Transcript Section 3 - Hillsdale Community Schools

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Development of the
Cold War
Section 2: The Soviet Union and
Eastern Europe
Section 3: Western Europe and
North America
Visual Summary
How can a nation
defend itself in the
nuclear age?
Cold War tensions due to the arms race
and the Cuban missile crisis made
Americans feel vulnerable to nuclear
attack. Families built bomb shelters and
children practiced “duck-and-cover” at
school, as shown in the photo. In this
chapter you will learn how political
tensions between countries can pose a
real threat of disaster.
• Why was the Cuban missile crisis
such a threat to the United States?
• How does terrorism pose a
threat today?
Development of the
Cold War
What differences between
the Soviet Union and the
United States led to the
conflict known as the
Cold War?
The Soviet Union and
Eastern Europe
How does a totalitarian
government differ from a
democratic system?
Western Europe and
North America
Why did World War II leave
society open to change?
The BIG Idea
Competition Among Countries A period of conflict
known as the Cold War developed between the United
States and the Soviet Union after 1945, dividing
Europe.
Content Vocabulary
• satellite states
• deterrence
• policy of containment
• domino theory
• arms race
Academic Vocabulary
• liberated
• nuclear
People, Places, and Events
• Truman Doctrine
• Warsaw Pact
• Dean Acheson
• SEATO
• Marshall Plan
• CENTO
• Berlin
• Nikita Khrushchev
• Federal Republic of Germany
• German Democratic Republic
• NATO
Should strong countries use their power to
influence the politics of other nations?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
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B
Confrontation of the Superpowers
After World War II, the United States
and the Soviet Union became fierce
rivals.
Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.)
• In 1949, the United States and its European
allies formed the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO).
• The United States wanted the newly freed
countries of Eastern Europe to hold free
elections, hoping they would establish
democratic governments.
• In 1955, the Soviet Union and its European
allies formed the Warsaw Pact.
Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.)
• The Soviet Union opposed the West’s plans,
fearing they would become anti-Communist,
and kept forces in the newly liberated
countries.
• U.S. President Harry S. Truman issued the
Truman Doctrine to persuade Greece,
Turkey, and other nations threatened by
Communist expansion to choose democratic
forms of government.
Balance of Power After World War II
Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.)
• U.S. secretary of state Dean Acheson
explained that the corruption of Greece
would likely spread to the nearby countries.
• The Marshall Plan was created to prevent
the spread of communism by providing $13
billion to rebuild war-torn Europe.
• The Eastern European satellite states
refused to participate.
Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.)
• The U.S. adopted a policy of containment
to prevent further Soviet aggressive moves.
• Berlin and the rest of Germany were divided
into four zones, each occupied by one of the
Alliesthe United States, the Soviet Union,
Great Britain, and France.
• In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany
was formally created in West Germany.
• The German Democratic Republic was set
up in East Germany by the Soviets.
How did the Western powers get food and
supplies to West Berlin despite the Soviet
blockade?
A. They airlifted the supplies.
0%
D
0%
C
D. They used tunnels left
over from the war.
B
C. They created the Berlin Trail.
A. A
B. B
C. 0%C
0%
D. D
A
B. They used a water route.
The Cold War Spreads
As Cold War tensions increased,
nations were forced to choose to
support the Soviet Union or the
United States.
The Cold War Spreads (cont.)
• Cold War tensions increased when China fell
to communism and the Soviet Union
exploded its first atomic bomb.
• Both sides began stockpiling weapons and
building up their armies, resulting in an arms
race.
Divided Germany and the Berlin Airlift
The Cold War Spreads (cont.)
• The belief was that nuclear weapons were a
form of deterrence because neither side
would launch a nuclear attack knowing the
other side would be able to strike back.
• In another attempt to prevent war and
provide mutual support, military alliances
were formed throughout the world.
The Cold War Spreads (cont.)
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
– Formed in April 1949
– Included the United States, Canada,
Belgium, Luxembourg, France, the
Netherlands, Great Britain, Italy, Denmark,
Norway, Portugal, Iceland, West Germany,
Greece, and Turkey
Major Developments In The
Cold War, 1947–1973
The Cold War Spreads (cont.)
• Warsaw Pact
– Formed in 1955
– Included the Soviet Union, Albania,
Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
Hungary, Poland, and Romania
The Cold War Spreads (cont.)
• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
(SEATO)
– Formed in 1954 to prevent Soviet
aggression in the East
– Included the United States, Great Britain,
France, Pakistan, Thailand, the
Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand
The Cold War Spreads (cont.)
• The Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)
– Formed in 1959 to prevent Soviet
expansion in the South
– Included Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Great
Britain, and the United States
The Cold War Spreads (cont.)
• In order to prevent East Berliners from
escaping to West Berlin, Nikita Khrushchev
ordered a wall to be built to divide the city.
• Fidel Castro set up a Soviet-supported
socialist regime in Cuba. U.S. President
John F. Kennedy authorized the
unsuccessful CIA plan to invade Cuba at the
Bay of Pigs.
The Cold War Spreads (cont.)
• During the Cuban missile crisis in 1962, the
United States blockaded a fleet of Soviet
ships carrying nuclear missiles to Cuba. The
threat of nuclear war was averted when the
Soviets turned back their fleet and the
United States agreed not to invade Cuba.
• The United States became involved in the
Vietnam War to prevent the Communist
regime of North Vietnam from invading and
gaining control of South Vietnam.
The Cold War Spreads (cont.)
• U.S. policy makers believed that if one
country fell to communism, the surrounding
countries would also fall. This became
known as the domino theory.
• Vietnam helped show the limitations of the
United States and resulted in a new era of
American-Soviet relations.
Which U.S. president finally withdrew
American forces from the Vietnam War?
A. John F. Kennedy
B. Richard Nixon
C. Harry S. Truman
D. Lyndon B. Johnson
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
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D.
B
A
B
C
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D
C
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D
The BIG Idea
Self-Determination The Soviet Union faced revolts
and protests in its attempt to gain and maintain control
over Eastern Europe.
Content Vocabulary
• heavy industry
• de-Stalinization
Academic Vocabulary
• enhanced
• sole
People and Places
• Soviet Union
• Hungary
• Alexander Solzhenitsyn
• Czechoslovakia
• Albania
• Imre Nagy
• Yugoslavia
• Aleksandr Dubček
• Tito
• Poland
People’s lives are affected when there
is a shift in government leadership.
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Postwar Soviet Leaders
The Soviet Union recovered rapidly
after World War II, but it could not
maintain high levels of industrial
production.
Postwar Soviet Leaders (cont.)
• After World War II, the Soviet Union
experienced a rapid recovery by focusing
on heavy industry rather than consumer
goods.
• Stalin’s harsh rule, political terror, and antiintellectual campaign came to an end with
his death on March 5, 1953.
Comparison Of Market And
Command Economies
Postwar Soviet Leaders (cont.)
• In order to undo some of Stalin’s worst policies,
Nikita Khrushchev implemented
de-Stalinization.
• Khrushchev loosened control over literary
and artistic works. Aleksander
Solzhenitsyn published a grim novel
based on life in a Siberian labor camp.
Postwar Soviet Leaders (cont.)
• Khrushchev’s policy of increasing consumer
goods, military spending, and agricultural
output were unsuccessful and hurt the Soviet
economy.
• Khrushchev’s foreign policy failures damaged
his reputation and resulted in his dismissal
from office.
What was the “final straw” that led to the
removal of Khrushchev from office?
A. His plan to place missiles
in Cuba failed.
0%
D
0%
A
D. His military spending
hurt the economy.
A
B
C0%
D
C
C. His plan for agriculture failed.
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. He repressed all
literary works.
Eastern Europe
After World War II, Soviet control of
Eastern Europe became firmly
entrenched.
Eastern Europe (cont.)
• Soviet-controlled Communist governments
were implemented in East Germany,
Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary, and
Czechoslovakia.
• Albania and Yugoslavia both had
Communist parties that resisted Soviet
control.
• Josip Broz, known as Tito, instituted a
collectivized plan in Yugoslavia that mirrored
Stalin’s example.
Eastern Europe (cont.)
• Even after Stalin’s death, the Soviet Union
made it clear to satellite nations such as
Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia,
that it would not allow them to become
independent.
• Protests began to erupt throughout Eastern
Europe.
• The Soviet Army attacked Budapest when
Imre Nagy, the Hungarian leader, declared
Hungary a free nation.
Eastern Europe (cont.)
• The Soviet army crushed a short-lived
reform in Czechoslovakia when Aleksandr
Dubček proposed reforms such as free
speech and relaxed censorship.
Which of the following nations was
able to avoid becoming a Soviet
satellite state?
A. Poland
B. Romania
C. Yugoslavia
D. Bulgaria
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The BIG Idea
Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Post-World War II
societies rebuilt their economies and communities, but
not without upheaval and change.
Content Vocabulary
• welfare state
• civil rights movement
• bloc
• consumer society
• real wages
• women’s liberation movement
Academic Vocabulary
• recovery
• minimal
People and Places
• France
• Martin Luther King, Jr.
• Charles de Gaulle
• Simone de Beauvoir
• Christian Democratic Union
• West Germany
• European Economic Community (EEC)
• John F. Kennedy
Do you think demonstrations and protest
marches are effective in changing public
opinion?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Western Europe: New Unity
After the end of World War II, most of
Western Europe recovered
economically and the region became
more unified.
Western Europe: New Unity (cont.)
• The Marshall Plan helped Western Europe
experience dramatic economic growth and
prosperity.
• France
– Charles de Gaulle formed a new
government in France under the Fifth
Republic.
Western Europe: New Unity (cont.)
– France became a major industrial
producer and exporter. France invested in
nuclear arms to try to become a world
power once again.
– In April 1969 de Gaulle resigned following
large government deficits, and cost-ofliving increases leading to widespread
public unrest including student protests
and a general labor strike.
European Economic Community, 1957
Western Europe: New Unity (cont.)
• West Germany
– The leader of the Christian Democratic
Union, Konrad Adenauer, sought respect
for West Germany.
– West Germany experienced an “economic
miracle” that lasted until an economic
downturn in the mid-1960s.
Western Europe: New Unity (cont.)
• Great Britain
– After World War II, Great Britain was left
with massive economic burdens and
created a modern welfare state.
– Great Britain gave up its colonial
strongholds and status as a world power.
Western Europe: New Unity (cont.)
– In order to form a European unity amid the
bitter divisions of the Cold War, six
European countries came together to form
the European Economic Community, or
EEC.
– The EEC was a free-trading bloc that
encouraged cooperation, and all nations
benefited economically.
Which of the following countries
experienced an “economic miracle” after
World War II?
A. France
B. East Germany
C. Great Britain
D. West Germany
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The U.S. after the War
In the years following World War II, the
United States faced a range of difficult
social and political issues.
The U.S. after the War (cont.)
• After World War II, social issues such as
equality for all minorities, especially African
Americans, became a priority in America.
• The rise of labor unions brought higher
wages to many Americans; the real wages
grew an average of 3% per year.
• A fear of communism, know as the “Red
Scare,” spread throughout the United States.
The U.S. after the War (cont.)
• After the assassination of John F. Kennedy,
Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson became
president and began the growth of a welfare
state.
• Johnson’s programs included health care for
the elderly, federal assistance for education,
assistance for the poor, and equal rights for
African Americans.
The U.S. after the War (cont.)
• The civil rights movement began in 1954
when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that
“separate but equal” schools were illegal.
• Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., led the
movement for racial equality.
• Under Johnson, the Civil Rights Act of 1964
and the Voting Rights Act were passed, but
racial tensions still existed.
The U.S. after the War (cont.)
• Race riots after the assassination of Martin
Luther King, Jr., and antiwar demonstrations
against the Vietnam War divided the
American people.
• Fearful of being lost in the shadow of the
United States, Canada established its own
identity in politics. Canada was a founding
member of the United Nations and joined
NATO.
The U.S. after the War (cont.)
• Canada created a welfare state with a
national social security system and a
national health insurance program.
Which U.S. president passed the Voting
Rights Act to make it easier for African
Americans to vote in Southern states?
A. John F. Kennedy
0%
D
0%
A
D. Lyndon B. Johnson
A
B
C0%
D
C
C. Harry S. Truman
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Richard Nixon
Changing Values
After World War II, advances in
technology and the struggle for rights
led to rapid change in Western society.
Changing Values (cont.)
• Computers, televisions, and jet planes are
just some of the new inventions that
changed the postwar society.
• Changes in the social structure of America
also occurred, such as the growth of the
middle class.
• A consumer society was born when the
working class became preoccupied with
buying goods.
Changing Values (cont.)
• Buying on credit and owning an automobile
were signs of the new consumerism.
• During World War II, women entered the
workforce in vast numbers. Once the
soldiers returned home, many women fell
back into traditional roles.
• By the 1960s, women began to rebel against
the inequalities facing them and started the
women’s liberation movement.
Changing Values (cont.)
• Simone de Beauvoir’s writings influenced
both the American and European women’s
movements.
• After the war, enrollments in Europe’s
universities grew dramatically by lower and
middle class students.
• Many universities were overcrowded and
outbursts of student revolts occurred.
What did Simone de Beauvoir write about?
A. Equality for women
B. Student revolts
0%
D
A
0%
C
D. Civil rights
A. A
B. B
0%C. 0%
C
D. D
B
C. Consumer society
POLITICAL DIVISION AND
CONFLICT During the Cold War
•
The United States and Soviet
Union became fierce political
rivals.
•
The United States provided aid
to countries threatened by
Communist expansion.
•
Each side formed alliances:
NATO (the U.S. and its allies)
and the Warsaw Pact (the Soviet
Union and its allies).
•
Political division led to a growing
arms race, the Berlin Wall, and
the Cuban missile crisis.
THE SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN
EUROPE During the Cold War
•
In its economy, the Soviet
Union emphasized heavy
industry, benefiting the military
over average citizens.
•
Stalin ruled by repression and
political terror.
•
Khrushchev tried to increase
farm and consumer products,
but his policies failed.
•
The Soviet Union gained
control over much of Eastern
Europe.
WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH
AMERICA During the Cold War
•
Economic aid from the Marshall
Plan helped Western Europe
recover from the devastation of
war.
•
Six nations formed the
European Economic
Community (EEC).
•
In the United States, Cold War
tensions led to war in Korea
and the “Red Scare.”
•
New technology and civil rights
struggles changed society.
Chapter Transparencies Menu
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Select a transparency to view.
satellite state
a country that is economically and
politically dependent on another
country
policy of containment
a plan to keep something, such as
communism, within its existing
geographical boundaries and prevent
further aggressive moves
arms race
building up armies and stores of
weapons to keep up with an enemy
deterrence
during the Cold War, the U.S. and
Soviet policies of holding huge
arsenals of nuclear weapons to
prevent war; each nation believed
that neither would launch a nuclear
attack since both knew that the other
side could strike back with
devastating power
domino theory
idea that if one country falls to
communism, neighboring countries
will also fall
liberated
freed
nuclear
being a weapon whose destructive
power comes from a chain reaction of
uranium or plutonium atoms
heavy industry
the manufacture of machines and
equipment for factories and mines
de-Stalinization
the process of eliminating Stalin’s
more ruthless policies
enhanced
improved
sole
being the only one
welfare state
a state in which the government takes
responsibility for providing citizens
with services such as health care
bloc
a group of nations with a common
purpose
real wages
the actual purchasing power of
income
civil rights movement
a movement that began in 1954 when the
U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the
practice of racial segregation (separation)
was illegal; led to passage of Civil Rights
Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act,
which created the means to end
segregation and discrimination in the
workplace and all public places and made
it easier for African Americans to vote in
Southern states, respectively
consumer society
a society preoccupied with
buying goods
women’s liberation movement
the renewed feminist movement of
the late 1960s, which demanded
political and economic equality
with men
recovery
an upturn
minimal
barely adequate
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