Transcript Chapter 7 AMSCO review Final - apusmiskinis2012-2013

Chapter 7:
The Age of Jefferson
(1800-1816)
Nancy Yang
Argument
• Although significant domestic gains characterized
Jefferson’s first term, his second term and James
Madison’s presidency were primarily dominated
by foreign issues that led to economic failures and
divided feelings within America.
Jefferson’s Presidency
• 1800-1808
• Democratic-Republican
• believed in a limited central government
• kept national bank and dept-repayment plan that
Hamilton established because he wanted to maintain
good relations with opposing party: Federalists
• hoped to make America into an agrarian
society of independent farmers
• leads to the Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson’s Domestic Reforms
• Jefferson’s first term was primarily focused on
domestic interests and issues.
• Louisiana Purchase (1803)
– Reasons for purchase:
» valuable trading ports in New Orleans
» unrestricted access to trade routes along Mississippi and
Missouri rivers
» enlarges the United States to help further Jefferson’s
dreams of a society of farmers rather than industrialists
(more farm land for settlers)
» removes presence and control of foreign powers within the
United States
» keeps United States from getting entangled in European
affairs
Jefferson’s Domestic Reforms (cont.)
– purchased for $15 million dollars through negotiations with
France, who sought funds to fight war with Britain
– increased Jefferson’s popularity (although presidents did not
have the power to purchase lands)
– lead to Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806): helped to
develop maps for fur trappers and future western settlers,
increased knowledge of unexplored western lands, and led to
improved relations with Native Americans living in the west
• Marbury v. Madison (1803):
– ruled by John Marshall
– Jefferson wanted to get rid of “midnight appointments”
(midnight judges) made by former president, John Adams
Jefferson’s Domestic Reforms (cont.)
– Jefferson kept Secretary of State James Madison from
delivering commissions
– William Marbury, one of Adam’s “midnight appointments,”
sued for his commission
– Case results:
» Marbury had right to commissions under Judiciary
Review of 1789
» Judiciary Review of 1789: unconstitutional, Marbury not
given commission
» Judicial Review established
• The Louisiana Purchase and the establishment of judicial review were
significant gains in Jefferson’ s presidency that have improved the U.S. and
continue to exist; however, aside from these two gains, the early 1800’s
experienced little domestic advancement.
Jefferson’s Foreign affairs
Jefferson’s foreign policies were not as successful as his
domestic policies and ultimately lead to increased hostility
and weakened trade between the U.S. and Britain.
• Barbary Pirates: Jefferson refused to pay high sums, demanded by
the pirates, to ensure safety of U.S. ships sailing in the
Mediterranean
• sends naval vessels to fight pirates, fighting lasts 4 years
(1801-1805), no victory for either sides
• British and impressment of U.S. sailors
• Napoleonic Wars: caused naval blockades of enemy ports
(decreased U.S. trade) and regular seizing of U.S. ships and
cargo
Jefferson’s Foreign affairs (cont.)
• Chesapeake-Leopard affair (1807): off coast of VA, British
warship Leopard fires on U.S. warship Chesapeake and leads to 3
Americans killed and 4 taken captive for impressment
• anti-British sentiment increases in Americans
• Jefferson takes no real action
• Embargo Act (1807): prohibits U.S. merchants from sailing to
or trading in foreign ports
• intended to harm Britain; instead, brings economic depression onto
U.S. merchants
• repealed in 1809, but still no trade with Britain or France
Madison’s Presidency
• 1808-1816; Democratic-Republican
• Failed to regain trade with Britain and France:
– Nonintercourse Act of 1809
– Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)
• War of 1812:
– Causes:
• continued impressment of U.S. sailors by British ships
• western settlers’ interests in British Canada and Spanish Florida
• lack of trade with European countries due to ongoing war between Britain
and France
• British support of Native American revolts against settlers on the western
frontier (ex. Battle of Tippecanoe – 1811)
– America sides with France due to remembrance of Britain’s cruel
treatment towards colonies before and during the American Revolution
Madison’s Presidency (cont.)
– Battles:
• Invasion of Canada (1812-1813) fuels British hatred of U.S
• 1812 – U.S. warship Constitution (“Old Ironsides”) sinks British ship
– raises U.S. morale
• Spring of 1814 – British forces defeat France and increase forces in U.S.
• American victories:
– Battle at Lake Erie (1813)
– Battle of Thames River (1813)
– Battle at Lake Champlain (1814)
– Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 1814)
– Battle of New Orleans (1815)
– Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 24, 1814) ended War of 1812 with stalemate
and no gains for either side
Divided Feelings towards the War
• Anti-War:
– called war “Mr. Madison’s War”
– believed war threatened U.S. trade and foreign relations
– New England Merchants: unhappy with the decrease in ship
manufacturing and trade caused by the war
– “Quids” or “Old Republicans”: criticized war as violation of
classic Republican commitment to limited federal power and
maintenance of peace
– radical Federalists saw war as Republican attempt to increase
voting strength
• Hartford Convention (Dec. 1814)
– ultimately weakened Federalists
Anti-War Sentiment
Divided Feelings towards the War
• Pro-War:
– War Hawks
• argued for war with Britain to protect U.S. honor, gain Canada, and
weaken Native American resistance in the west
“ What, Mr. Speaker, are we called on to decide? It is
whether we will resist by force the attempt, made by
that Government [Britain], to subject our maritime
rights to arbitrary and capricious rule of her will; for
my part I am not prepared to say that this country shall
submit to have her commerce interdicted or regulated,
by any foreign nation. Sir, I prefer war to submission.”
- Felix
Grundy