Transcript The Machine Age and the Vitality and Turmoil of Urban Life, 1877

Key Terms
 Henry Ford
 Urbanization
 Assembly Line
 Mechanization
 5 Dollar A Day Plan
 Craftsmen
 Scientific Management
 Frederick W. Tyalor
 Branding/Advertising
 Vertical Integration
 Horizontal Integration
 Profit Sharing
 Unions
 Strikes
 Immigration
 I. Consumption and Production
 II. Inventors and Businessmen
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A. Thomas Edison
B. Andrew Carnegie
III. Henry Ford—A Case Study
A.
Horizontal Integration
B.
Vertical Integration
C.
Branding Marketing
D.
Financing
 IV. Workers
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A. Loss of Position as Producers
B. Become Employees and Consumers
C. Scientific Management
D. Women
E. Children
F. Accidents
G. Free Labor Contract
 Industrialization critical, not only because it transformed
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the lives of Americans and the relationships between
Americans, but because it transformed America’s
relationship with the world, leading to its reign as a
superpower.
Industrialization increased the power of government .
It transformed workers’ relationships with their
production.
It transformed the family and culture by ushering in an age
of consumption and leisure.
It spawned mass urbanization that created sanitary crises
and racial conflicts.
“ I am going to democratize the automobile.”
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The combination of machines and workers still required meticulous hand-work in some
industries. Often women with nimble fingers could find jobs in industries such as jewelry and
watch-making where, as at this room at the Elgin National Watch Company, they could swiftly
manipulate tiny production processes.
Chicago Historical Society
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The changing lengths of the bar segments of each part of this graph represent trends in male
and female employment. Over the forty years covered by this graph, the agriculture, fishing,
and mining segment for men and the domestic service segment for women declined the most,
whereas notable increases occurred in manufacturing for men and professional services
especially store clerks and teachers for women.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of the United States, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910, 1920
[Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office].
 The percentage of children in
the labor force peaked
around the turn of the
century. Thereafter, the
passage of state laws
requiring children to attend
school until age fourteen and
limiting the ages at which
children could be employed
caused child labor to decline.
Data from The Statistical History of the United States from Colonial Times
to the Present [Stamford, Conn.: Fairfield Publishers, 1965].
 As textile mills often employed young children, so too did the food-
processing industry. In 1913, Rosie, age seven, worked full time at the Varn
& Platt Canning Company, in Bluffton, South Carolina. She started at 4
a.m. every day and did not go to school.
Library of Congress
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On March 25, 1911, the worst factory fire in U.S. history occurred at the Triangle Shirtwaist
Company, which occupied the top three floors of a building in New York City. Fed by piles of
fabric, the fire spread quickly, killing 146 of the 500 young women, mostly Jewish immigrants,
employed in the factory. Many of the victims, lined up at the morgue in this scene, were trapped
inside rooms locked by their employer; others plunged to their death out of the upperstory
windows.
Juanita Hadwin Collector. Triangle Fire Lantern Slides, Kheel Center,
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-3901
 Big Business vs. Labor
 Team A: Big Business
 Team B: Labor
 Team C: Divided Between the Two
Did Industrialization supplant Americans’ identities as
craftsmen?