Transcript Chapter 10 - Profspace

Chapter 10
A Maturing Republic
•Born in Virginia
•Graduate of William and Mary
College
•A practicing lawyer and
member of Virginia’s House of
Burgesses
•Father of the D of I
•Secretary of State under
President Washington
•Vice President under Adams
•Owned 200 slaves
•President 1801-1809
•Aaron Burr (1756-1836)
•Born in Newark N.J.
•Fought with the continental
Army in the Revolutionary war.
•A practicing lawyer in New
York City against Hamilton
•Vice President of the United
States (1801-1805).
•Kills Alexander Hamilton in a
duel
Turbulent Times: Election and Rebellion
The Jeffersonian Vision of Republican Simplicity
1. Jefferson’s style- contrasts to the Federalists
2. Jeffersonian government- Scale back the federal
government and return power to the people-pro
agriculture
3. Dismantling Federalist innovations- makes some
major changes…
4. Marbury v. Madison
Marbury v. Madison
• Although the Supreme Court, which had a Federalist
majority, denied Marbury, also a Federalist, his commission
(appointment to become a judge), the Court established a far
more important principle.
• THE SUPREME COURT INTERPRETS WHAT THE
CONSTITUTION MEANS AND CAN DECLARE A LAW
UNCONSTITUTIONAL WHICH IS CALLED JUDICIAL
REVIEW.
• THE CONSTITUTION IS THE SUPREME LAW OF THE
LAND AND THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT IS OVER
THE STATES.
Marbury v. Madison
• https://youtu.be/KwciUVLdSPk 8:12
• Prior to this case, the Supreme Court had been the
weakest of the three branches of government.
• Earlier, the belief was the states could nullify a law
• 1803, the Supreme Court established its role as the
final arbitrator (authority) of the meaning of the
Constitution and its position of equality.
• By setting a precedent for judicial review or the
Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional not
the states or Congress.
• It also “sent the message” that the National
Government is the last authority thus reinforcing
Marshall’s belief in a strong central government over
the states.
Jefferson- Strict Constructionist
• Republicanism and the Federal Government:
Jefferson set out to dismantle Federalist
innovations. He reduced the size of the army
and navy, abolished all federal taxes based on
population or whiskey, and reduced the
national debt. He kept government jobs to a
minimum so that the entire payroll of the
executive branch consisted of only 130 people
in 1801.
Question 1
• How did Jefferson attempt to undo the
Federalist innovations of earlier
administrations?
• Reduced the size of the army and navy,
abolished federal internal taxes based on
population
• Refused to deliver federalist judge commission
I. Jefferson’s Presidency
C. Dangers Overseas: The Barbary Wars
1. The Barbary States-shipping in the
Mediterranean
2. The United States goes to war-Engaged in
conflict, sunk a US ship
3. Defending the nation’s honor- War costs more
than tribute but the country’s honor is at stake.
Barbary Wars
• Jefferson’s belief in a small military was tested in the
Mediterranean Sea, where U.S. trading interests ran
afoul of several states on the northern coast of Africa.
The United States was paying $50,000 a year in
tribute to the Barbary States for safe passage through
the Mediterranean. In 1801, the monarch of Tripoli
declared war on the United States for failing to
increase payments, and Jefferson responded with four
warships. After the USS Philadelphia ran aground, an
American officer in Tunis assembled a military force
and launched a surprise attack on Tripoli. The
monarch negotiated a treaty that terminated the
tribute.
Opportunities and Challenges in the
West
A. The Louisiana Purchase
1. Spanish fears
2. French Louisiana
3. A discount price
B. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
1. Goals
2. Reaching the Pacific
Spain, France and Louisiana
• Spain: At the end of the war( Seven Years War),
ownership of the Louisiana Territory shifted from
France to Spain; Spain, however, never controlled or
settled the Great Plains. New Orleans was Spain’s only
stronghold in the region. Owing to concerns about
unregulated American immigration, Spain struck a
secret deal to return the territory to France.
• France: Jefferson instructed Robert Livingston to buy
only New Orleans, and France eventually agreed to the
bargain price of $15 million for the entire Louisiana
Territory. The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the
size of the country.
Louisiana
purchase
•Since Napoleon was at war with
Great Britain he offered entire
Louisiana Territory to US for $15
million
•Needed the money for his war
with Great Britain
•Jefferson purchased Louisiana
Territory for $15 million, about 3
cents an acre
•Doubled the size of the US
•Jefferson’s greatest
accomplishment
•Why? Didn’t fight a war, no blood
shed.
Does the President have the right to purchase land if
it is not expressed in the US Constitution?
Jefferson used implied powers or loose construction
to justify his decision
“It was for the best interest of the nation. It is the case of a
guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an
important adjacent territory; and saying to him when of age,
I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to bind you;
you may disavow me, and I must get out of the scrape as I
can: I thought it my duty to risk myself for you.”
Madison to Jefferson
“Mr. President, you are only extending this republic over a
larger area of land.”
LP Constitutional ?
•Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal
secretary Meriwether Lewis and army officer
William Clark to explore north Louisiana
•Corp of Discovery: 28 men who
accompanied Lewis/Clark.
•Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of
Indians, overland trail to Pacific
•President Jefferson wanted to find the
Northwest Passage
•United States’ claim to the Pacific Northwest
Madison and the War of 1812
A. Impressment and Embargo
1. Impressment
2. The Chesapeake incident
3. The Embargo Act of 1807
WHY WE FOUGHT
•Defend our neutrality
•Freedom of the seas
•Defend our self interest
Madison brought the US into
this war to defend the neutrality
of the US.
President James Madison
Would this be a violation of
President Washington’s policy
of keeping the US out of war and
neutral?
Impressment
An act of kidnapping
a ship, its contents,
men and forcing
them into your navy
France began impressing our ships
and sailors because of our Neutrality
Proclamation.
Impressment
• American sailors had become victims of
impressment in the intensifying conflict
between England and France. American ships
had also been the object of searches and
seizures by the British at sea. These violations
of U. S. sovereignty offended many Americans
and led some to push for war.
Trade Rights
• Disputed trading rights played heavily on the
declaration of war. After the British frigate, the
Leopard, fired on the American Chesapeake in
American waters and killed three Americans,
Jefferson convinced Congress to pass the
Embargo Act of 1807 to punish the British by
refusing to trade American goods.
Political Motivations
• The decision to declare war on Great Britain
was also heavily influenced by behind-thescenes political wrangling. The “War Hawks,”
including Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun,
effectively pushed Congress toward war in
order to justify attacks on the Indians, to stop
impressments, and to defend American honor.
The vote for war broke along sectional lines.
•1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship in
the region ordered it to stop.
•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered
•3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed
•Reasoning: Since England and France were at war with one another and
traded for most of their natural resources with U.S., if we cut off our exports
to them it would force them to respect our neutrality….THIS IS CALLED
ECONOMIC COERCION.
•It would have the reverse effect……
•The Embargo Act not only hurt France and Britain but it also hurt U.S. trade
which was our economic survival as a nation. As a result, many Americans
defied the law and began to smuggle goods from these countries as well as
others.
•Hurt American businesses
•New Englander’s shift from trade to industry
•U.S. smuggled
•New England talked of secession…..
•Lasted 15 months, repealed in March of 1809
embargo2
FIRST, this was a war against Great Britain
Since the close of the Revolution,
American shipping had been prey to
both British and French interference,
but it was the British that were most
hostile and damaging with their policy
of impressment - forcing sailors of
American ships into service on British
naval vessels.
Anger of the practice had smoldered
for more than a decade; Jefferson’s
Embargo Act had been ineffective in
ending the practice. President
Madison came under increasing
pressure to use force to defend the
nation’s honor and trade.
War of 1812
D. The War of 1812
1. The War Hawks
2. Sectional divisions
3. The War in the North
4. The War in the South and the Creek War
http://www.history.com/topics/war-of1812/videos/james-madison-and-the-war-of1812?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=fals
e
War Hawks
John C. Calhoun
South Carolina
Henry Clay
Kentucky
New members of Congress, John
C. Calhoun and Henry Clay want
war why Great Britain….Why?
•U.S. must defend its neutrality
•Stop impressment
•British forts
•Tecumseh
•Desire for Canada and Florida
•Called 2nd War of Independence
Divergence of Sectional Interests
• Divisions over the War of 1812 definitely show
that sectional interests were well developed by
that time. New England, which was strongly
dependent on shipping and commerce, suffered
the most from the trade restrictions imposed by
Republican presidents Jefferson and Madison.
Proponents of the war from the South and the
West valued the war as a tool to legitimize their
attacks on Indians, bring an end to impressments,
advance goals of territorial expansion, and
defend American honor.
Madison and the War of 1812
C. Tecumseh and Tippecanoe
1. William Henry Harrison
2. The Battle of Tippecanoe
HOWEVER, fighting in the War of 1812 began as part of a
different war - one with Natives in the West
In 1810, a Shawnee leader named
Tecumseh organized an alliance of
tribes of the Ohio Valley in an effort
to halt the advance of white
American settlement. Whites had
engaged in negotiations for the
Native lands using deceitful means.
The Natives had assistance from the
British in the form of arms and
encouragement. Great Britain
sought to control not only Canada,
but also the upper Mississippi Valley;
Britain had not entirely given up
on the idea of reclaiming her
former colonies.
This ‘war’ reached an early pinnacle
with the Battle of Tippecanoe in
November, 1811, when militia forces
led by Indiana governor,
William Henry Harrison defeated a
Native force led by Tecumseh’s
brother, the “Prophet”. This
campaign, unfortunately involved a
series of attacks on women and
children in Native settlements.
THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR of 1812 were many:
- American sovereignty was firmly established
- Native Americans east of the Mississippi were doomed
- Federalists were doomed; from 1816 to 1828 a single party, the
National Republicans controlled the Federal government
- the United States and Great Britain were on their way to fast friendship
Madison and the War of 1812
E. Washington City Burns: The British Offensive
1. The British invasions
2. The Battle of New Orleans
3. The Treaty of Ghent
4. The Hartford Convention
White House Burns 1814
New orleans
•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi
River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.
•4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were
defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of
Ghent was negotiated to end the war.
New orleans
•Considered greatest
U.S. victory to that
time
•Defeated British’s
best without help
from any country
•Countries gained
respect for the U.S.
after this battle.
•Kept Louisiana
Purchase under the
control of the U.S.
Treaty of Ghent 1814
• On December 24, 1814, The
Treaty of Ghent was signed
by British and American
representatives at Ghent,
Belgium, ending the War of
1812. By terms of the
treaty, all conquered
territory was to be
returned, and commissions
were planned to settle the
boundary of the United
States and Canada.
• (Henry Clay helped
negotiate the treaty)
Proposals Supported at the Hartford
Convention
• Abolition of the Constitution’s three-fifths
clause as a basis of representation.
• Requirement of a two-thirds vote instead of a
simple majority for imposing embargoes,
admitting states, or declaring war.
• Limit of one term for presidents.
• Prohibition of the election of successive
presidents from the same state.
Question 2
• Why did Congress declare War on Great
Britain?
The Missouri Compromise
1. Missouri applies for statehood- it posed a problem
because much of its area was on the same latitude of Illinois,
but its population included ten thousand slaves.
2. The Tallmadge amendments- the first stipulated that
slaves born in Missouri after statehood would be free at age
25; the second declared that no new slaves could be brought
into the state
3. The compromise- emerged in the Senate in 1820; Maine
enters the union as a free state and Missouri enters as a slave
state, maintaining the balance of slave and free states; the
Southern border of Missouri at the 36º30’ latitude would
become the permanent line dividing between slave states and
free states; temporarily solved the slavery debate.
V. Monroe and Adams
C. The Monroe Doctrine
1. Obtaining Florida
2. The Monroe Doctrine
monroe doctrine
•In foreign affairs Monroe
proclaimed the fundamental
policy that bears his name,
Monroe Doctrine.
•Monroe was responding to the
threat that Europe might try to
aid Spain in winning back her
former Latin American colonies.
•Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wanted
to protect new “republics” in the Western Hemisphere.
•Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed reconquest of Latin America and suggested that the United
States join in proclaiming "hands off."
Western Hemisphere
or the Americas.