Transcript Ch.17 – Imperialism Notes

IMPERIALISM
Chapter 17
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Imperialism – economic and political domination;
growing feeling of cultural superiority
European countries exerting control over
territories where they have invested interest;
colonies and protectorates
Europeans looking overseas for places to sell
products because tariffs reduced trade among
industrialized states.
Social Darwinism and Imperialism
Anglo-Saxonism – English speaking nations have
superiority over those that do not speak the
language
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American thoughts/beliefs
leading to Imperialism:
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Monroe Doctrine
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Manifest Destiny
 Factors that influenced
Imperialism:
1) Economic competition
2) Political/Military competition
(Navy)
3) Racial/Cultural superiority
 Purchase of Alaska (1867) $7.2 million
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William Seward
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“Seward’s Folly”
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Discovery of gold in 1897
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Military Strength
Admiral Alfred Mahan –
Influence of Sea Power Upon
History
Wanted to avoid being shut out
of foreign markets
Anti-Imperialism in the United
States
Objections on moral and
practical grounds
U.S. wasn’t giving Constitutional
protections, maintaining military
force prohibited economic
growth
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Why Hawaii? – interests in trade with Asia
Commodore Matthew Perry sent to Japan to
force Japan to trade with U.S. (Japanese
impressed and sign trade treaty)
U.S. exempted Hawaiian sugar from taxes –
part of the trade deal was Pearl Harbor –
boom in sugar
McKinley Tariff passed a tariff on sugar–
cripples Hawaiian economy
Queen Lilioukalani and voting rights
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U.S. organized a rebellion to overthrow Queen (to
keep peace)
January 1893, U.S.S. Boston appeared in
Honolulu Harbor with a force of U.S. Marines
Queen taken captive; provisional governor put in
place – Sanford Dole
Hawaii recognized as a republic, and if they
people wanted, it would be annexed into the
United States
12 August 1898 – Hawaii becomes U.S. territory
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Pan-Americanism:
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Conference called in Washington, DC to discuss
how the U.S. and Latin American countries could
promote peace and trade.
Organization of American States:
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Latin American countries rejected a lot of what
was discussed in the Pan-American conference
Did agree to develop a collective body
(Commercial Bureau of the American Republics)
that would promote cooperation among states in
western hemisphere
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1860, Dems. called for Cuba to enter as a slave
state
American capitalists invested millions in Cuban
economy (sugar plantations)
Jose’ Marti’ organized Cuban resistance to win
independence from Spain (guerilla tactics)
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Valeriano Weyler sent from Spain to squash the
rebellion (put 300,000 Cubans in reconcentration
camps)
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Destroyed thousands of acres including American
sugar plantations
Known as El Carnicero – “The Butcher”
September 1895 – Republic of Cuba established
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United States was to
be neutral in the Cuban
war with Spain
William Rudolph Heart
and Joseph Pulitzer
wrote stories about the
atrocities against the
Cubans by Weyler
(sensationalism)
Yellow Journalism –
exaggerated stories to
attract readers
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By the time McKinley takes office, Americans
calling for the U.S. to get involved.
Weyler recalled to Spain; Cuba offered limited
self-government
New York Journal gets a letter written by
Enrique De Lome (Spanish Minister to U.S.)
Letter calls President McKinley weak.
Hearst publicized the De Lome letter under
the screaming headline: "WORST INSULT TO
THE UNITED STATES IN ITS HISTORY."
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Ordered to Cuba to protect
American lives and property and to
evacuate Americans if necessary.
15 January 1898 – ship explodes
killing 260 American sailors.
Why did the U.S.S. Maine
explode?
U.S. reversed isolationist policies
Congress declared war, but only
after adopting the Teller
Amendment - the amendment
made it clear that the United
States did not harbor imperialist
ambitions, and it announced that
the United States would not
acquire Cuba.
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20 April 1898 – U.S. and Spain go to war
Philippines:
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George Dewey storms Manila Bay and destroys Spanish
fleet
Spanish lost 381 men to the U.S. 1
On the way, U.S. forces captured Guam (Spanish territory)
Cuba:
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June 1898 – U.S. lands in Cuba
Rough Riders – volunteer cavalry unit under Leonard
Wood and Teddy Roosevelt
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Kettle Hill
San Juan Hill
U.S.S. Oregon – finished off remainder of Spanish fleet
Spain surrenders
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War lasted 16 weeks; 5400 Americans died
(only 379 from battle)
Treaty of Paris (1898): 10 December 1898
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Cuba would become independent
Spain would give Puerto Rico and Guam to the
United States (territories)
U.S. would pay $20 million for annexation of
Philippines.
Foraker Act (1900) – Puerto Rico would
become a territory, but not granted citizenship;
“unincorporated territory”
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Emilio Aguianaldo – believed U.S. promised
independence and felt betrayed; declared Philippines
independent
Guerilla attacks against American forces
U.S. forced Philippine people to live in designated
zones
Those that favored annexing believed islands would
provide naval base in Asia, become large market for
goods, American duty to teach “less civilized” people
how to live
Many opposed including Carnegie, Samuel Gompers,
Jane Addams, and Mark Twain
William Howard Taft provincial governor – introduced
reforms that eased tensions
4 July 1946 – Philippines becomes independent
republic
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U.S. appointed military governor of island
Limited rights of Puerto Ricans: no alcohol or
tobacco, must learn English, limited freedom of
press
U.S. felt once Puerto Rico could govern
themselves, they should be independent
Importance of Puerto Rico:
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Maintain U.S. presence in the Caribbean
Protect future Panama Canal
Foraker Act (1900) – Puerto Rico would become a
territory, but not granted citizenship;
“unincorporated territory”
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Teller Amendment - U.S. has no intention of
controlling Cuba
Platt Amendment:
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Cuba could not make treaties that might limit
independence or allow for foreign control
U.S. could intervene to preserve independence and
maintain order
Cuba couldn’t go into debt
U.S. could buy or lease land for naval stations
(Guantanamo Bay)
U.S. would not withdraw until Platt Amendment
added to Cuban constitution
Cuba becomes a protectorate
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U.S. had no intention of
spreading into China;
growing global interest
in Chinese trade
Open Door Policy put
into place to protect
American interest in
trading with China
(ensure Chinese ports
would stay open for
international trade with
other nations)
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Many Chinese angry about
potential Western trade
“Boxers” – secret society that
rose to revolt; killed hundreds
of missionaries and converts to
Christianity
Seized foreign embassies in
Beijing
U.S. passed resolution that
said the U.S. would protect
equal and impartial trade with
all parts of Chinese Empire
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Russia, Korea, and Japan
Japan and Russia were at odds over Korea
1904 – Japanese attacked Russian Pacific Fleet and then
Russian Atlantic Fleet (defeating both); eventually secures
Manchuria
Treaty of Portsmouth:
 Russian and Japanese delegates meet with President
Roosevelt in New Hampshire
 Japan would accept half of Sakhalin Island and forego a
cash payment they wanted from Russia
 Russia agreed to let Japan take over Manchuria and
Korea
 Roosevelt’s actions helped him earn the 1906 Nobel
Peace Prize
Great White Fleet – sailed around the world demonstrating
military power (stopped in Japan)
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Hay-Pauncefote Treaty gave
the United States to control
the canal area in Panama
and build the structure
Panama under control of
Colombia; Panamanian
revolt against Colombians –
Panama gains
independence
U.S. signs treaty that
guarantees Panama’s
independence and U.S.
control over canal region.
5,600 died during
construction from accidents
or disease
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Monroe Doctrine – U.S. stay
involved in Latin American affairs
Roosevelt worried about large
sums of debt accumulated by
Latin American countries
“Speak Softly and Carry a Big
Stick”
Enforce the Monroe Doctrine,
but if anything happened in
region, U.S. would act as a
police force
Taft and Dollar Diplomacy –
justification of keeping European
powers out of Latin America