Transcript document

Chapter 20
Chapter 20
Japan – Section 1
– The United States could not trade with Japan
because Japan blocked outside trade, and barred
foreigners from entering and leaving the country.
– Commodore Matthew Perry’s mission was to open
trade with Japan,
– Commodore Perry sailed warships into Tokyo Bay.
The Japanese were awed by his powerful ships and
menacing guns.
– As a result, the Japanese signed a treaty opening
Japan for trade.
– The effect on Japan: they became an industrial
nation.
Chapter 20
Alaska
• Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska
from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867.
• Saw it as a stepping stone for trade with Asia and
Pacific.
• Many people called Alaska Seward’s Folly
because they thought it was a frozen wasteland.
• They changed their tune when valuable
discoveries of gold led to the Klondike and Alaska
gold rushes of 1897-1898.
Chapter 20
The Expansionist Mood
• In the late 1800’s, the idea of
expansionism replaced isolationism.
• Historian Frederick Jackson Turner
concluded that the American Frontier
was gone.
• Europe’s policy of expansionism sparked
America’s interest • American leaders thought if the United
States did not act soon, it might be shut
out of foreign markets and denied
resources.
Chapter 20
Expansionism (cont.)
• Alfred T. Mahan said that future U.S.
prosperity depended on building up trade
and the key was a powerful navy.
• Many Americans believed they had a
divine duty to spread Christian values and
western civilization around the world.
Chapter 20
Gaining Footholds in the Pacific
– Pacific Islands
• Hawaii
• Samoa
– Besides the United
States, Germany and
Britain wanted
possession of Samoa.
– After a typhoon
prevented a war,
Germany and the U.S.
divided Samoa.
Chapter 20
– In 1887, U.S. planters
forced the Hawaiian king
to accept a new
constitution.
– Queen Liliuokalani
refused to recognize the
constitution.
– On July 7, 1898, the U.S.
Congress voted to make
Hawaii a U.S. territory
Hawaii was annexed.
The Boxer Rebellion
• A secret Chinese society, called the
Boxers tried to expel foreigners.
• Outside powers crushed the rebellion. To
prevent other powers from seizing more
Chinese territory, Secretary of State John
Hay issued a second Open Door Policy to
preserve trade and keep foreign nations
from dividing China into separate pieces.
Chapter 20
Chapter 20
Spanish-American War
Causes
& Effects
• Spanish began a policy
of reconcentration.
• Cubans rose up
against Spanish rule
in 1895
• Americans called for
• Many Americans
the U.S. government to
were sympathetic
intervene in Cuba.
toward Cuba. Others
wanted to safeguard
American
investments in Cuba.
Chapter 20
Chapter 20
Causes
• Yellow journalists
wrote sensational
stories about
Spanish cruelty.
• William Randolph
Hearst focused
on Cuba for his
stories.
Chapter 20
• Americans blamed Spain for sinking the
U.S. battleship USS Maine, killing 260
men.
• (Effect: Americans called for the United
States to declare war on Spain.)
Chapter 20
• Spanish-American War
Causes
& Effects
• Dewey’s warships sank the Spanish
squadron at Manila Bay, Philippines.
• With help from Emilio Aguinaldo, Dewey
seized Manila.
• Effect: The United States gained control
of the Philippine Islands.
Chapter 20
Causes
&
Effects
• Teddy Roosevelt and
his Rough Riders,
along with 2 black
regiments led charge
up San Juan Hill.
• Later Spanish
soldiers at Santiago
surrendered.
• In a battle along the
Cuban coast, U.S.
ships destroyed the
Spanish fleet.
• Spain surrendered
Cuba two weeks
later.
Chapter 20
Cause/Effect: End of War
• Spain and the United
States signed a peace
treaty.
Terms of Treaty:
• Spain accepted Cuban
independence.
• Spain granted Puerto
Rico, the Philippines,
Guam and Wake Island
to the United States.
• The United States paid
$20 million.
Chapter 20
Causes
&
• The United States forced
Cuba to add the Platt
Amendment to its
constitution.
Effects
• Limited Cuba’s abilities to
make treaties or borrow
money.
• Gave the United States
the right to intervene in
Cuban affairs.
• Allowed the United States
to a base in Guantanamo
Bay.
Chapter 20
Causes
&
The Foraker Act of
1900 was passed
setting up a
government in Puerto
Rico.
• Filipino rebels
renewed their fight for
independence.
Effects
• Gave Puerto Ricans
limited self-rule.
• After 3 years of
fighting, Emilio
Aguinaldo was
captured and fighting
came to an end.
• Puerto Rico is still a
commonwealth of the
Chapter 20
U.S.
Chapter 20
The United States and Panama
• In 1902, the United States wanted to build a
canal across Panama linking the Pacific and
Atlantic oceans.
• After helping Panama win its independence from
Colombia, the United States and Panama signed
a treaty that gave the United States permanent
use and control of a 10-mile wide zone across
the Isthmus of Panama.
• An isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting
two large land masses.
• In return, the United States paid Panama $10
million plus $250,000Chapter
a year
in rent.
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Map of Isthmus of Panama (isthmus),
Panama
Chapter 20
• Construction of the Panama Canal began in
1904 and was completed in 1914.
• The biggest obstacle was disease - malaria and
yellow fever. Over 6,000 workers died.
Chapter 20
Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy
• Roosevelt wanted the world to know that the
United States would not hesitate to use force if
diplomacy failed.
• In 1904, European nations considered military
force in the Dominican Republic. Roosevelt
wanted to prevent this. He announced a new
policy that became known as the Roosevelt
Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
• This policy stated that the United States had the
right to exercise an international police force to
restore order in disputes between U.S. neighbors
and foreign nations.
Chapter 20
Big Stick Diplomacy - political cartoon
"the new diplomacy" is on Roosevelt's nightstick
He is depicted as a police officer exercising international
police power
"Speak softly and carry a big stick,
you will go far"
Chapter 20
• Later, the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine declared that
the United States would exercise "international police power" to get Latin
American nations to honor their financial commitments.
• Americans began to be concerned when British, German, and Italian
gunboats blockaded Venezuela’s ports in 1902 because the Venezuelan
government defaulted on its debts to foreign bondholders. European
intervention in Latin America would undermine America's dominance in
the region.
• As part of his annual address to Congress in 1904, President Theodore
Roosevelt stated that in keeping with the Monroe Doctrine the United
States was justified in exercising "international police power" to put an
end to chronic unrest or wrongdoing in the Western Hemisphere. This
came to be called the Roosevelt Corollary. Ironically, the Monroe
Doctrine's purpose had been to prevent intervention in the internal
affairs of Latin American countries. The Roosevelt Corollary sought to
justify such intervention whenever the American government thought it
was necessary.
• It wasn't long before the corollary was put into action. The Dominican
Republic could not pay its debts and to protect American interests the
United States took over the customs houses and established a customs
receivership.
• Roosevelt was fond of the African proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big
stick, you will go far." His foreign policy style has come to be called Big
Stick diplomacy.
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
• Dollar diplomacy was based on the idea
that economic ties were the best way to
expand American influence.
• As a result, American bankers and
business leaders invested heavily in Asia
and Latin America.
• Dollar diplomacy led to U.S. military
intervention in Nicaragua, Haiti, and
Honduras.
Chapter 20
Chapter 20
Woodrow Wilson’s Foreign Policy
• Wilson believed that U.S. foreign policy should
support and nurture democracy throughout the
world.
• After Porfirio Diaz was overthrown, Wilson’s policy
toward Mexico was one of “watchful waiting.”
• In 1914, Wilson intervened in Veracruz, Mexico
and sent the Navy in after American soldiers were
arrested in Tampico.
• In 1916, the United States was drawn into Mexican
affairs again when Poncho Villa’s rebels raided and
burned the town of Columbus, New Mexico.
Chapter 20
• The United States responded by sending
soldiers into Mexico to pursue Villa.
– Troops led by General John J. Pershing,
later withdrew.
– This episode poisoned relations with
Mexico for years.
– Add to notes: Europe’s policy of
expansionism sparked America’s
interest in expanding because we were
afraid we would be left out.
Chapter 20
Test Review
Chapter 20