Transcript WORLD WAR II 1939

WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
THE ALLIED BATTLE
ON THE HOME FRONT
THE ALLIES
THE AXIS
THE MAIN
COMBATANTS
UNITED STATES
GERMANY
GREAT BRITAIN
JAPAN
SOVIET UNION
ITALY
NOW THAT AMERICA IS IN IT,
THE BATTLE LINES OF WORLD WAR II ARE DRAWN
A TRULY GLOBAL CONFLICT
ALONG WITH THE MAIN COMBATANTS, MANY
OTHER NATIONS WERE EMBROILED IN THE WAR
THE UNITED STATES
ENTERS WORLD WAR II
 Before December 7, 1941,
the U.S. was at peace
 The U.S. was also mired in
the Great Depression and
split over the question of
intervening in the war
 After the Japanese attack
Thus, the U.S. needed to
on Pearl Harbor, there was
mobilize all of its human
no longer any question
resources and industry, and
about intervening:
they needed to do it quickly
America was at war
THE REAL BATTLE IS FAR AWAY
╬ For some Allied nations, such as
Great Britain and the Soviet
Union, their territories were
war-torn and their populations
suffered a great deal
╬ In World War II, there was no
significant fighting on the
American mainland
╬ Aside from the attack on Pearl
Harbor (as well as Japanese
and German subs coming close
to the coasts), American soil
was untouched by battle
STREET WARFARE IN STALINGRAD
AMERICAN CIVILIANS
CONTRIBUTE IN OTHER WAYS
Fulfilling President
Roosevelt’s vision for
the U.S. being the
“arsenal of
democracy”,
Americans on the home
front contributed to the
war effort by
producing weapons
and other equipment
needed to fight the
Axis Powers
B-25 BOMBER PLANES ON THE
ASSEMBLY LINE AT THE AMERICAN
AVIATION WORKS FACTORY
THE WAR MACHINE REVS UP
 The War Production Board was
established; its purpose was to assign
priorities for the production of civilian
and military goods
 For example: automobiles were
considered non-essential, so a
suspension was ordered in the
production of cars
 Companies switched their
products to things needed for the war
 For example: auto factories
switched to building tanks and a
typewriter company switched to
making artillery shells
ADOLF IS NOT WORRIED
♦ Despite the threat posed by the
United States’ industrial might, Adolf
Hitler was unconcerned by America’s
entry into the war
♦Hitler considered the United States a
“mongrel nation”
♦ Hitler thought that Japan alone would
keep the U.S. fully occupied and that
Germany had nothing to worry about
in Europe from the Americans
♦ Hitler’s opinion was that American
industry was weak and could not
produce anything beyond
“refrigerators and razor blades”
THE INDUSTRIAL GIANT
AWAKENS
In reality, Hitler now had
plenty to worry about
Directed by the War
Production Board,
American industry
would produce 300,000
aircraft, 86,000 tanks,
76,000 ships, and 40
billion bullets during
the war years
THE OUTLOOK OF THE
WAR PRODUCTION BOARD
IS SIMPLE:
MORE
PRODUCTION
MEANS
MORE
DESTRUCTION
OF THE ENEMY
THE PURPOSES OF
PROPAGANDA
In warfare, propaganda has several main purposes:
╬
╬
╬
╬
Persuade one’s own people to fight
Demoralize and vilify the enemy
Generate support for the war
Manage the information the public receives
about the war
Throughout this presentation, we will
examine numerous works of propaganda,
which was instrumental in World War II
PRODUCTION EQUALS
VICTORY
FIGHTING THE
ENEMY ON THE
BATTLEFIELD
AND ON THE
HOME FRONT
These propaganda
posters not only
discouraged
workers from
being lazy, but
fanned the
flames of racial
hatred of the
Japanese
WOMEN GO TO WORK
The American work
force was depleted by
men joining the armed
forces to fight
One of the keys to
American wartime
production was the
contribution of female
workers
By 1944, 18 million
Americans worked in
the war industries;
about 6 million of them
were women
WOMEN GO TO WORK
Female workers at an aircraft factory
WOMEN CONTRIBUTE TO INDUSTRY
 With many men fighting the
war, there were critical gaps in
the workforce at home
 Pittsburgh artist J. Howard
Miller was hired to create
several propaganda posters
that would encourage women
to work in factories
 His image of a confident,
tough woman in work attire
was effective in enticing
housewives to work on
building warplanes
 Later, this image became
known as “Rosie the Riveter”
“ROSIE THE RIVETER”
Along with Miller’s
iconic image, this
1943 Norman
Rockwell painting of
“Rosie the Riveter”
also came to
symbolize the role
that women played
in World War II
“ROSIE THE RIVETER”
An American Icon
“ROSIE THE RIVETER”
A real-life "Rosie" working on a bomber
plane in Nashville, Tennessee in 1943
WACs, WASPs, and WAVES
WAC: Women’s Army Corps
WASP: Women’s Air Force Service
Pilots
WAVES: Women Accepted for
Voluntary Service (Navy)
About 216,000 women served in
these organizations.
They worked as administrators,
weather forecasters, cryptographers,
radio operators, parachute riggers,
aerial photograph analysts, and
control tower operators.
NURSES NEEDED
CIVILIANS DO THEIR PART
GOVERNMENT
ORGANIZATIONS RALLIED
CITIZENS TO HELP
 In addition to working and
producing as much as possible
in the factories, the American
public was asked to help the
war effort
 A major contribution was through
conservation of food (meats,
sugar, butter, wheat, etc.) so the
soldiers doing the fighting would
have an ample food supply
 Americans would make their own
gardens at home to feed
themselves (“victory gardens”);
this was done to help stretch the
food supplies produced by farms
♥
♥
♥
VICTORY
GARDENS
Over 20 million “V Gardens”
produced 40% of all
vegetables grown in the U.S.
This was a tremendous help in
feeding the American and
Allied soldiers doing the
fighting overseas
This pamphlet, made by a
Buffalo, NY grocery store,
advised people on how to get
the most vegetables out of
their Victory Gardens
Make Yours a
Victory
Home!
A “victory home” was
a home that did all it
could to support the
war effort.
Give examples of how
you would participate
in each of these
“Victory Home
Activities”
RATIONING EFFORTS
 Gasoline for personal use in




cars at home was rationed
Nonessential drivers were
limited to three gallons of gas
per week (people with essential
jobs, such as doctors, had
higher limits)
People drove below the speed
limit to conserve gas and tires
Carpooling was seen as a way
to conserve gasoline
This propaganda poster
encouraged carpooling
(though it exaggerated the case)
RATION CARDS
Families were given ration books that determined how much of certain items
a person could buy. Gasoline was naturally vital to run a war machine, so
there were limits on use of fuel by civilians. This card shows how much
gasoline could be used by a car owner during a specific time period.
RATIONING CIVILIAN FOOD USE
Propaganda
posters, such as
this one,
encouraged
Americans to
conserve as
much food as
possible and to
have a positive
outlook on the
rationing system
CRIMINALS ABUSE RATION CARDS
♠ Not every American was happy
with limits on food and fuel
♠ A large black market grew with
stolen and counterfeited ration
cards, especially with gasoline
♠ This black market led to a great
deal of illegal profits for
organized crime groups, such as
the New York Mafia
♠ Despite this criminal element,
the rationing system was still
certainly effective overall in
ensuring plenty of food and fuel
supplies for the armed forces
SALVAGING SCRAP FOR
THE WAR EFFORT
America’s entry into the war sparked a flurry of
salvage activities. Drives for aluminum and
rubber yielded tons of mainly unusable material.
Scrap iron and steel were more useful.
CONSERVING RUBBER FOR
THE WAR MACHINE
BUY BONDS
Like before during the Great War, the U.S. government needed
some assistance from the American public to pay for this
war. Buying bonds lent the government the money it needed
to wage the war. Works of propaganda encouraged people to
buy bonds, playing on feelings of fear and patriotism.
PROPAGANDA OF FEAR
World War II saw an incredible
number of propaganda pieces
Propaganda can be described as
mixing facts with emotions to
change people’s opinions
In warfare, a purpose of
propaganda is to boost your
cause while showing your
enemies in a bad light
In the case of this poster, and many
more, this was done be spreading
fear about the enemy
What symbols are
shown here that play on
people’s fear?
PROPAGANDA OF FEAR
 How does this
propaganda poster
portray the
Japanese military?
 Who and what is the
Japanese soldier
threatening?
 What do the makers
of this poster want
people to do? How
do they encourage
people to do this?
PROPAGANDA OF FEAR
 How does this
propaganda poster
portray the
Japanese military?
 Who and what is the
Japanese soldier
threatening?
 What do the makers
of this poster want
people to think?
How do they
encourage people to
think this way?
PROPAGANDA OF FEAR
 What forms of
symbolism are on
display in this poster?
 Why might the
creator of this poster
want to include
children in the
images?
 What does the
maker of this poster
want people to think
and do after seeing it?
“THIS
IS THE
ENEMY!”
This particular
propaganda
poster shows the
Japanese soldiers
as bloodthirsty
rapists
“LOOSE LIPS SINK SHIPS!”
Some propaganda
encouraged
citizens to be quiet
about troop
movements if they
had a relative in the
armed forces. The
fear was that spies
for Germany or
Japan would hear
valuable
information.
“CARELESS TALK”
CELEBRITIES and ATHLETES
 In World War II, celebrities
and athletes would find a
new spotlight
 Many celebrities would risk
their lives and careers to
fight in the war
 Others would use their
talents to serve in ways
other than fighting
 Some helped without even
trying hard, like the
beautiful actresses Rita
Hayworth and Betty
Grable, whose pictures
were carried by soldiers
everywhere as pleasant
reminder of home
RITA HAYWORTH
ATHLETES EXCHANGE THE PLAYING
FIELD FOR THE BATTLEFIELD
Several future baseball Hall
of Famers put their playing
careers on hold to fight in
the war. They include New
York Yankees greats Joe
DiMaggio (left) and Yogi
Berra (top right)
Heavyweight
boxer Joe
Louis not only
put his career
on hold to fight
in the war, his
image and
words became
an effective
propaganda
tool.
ACTORS FIGHT FOR REAL
Paul Newman (top left), Ed
McMahon (bottom left), Clark
Gable (middle), Kirk Douglas
(right), Christopher Lee
AUDIE MURPHY
Audie Murphy was an actor
who got his start because of
the war. Lieutenant Murphy
was America’s most
decorated soldier, gaining
24 awards. He singlehandedly killed 50 Nazis
and for that won the Medal
of Honor. After the war, he
got his start in acting by
playing himself in the 1955
film To Hell And Back.
HOLLYWOOD PITCHES IN
The Nazis had already shown that motion pictures could be a valuable
propaganda tool (the films The Eternal Jew and Triumph of the Will).
America, the birthplace of film, finally got in the act in 1942. The U.S.
War Department hired top actors and directors from Hollywood to
produce movies. The films’ purposes ranged from educating soldiers
to rallying the nation with patriotic stories.
EVEN
DISNEY
TAKES A
SHOT AT
HITLER
EIGHT FUTURE U.S.
PRESIDENTS SERVED IN WWII
KENNEDY
NIXON
FORD
L.B. JOHNSON
CARTER
REAGAN
BUSH SR.
DWIGHT “IKE” EISENHOWER
The Supreme
Commander of
Allied Forces
in the
European
theater, he
would become
America’s
34th President
in 1953.
SEGREGATION
IN THE ARMED FORCES
There is a
darker side to
America’s battle
on the home
front: racial
segregation of
the American
armed forces
SEGREGATION
IN THE ARMED FORCES
 In 1941, only 4000 Blacks were in the military
(only a dozen were officers)
 The Black soldiers were confined to segregated
units and were often not assigned to combat
 Instead, they served as orderlies, drivers, and
construction workers
Even their blood banks were kept separated
Some voices in the government urged
integration, but the military objected
WHY SEGREGATION?
 Racism was the reason for the segregation
in the armed forces
 A terribly racist study by the Army War
College in 1925 found that “Blacks could
never become pilots because they lacked
intelligence and were too cowardly in combat.”
 A Black college student sued the U.S.
government for the right to train as a pilot
 The government agreed and set up a pilot
training center for Blacks at the Tuskegee
Institute in Alabama
THE TUSKEGEE AIRMEN
Also called the Black
Eagles, they saw their first
action in 1943 in North
Africa, fighting the
Germans and Italians.
The Tuskegee Institute’s first group of
students graduated in March 1942. They
were known as the Tuskegee Airmen.
THE TUSKEGEE AIRMEN
Three other all-Black squadrons were added
to the original 99th Fighter Squadron to
create the 332nd Fighter Group
THE TUSKEGEE AIRMEN
Operating mostly in
Italy, the Tuskegee
Airmen logged
more than 15,000
missions and shot
down 251 enemy
planes. No bomber
they escorted was
ever shot down.
They even gained the respect of the racist
Nazis, who referred to them as Schwartze
Vogelmenschen, or the “Black Birdmen”
EXTRAORDINARY
WAR RECORDS
 445 Tuskegee Airmen
saw combat in World War II
 Among the 850 awards
the Airmen earned were:
150 Distinguished Flying Crosses
8 Purple Hearts
14 Bronze Stars
744 Air Medals
THE PURPLE HEART:
AWARDED FOR BEING
WOUNDED IN COMBAT
NAVAJO “CODE TALKERS”
Known as Navajo “Code Talkers”,
these U.S. soldiers were young
Navajo men who transmitted secret
communications on the battlefields
of WWII. At a time when America's
best cryptographers were falling
short, these Navajo were able to
fashion an ingenious code, using
their ancient language, that the
Japanese could not break. They
drew upon their proud warrior
tradition, serving with distinction in
every major engagement of the
Pacific theater from 1942 to 1945.
Their unbreakable code played a
pivotal role in saving countless lives
and hastening the war's end.
THE PEARL HARBOR ATTACK’S IMPACT
ON JAPANESE-AMERICANS
 Anti-Japanese feelings had
existed in the United States for
several decades prior to the
Pearl Harbor attack
 Anti-Japanese sentiments
turned to outright hatred and
fear after the attack on
December 7, 1941
 At the time, more than 119,000
people of Japanese ancestry,
two-thirds of them American
citizens, were living in
California, Oregon,
Washington, and Arizona
ANTI-JAPANESE SENTIMENTS
JAPANESE-AMRICANS TRY TO DEAL
WITH THE ANTI-JAPANESE SENTIMENTS
Wanto Grocery, owned by a Japanese-American UC
Berkeley graduate. (California, December 1941)
JAPANESE-AMERICAN “DISLOYALTY”
Fear of disloyalty on
the part of any Issei or
Nisei was common
among many Americans.
33% of the population
of Hawaii was comprised
of those of Japanese
descent, making
internment a daunting task
in Hawaii.
TYPES OF JAPANESE-AMERICANS
ISSEI: those born in Japan, regarded by
the U.S. government as ineligible for
American citizenship.
NISEI: those born to Japanese parents,
but born in the United States,
therefore were American citizens.
Instead, the
Hawaiian islands
were placed under
martial law.
FEAR OF JAPANESEAMERICAN TREACHERY
This Dr. Seuss
cartoon
portrays
JapaneseAmericans as
saboteurs
working for
the Japanese
Empire
JAPANESE INTERNMENT
After the Pearl Harbor attack,
there was fear among
Americans that JapaneseAmericans might be spies or
saboteurs, that they were a
threat to the United States
The rationale was that it was
impossible to distinguish
them from loyal citizens
Roosevelt responded in 1942
by issuing an order that
allowed military officials to
remove anyone they wanted
from what they decided were
“military areas.”
EXECUTIVE ORDER 9066
U.S. PRESIDENT
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
Roosevelt’s Executive
Order 9066, dated February
19, 1942, gave the military
broad powers to ban any
citizen from a fifty- to sixtymile-wide coastal area
stretching from
Washington state to
California and extending
inland into southern
Arizona. The order also
authorized transporting
these citizens to assembly
centers hastily set up and
governed by the military.
ORDER 9066 IN ACTION
 March 24, 1942
 The first Civilian
Exclusion Order made by
the Army is issued for the
Bainbridge Island area near
Seattle, Washington.
 The forty-five families
there are given one week
to prepare for moving.
 Japanese assets were
frozen after the attack on
Pearl Harbor, making it
difficult for many
Japanese Americans to
move from the West Coast.
NEWS OF THE
INTERNMENT SPREADS
Because of the internment, many JapaneseAmericans lost their jobs, homes, and
businesses. Many families faced financial ruin.
ALLEGIANCE WHILE
FACING INTERNMENT
The Pledge of
Allegiance at
Rafael Weill
Elementary
School a few
weeks prior to
evacuation.
(San Francisco, 1942)
INTERNMENT CAMPS
By the end of
October, 108
exclusion orders
would be issued,
and all Japanese
Americans in
Military Area No.
1 and the
California portion
of No. 2 would
be incarcerated.
To the right is a
map showing the
locations of the
internment
camps the
JapaneseAmericans were
sent to.
THE INTERNEES
• 62% of the people relocated were Nisei,
American-born with Japanese heritage, and
Sansei, the children of the Nisei. They were
American citizens.
• The rest of the internees (38%) were Issei,
the Japanese-born immigrants.
• Most of the relocated people were from the
West Coast, due to the location of the Pearl
Harbor attack.
TRANSPORTING THE INTERNEES
Allowed to bring to the
camps only what they
could carry, many
internees lost property
and their lives were
turned upside down.
“I remember my mother wrapping a blanket around me and
my pretending to fall asleep, so she would be happy, though I
was so excited I couldn't sleep. I hear there were people
herded into the Hastings Park like cattle. Families were made
to move in two hours. They abandoned everything, leaving
pets and possessions at gunpoint."
— Joy Kogawa
THE CAMPS
CONDITION OF THE CAMPS
► The 1943 War Relocation Authority
reported the internees were housed in
“tar paper-covered barracks of simple
frame construction without plumbing or
cooking facilities of any kind.”
► The facilities met international laws, but
were still cramped and poorly equipped.
► The camps were built in desolate areas
with severe, harsh weather conditions.
LIFE IN THE CAMPS
“In desert camps, the
evacuees met severe
extremes of
temperature. In winter
it reached 35 degrees
below zero, and
summer brought
temperatures as high
as 115 degrees.
Rattlesnakes and
desert wildlife added
danger to discomfort.”
Report of the Commission on
Wartime Relocation and
Internment of Civilians
LIFE IN THE CAMPS
"In the detention
centers, families
lived in substandard
housing, had
inadequate nutrition
and health care, and
had their livelihoods
destroyed. Many
continued to suffer
psychologically long
after their release."
Report of the Commission
on Wartime Relocation
and Internment of Civilians
EVEN IN THE FACE OF SUCH INJUSTICE, FEELINGS OF
AMERICAN PATRIOTISM RAN HIGH AMONG THE JAPANESEAMERICAN INTERNEES. HERE IS A BOY SCOUT TROOP AT ONE
OF THE CAMPS.
LIFE IN THE CAMPS
A picture
of irony:
the American
flag, a symbol of
freedom,
fluttering in the
breeze over an
internment camp
LIFE IN THE CAMPS
All Along The
Watchtower:
Japanese-Americans
were not free to come and
go as they pleased. Their
internment was overseen
by the U.S. Army.
G.S. Hante, a barber in Kent, Washington, displays his
sentiments about internment. (March 1944)
“How To Tell A Chinese From A Jap”
Pages from an Army manual
JAPANESE-AMERICAN SOLDIERS
Later, a
battalion
from Hawaii
was allowed
to fight in
Europe in
1943
Despite the unjust mistreatment by the
government, thousands of Japanese-Americans
volunteered to fight for the United States in the war
At first, they were not allowed to enlist
THE LEGENDARY
nd
442
THE “PURPLE HEART” BATTALION
In 1944, 442nd Regimental Combat
Team was formed; it was
comprised entirely of JapaneseAmericans
The 442nd served with distinction in
Europe and their war record
speaks for itself:
Over 18,000 medals for valor and
nearly 10,000 Purple Hearts,
earning more medals than any
other outfit of its size in the
American armed forces
THE MOST FAMOUS 442nd SOLDIER
DANIEL INOUYE
This Japanese-American soldier,
Daniel Inouye, earned several
medals for bravery in combat
Inouye lost an arm while fighting
the Germans in Italy
He fought on, despite the lost
arm, eventually passing out
from blood loss
Inouye would go on to become a
U.S. Senator in Hawaii, serving
from 1962 to present day
One of his medals was upgraded
to the Medal of Honor, the
highest award a soldier can
earn for bravery
JAPANESE-AMERICAN SOLDIERS
U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz:
“I entertained some doubt as to the
loyalty of American citizens of
Japanese ancestry in the event of
war with Japan. From my observation
during World War II, I no longer have
that doubt.”
The admiral’s lack of trust in the
Japanese-Americans was shared by
many at the beginning of the war, but
that lack of trust was eliminated by
the extraordinary performance of
the Nisei soldiers during the war.
FLEET ADMIRAL NIMITZ,
COMMANDER OF U.S.
NAVY PACIFIC FORCES
JAPANESE-AMERICAN
DISLOYALTY?
Only TEN PEOPLE were convicted of
spying for Japan during World War II…
…all of them
were Caucasian.
REPARATIONS FOR INJUSTICE
In 1988, Congress
implemented the Civil
Liberties Act,
apologizing on behalf of
the nation for the "grave
injustice" done to
persons of Japanese
ancestry. Congress
declared that the
internments had been
"motivated largely by
racial prejudice,
wartime hysteria, and a
failure of political
leadership" and
authorized $20,000
payments to JapaneseAmericans who had
suffered injustices
during World War II.
PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN SIGNS
THE BILL ON AUGUST 10, 1988
A copy of
the letter
sent to
JapaneseAmericans
from
President
George
H.W. Bush
in 1990
CREDIT WHERE IT IS DUE
Created by Christopher Jaskowiak
Thanks to Eric Zastrow, Rachel
Mychajluk, David Muldoon, and Susan
Pojer for several of the images
Thanks to the work of Dr. Mitchell Bard for
some of the information