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Jeffersonian America
The Barbary Pirates
• 1st American war against terrorist
• Four Barbary States of North Africa - Morocco,
Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli
• Survived on blackmail and tribute
• 1799 the United States agreed to pay $18,000 a
year in return for a promise that Tripoli-based
corsairs would not molest American ships.
Similar agreements were made at the time with
the rulers of Morocco, Algiers, and Tunis.
The Barbary Pirates
• By 1805, the small
but effective U.S.
Navy had beaten the
Barbary states
• In 1815, the U.S. had
to repeat their action
and totally defeated
the pirates.
Jefferson and the West
• Passed laws to enable small farmers to
buy land in the West
• He dreamed of a land of yeoman farmers
• Reduced land requirements from 320
acres to 160 acres
• Later cut to 80 acres at $1.25 an acre.
The Louisiana Purchase
• 1801 Napoleon
Bonaparte dictator of
France reacquires
Louisiana from Spain.
• He orders Spain to
restrict the Americans
use of the port at New
Orleans.
• Jefferson sends James
Monroe and Robert
Livingston to negotiate
the purchase of New
Orleans
Louisiana Purchase
• Napoleon offers to sell all of Louisiana for
$15 million
• Forced Jefferson to consider his strict
constructionist view of the Constitution
• Sends two expeditions West – Lewis and
Clark and Zebulon Pike
• Spain gets nervous about these moves
Lewis and Clark
• In February 1803 at the urging of President Thomas
Jefferson, Congress approved spending $2,500 (Final
cost was $38,727) for a small U.S. Army expedition.
• Their assignment was to ascend the Missouri River to its
source, cross the continental divide, and follow the
Columbia River to its mouth at the Pacific Ocean.
• Jefferson chose 28-year-old Meriwether Lewis as leader
for the group he called the Corps of Discovery.
• Lewis selected a former army comrade, 32-year-old
William Clark to be his co-leader.
• The expedition began May 14, 1804, as the group left
Camp Wood River (Illinois). The expedition returned to
St. Louis on September 23, 1806.
Zebulon Pike
• Explorer who is famous for discovering
Pike's Peak in Colorado.
• He led two expeditions to explore the U.S.
The first, in 1805, had as its goal the
discovery of the headwaters of the
Mississippi River.
• The second expedition, which took place
the very next year, explored the
Southwest.
The Burr Conspiracy and Trial
• Attempt to remove the western states and
territory from the Union
• Conquer Texas and Mexico
• Supporters included prominent Western
politicians
• Trial – Richmond ; Burr found innocent of
treason.
Tecumseh
• The Prophet – brother of Tecumseh
• By 1805 the Prophet and Tecumseh were
preaching a message of Indian resistance and
renaissance.
• “pan-Indianism” where tribes put aside their
tribal differences to present a unified front
against the Americans.
Tecumseh
• In 1808 the brothers established Prophetstown
• Disgruntled Indians from all over the Old
Northwest began to move to Prophetstown.
• The Prophet was a mystic who claimed powers
to cure diseases, to confuse enemies, and to
prevent death on the battlefield.
• Tecumseh was more legalistic and pragmatic,
but no less persuasive.
• He concentrated on preserving Indian land and
culture.
Tecumseh
• By 1811 nearly 1,000 (one thousand) warriors
and their families lived at Prophetstown.
• Tecumseh and the South
• The Red Sticks
• William Henry Harrison and Tippecanoe
Tecumseh
• American correctly blamed the British in Canada
for meddling in US Indian affairs. The Indian War
in the Old Northwest, with other issues between
the US and Great Britain, became the catalysts
for the War of 1812.
• Congress declared war on Britain on 28 June
1812.
The Embargo Act
• Napoleonic Wars in Europe threatened
U.S. commerce
• Great Britain and France did not respect
America’s neutrality.
• France seized American ships that had
stopped in Britain
• 8,000 American sailors were impressed
into British naval service
• Chesapeake Incident
The Embargo Act
• Jefferson devises the Embargo Act of
1807 prohibited American ships from
leaving the U.S.
• Exports fell from $108 million to $22
million.
The Embargo
• Jefferson believed that Americans would
cooperate with the embargo out of a sense
of patriotism.
• Instead, smuggling flourished, particularly
through Canada.
• To enforce the embargo, Jefferson took
steps that infringed on his most cherished
principles: individual liberties and
opposition to a strong central government.
The Embargo
• When Madison becomes President in 1809, he
replaced it with the Non-Intercourse Act, which
reopened trade with all nations except Britain
and France.
• Macon's Bill No. 2. - This policy reopened trade
with France and Britain. It stated, however, that
if either Britain or France agreed to respect
America's neutral rights, the United States would
immediately stop trade with the other nation.
Road to War
• Napoleon seized on this new policy in an
effort to entangle the United States in his
war with Britain. He announced a repeal of
all French restrictions on American trade.
• President Madison snapped at the bait. In
early 1811, he cut off trade with Britain
and recalled the American minister.
Road to War
• For 19 months, the British went without
American trade.
• Food shortages, mounting unemployment,
and increasing inventories of unsold
manufactured goods finally convinced
Britain to end their restrictions on
American trade
The War Hawks
• Republican
Congressmen from the
West who pushed for war
with Britain
• Henry Clay from
Kentucky and John C.
Calhoun of South
Carolina pushed Madison
toward war
• June, 1812 War is
declared by slim margins.
The War of 1812
• August 16, 1812 British capture Ft.
Mackinac Michigan. U.S. lost fort as British
invade American territory.
• Invasion attempts of Canada
– 1812 U.S.--Canadian border 3 attempts of
U.S. to invade Canada all fail.
• 1812 Constitution vs. Guerriere- - Atlantic
Ocean -Victory by U.S. ship ("Old
Ironsides"). Other privateers captured or
burned British ships.
The War of 1812
• April 1813 Battle of York
(Toronto), U.S. troops
took control of Great
Lakes, burn York. This
action later returned by
British burning of
Washington, D.C.
• September 1813 Battle of
Lake Erie Put-in-BayBritish naval attack
repulsed by Capt. Perry.
The War of 1812
• October 1813 Battle
of Thames Ontario,
Canada Tecumseh
killed in U.S. victory.
NW Indians
weakened by battle.
• March 1814 Battle of
Horseshoe Bend
Mississippi Territory
Andrew Jackson
defeated Creek
Indians.
The War of 1812
• British plan 3-part invasion
of U.S.: Chesapeake Bay,
Lake Champlain, & mouth
of Mississippi River
• 1814- Washington, D.C.British burned capital's
buildings, but were turned
back at Baltimore harbor.
“Star Spangled Banner”
• September 1814 Battle of
Plattsburgh - - Lake
Champlain U.S. secured
northern border with victory
over larger British force.
Dissent and Treaty
• Hartford Convention December 15,1814
Hartford, ConnecticutGroup of Federalists
discussed secession,
propose 7 amendments to
protect influence of
Northeast states.
• December 24,1814 Treaty
of Ghent - -Ghent,
Belgium- British and
American diplomats agreed
on status quo ante bellum
The Battle of New Orleans
• Battle of New Orleans - January 1815 New Orleans- Jackson's forces defeated
British. 700 British killed, 1400 wounded.
U.S. losses: 8 killed, 13 wounded
The Marshall Court
• 1801 John Marshall
named and approved as
the Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court
• Marbury v Madison
(1803) – established the
policy of Judicial Review.
• 1805 The Burr
Conspiracy – a plan to
capture Texas from Spain
or capture Louisiana.
Marshall finds Burr
innocent of treason
Marshall Court
• Dartmouth v Woodward (1819)–
safeguards property rights of chartered
corporations
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) –Interprets
Constitution to give broad powers to
national government. States can not tax
Federal Banks
• Gibbon v. Ogden (1824) – Gives national
government jurisdiction over interstate
commerce
Changes in Agriculture
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People attempting to own land
Iron plows
Crop Rotation
Fertilizers
Diversification of livestock and crops
Western Problems – getting crops to
market - Start of the canal boom.
The Era of Good Feelings
• Period of nationalism
– National funds for road improvements
– Growth of canals
– 2nd Bank of the United States
– The end of the Federalist party
– Democrat Republicans divide into states’
rightist and nationalist
– James Monroe is President
Rush-Bagot Treaty 1818
• Negotiated by John Quincy Adams
• Limit British and U.S. naval forces on the
Great Lakes
• The boundary between the U.S. and
Canada at the Louisiana Purchase would
be 49th parallel
Adams – Onis Traety