords
• Negotiated by President
Carter it is a peace
settlement between Egypt
and Israel.
•
First step in the peace
process between Israel
and Arab nations
• Egypt recognizes Israel,
the 1st Arab nation in the
world to do so.
Iranian Revolt 1979
• 1979 Ayatollah Khomeini
overthrew the U.S. backed
Shah of Iran and
established a Islamic
fundamentalist
government
• President Carter was
unable to deal with the
situation, which led to
another oil shortage when
Iran stopped producing oil
Iran Hostage Crisis
• 50 members of the U.S.
Embassy in Iran are held
hostage when Iranian
students overwhelm the
guards.
• For 444 days President
Carter can not get the
hostages freed.
• Led to Carter’s defeat in
the Presidential election of
1980
President Ronald Reagan
• His election is seen as a
victory for the
Conservative Movement
• During his presidency he
will appoint conservative
judges to overturn the
decisions of the Warren
Court
Reaganomics
• An economic policy followed by
President Reagan it wanted to:
1. Give the wealthy huge tax cuts,
the wealthy are then suppose to
help the poor by starting
businesses and creating jobs
2. Budget Cuts, reduced
government spending on all
domestic programs
3. Build up the armed forces
Iran-Contra Scandal
• The Reagan administration agreed
to sell billions in weapons to Iran
for help in freeing American
hostages in the Middle East.
• President Reagan was dealing in
illegal weapon sales beyond his
powers, upsets the system of
checks and balances in America.
• Conservative America does not
care sees him as a great president
Collapse of the Soviet Union
• Reagan’s plan was to force the
U.S.S.R. to keep up in an arm’s
race, this bankrupts the Soviet
Union
• The leader of the Soviet Union
Gorbachev establishes better
relations with the U.S.
• The collapse of the Soviet
Union marks the end of the
Cold War in 1991
President Clinton
• North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)- this
created a free trade zone
between the U.S., Canada
and Mexico
• Impeached in 1998 by the
Republican House of
Representatives, Clinton
becomes the second U.S.
President to be impeached
• Clinton is acquitted by the
Senate
2000 Presidential Election
• Highly controversial
election in which Vice
President Gore wins the
popular vote but loses the
electoral vote to President
Bush
• Supreme Court- selects
Bush as President when it
refuses to allow Gore to
continue arguing the
election in Florida
War on Terrorism
• September 11, 2001America is attacked
beginning the “war”
• Operation Enduring
Freedom: invasion of
Afghanistan in 2001
• Operation Iraqi Freedom:
War in Iraq in 2003