Transcript File

Expansionism and Containment
Key Terms
• Expansionism:
• the attempt to enlarge territorial and ideological
influence beyond a country’s borders and allies
• Practiced by both the Soviet Union and USA
• Spheres of Influence
• Territories and countries over which a powerful country
dominates
• The countries that the western Allies had liberated from
Nazi Germany fell under American sphere of influence,
whereas those liberated by the Soviets fell under their
sphere
THE MARSHALL PLAN 1947
(Marshall Aid)
What Was it?
•
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• Who was Marshall?
•An American General and American Secretary of State,
sent to assess the economic state of Europe
It was thought
that these were
the conditions
in which
communism
thrived
WHY?
Economies in
ruins
Details
Shortages of
goods
Bread still
rationed
Coal shortages –
in GB electricity
cuts each day
Marshall’s reaction
• ___________________________________________
• Congress against it UNTIL Czechoslovakia became Communist and
death of Jan Masaryk
• 1948 – Plan passes by Congress – to last four years
What a nice gesture by the Americans.
• Yes BUT…..
• The aid came in the form of goods made by American firms
• So there was an
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And Stalin
• He hated Marshall Aid!!
• Forbade Eastern European countries from having
anything to do with it
• Regarded as anti-Communist
• __________________________________________
__________________________________________
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• And Eastern countries would swing to the US dollar.
THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE
What was it…..
It was very simple…..
Whereas before WW2 the USA had been isolationist and not got
involved in Europe….NOW……
Because of the fear of Communism the USA was prepared to
intervene throughout the world to protect democracy against
communism….
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Containment
b.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):
1949, Western European countries, USA, and Canada
form an Alliance to scare Stalin.
Britain, France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Norway,
Turkey , etc.
US also warns Soviets that an attack on Western
Europe would be treated like an attack on the US itself.
i.e.
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Americans would nuke Soviets
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Containment
v.
Stalin’s (Soviet) Responses to containment:
a.
___________________________________________
To keep Eastern Europe
financially happy, Stalin sets up a program like
the Marshall Plan called the COMECON
b.
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_____________: An Alliance of Eastern
European Nations including Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary,
Poland, Romania and the USSR.
This was a response to NATO. Warsaw Pact
members were not given a choice about
membership
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Berlin Blockade
 The Berlin Blockade (24 June
1948 – 11 May 1949) was one
of the first major
international crises of the
Cold War
 The Soviet Union blocked the
Western force's railway and
road access to the western
sectors of Berlin
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______________________
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The Response
The Berlin AIRLIFT
 The United States and the British
Royal Air Force flew over 200,000
flights that provided 13,000 tons of
food daily, for the next year.
 In spite of this, by the spring of
1949 the effort was clearly
succeeding, and by April the airlift
was delivering more cargo than had
previously flowed into the city via
rail.
 The success of the Airlift was
humiliating to the Soviets.
The Cold War - Introduction
• Terms
• Containment
• NATO
• Marshall Plan
• Truman Doctrine
• Warsaw Pact
• COMECON
• Truman
• Stalin
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• Cold War
• Satellite States
• Big Three
• Individualism
• Collectivism
• Ideology
• Buffer Zone
• Iron Curtain
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Nuclear Arms Race
iv.
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Mutual Deterrence: Assuring that your nation can
destroy the enemy with nuclear weapons so that they
will not attack
a.
MAD Mutual Assured Destruction: a Cold
War theory in which the United States and
Soviet Union each used its ability to launch a
nuclear counterattack to stop a first strike
from the other side
b.
First Strike Capability: The ability to launch a
nuclear attack on your enemy, but they do not
have the capacity to attack back
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Race
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Nuclear Arms Race
iii.
The Berlin Wall, 1961
a.
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Race
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John F. Kennedy
USA
April 6, 2016
SS 30 Cold War - Cuban Missile
Crisis
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Nikita Khrushchev
U.S.S.R.
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SS 30 Cold War - Cuban Missile
Crisis
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Fidel Castro
Cuba
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The Cuban Missile Crisis
vi.
1962, American U2 spy planes took photographs of
Soviet nuclear launch sites under construction in
Cuba
a.
THE SOVIETS PROBABLY DID THIS IN
RESPONSE TO THE AMERICANS
HAVING LAUNCH SITES IN TURKEY,
VERY CLOSE TO THE USSR.
vii.
Kennedy
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The Cuban Missile Crisis
viii.
The tension lasted for 10 days until the convoy of
Soviet ships came face to face with the American
ships.
a.
___________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
ix.
Khrushchev orders the Soviet ships to turn around
and go home.
x.
Kennedy wins the game of brinkmanship
xi.
Khrushchev, soon after, destroyed the launch sites in
exchange for the USA staying out of Cuba’s affairs.
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The Cuban Missile Crisis
xii.
The Soviets put missiles in Cuba for two reasons:
1.
________________________________________.
2.
To use missiles as a bargaining chip in negotiations
over Berlin.
xiii.
The missiles in Cuba were unacceptable to the Americans for
two reasons:
1.
____________________________________________
___________________________________________________.
2.
The missiles in Cuba were pointed at the ‘soft
underbelly’ of America whose defences were
pointed to the North – DEW Line and NORAD.
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The Cuban Missile Crisis
xvi.
April 6, 2016
Consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis
a.
A “_________________”Washington and
Moscow
b.
Americans pull nuclear weapons out of
Turkey
c.
Partial test ban treaty- banning tests in the air
or ocean
d.
Soviets and Americans agree to meet more
often to resolve outstanding issues
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Crisis
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