Transcript Cold War Conflicts

Cold War Conflicts
Protecting Democracy
Events & Policies of Study
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Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Military Alliances
Berlin Airlift
Korean War
McCarthyism
Sputnik I
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Space Race
Cuban Missile Crisis
Domino Theory
Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution
• Vietnam War
• War Powers Act
Truman Doctrine
Introduces the concept of CONTAINMENT:
– U.S. policy to stop communism from spreading
“I believe that it must be the
policy of the United States
to support free peoples who
are resisting attempted
subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside
pressures…If we falter in
our leadership, we may
endanger the peace of the
world – and we shall surely
endanger the welfare of our
own nation.”
- Harry Truman, 1947
Truman Doctrine
Why?
Russia’s Buffer Zone
• Countries under
Soviet Control:
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POLAND
ROMANIA
LATVIA
LITHUANIA
ESTONIA
MANCHURIA
The Marshall Plan
• Established Apr. 12,
1947 as the European
Recovery Program
• Named for George C.
Marshall, whose
speech after WWII
spurred its creation
• U.S. would help rebuild
the economies of
nations in Western
Europe
Putting our Money where our
Mouth is…
Putting our Money where our
Mouth is…
Marshall Plan
– U.S. would help
rebuild the
economies of Europe
– Why?
– Countries would look
to us instead of the
Soviet Union
Organizing for Containment
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
– 12 Western
European Nations
The Warsaw Pact
formed to
counter NATO
The Division of Germany
US, Britain, &
France occupy
Western Germany
to create a
democratic West
German
government
Berlin Airlift
June 24, 1948 – May 11, 1949
– USSR blockades West
Berlin
– Allies bring supplies to
the peoples of West
Berlin by plane
– USSR (Soviet Union)
couldn’t/wouldn’t stop
the supply planes
Organizing for Containment
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
– 12 Western
European Nations
The Warsaw Pact
formed to
counter NATO
Korean War
June 25, 1950 – July 27, 1953
Why?
– North and South Korea
divided at the 38 parallel
by the United Nations
– N. K. invades S.K. causing
the U.S. to intervene
Key Points
– U.S. involved because of
containment policy
– Ended with no clear
victory for the U.S.
Space Race
Oct. 4, 1957 - 1969
– Begins with
Russia’s launch of
Sputnik I
– 1958: U.S. sends 1st
Satellite, Explorer I,
to space
– NASA (National
Aeronautics Space
Administration)
created to expanded
space research
– 1969 moon landing
Cuban Missile Crisis
– U.S. (spy) plane takes
pictures of Russian
missile bases in
Havana, Cuba,
pointed toward the
U.S.
– JFK wins a “stare
down” with Nikita
Khrushchev
– Closest to nuclear war
we have ever come
The Second Red Scare
Joseph McCarthy
– U.S. senator claimed to
have a list of known
Communists in the
government
– Americans believed
him seeing communism
spread around the
world
– History proved him
somewhat right
Domino Theory
Dwight Eisenhower puts
theory into words in 1954:
“You have a row of
dominoes set up, you knock
over the first one, and what
will happen to the last one
is the certainty that it will
go over very quickly.”
Basically:
If you allow one country in
Southeast Asia to fall to
communism, eventually ALL
of SE Asia will fall.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Aug. 10, 1964
– Aug. 2-3, 1964 – two U.S. destroyers,
USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy, are
engaged by North Vietnamese navy
– Congress allows President Lyndon
Johnson to authorize military action
without Congress’s approval
• Effectively allows Johnson to declare war, something no
president before or after has had the power to do.
Vietnam War
1955 – 1975 (U.S. military involvement begins 1963)
– 1960 - U.S. has 900 military
advisors to help S. Vietnam
• After JFK is elected it
expands to 16,000
– 1963 – JFK supports
Vietnamese coup d’etat,
but emperor is murdered
and weeks later JFK is
assassinated
– 1964 – Tonkin Gulf
Resolution – LBJ’s “Blank
Check”
– 1965 – Operation Rolling
Thunder
• First sustained bombing
of N. Vietnam
Vietnam War
1955 – 1975 (U.S. military involvement begins 1963)
• Things to Key On
– Vietnam is the second war fought
because of containment policy
– Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – immediate
cause for our entry
– No clear victory for the United States
– First Televised War
•Led to major anti-war protests in the U.S.
Why are we there?
Vietnam War Protests
Consequences of Vietnam War:
 26th Amendment: 18-year-olds vote
 Nixon abolished the draft
All-volunteer army
 War Powers Act, 1973
Limited President’s powers in wartime:
President must notify Congress within
48 hours of deploying military force
President must withdraw forces unless
he gains Congressional approval
within 90 days
President can’t declare war w/o
Congress’s approval