Transcript China-06: The Global significant of its Rise - Moving-Forward

Racial Challenges to Americans
up from 1860s to 1960s
Session 7
Table of Contents
Origin of slavery in America from
perspectives of economy and racism
II. Founding Fathers’ dilemma and a
temporary solution
III. The Civil War in 1860s, a critical crisis
IV. The Civil Rights Movement in 1960s,
another serious crisis
V.
The Achievements of the Civil Rights
Movement
VI. Conclusion
I.
I. Origins of Slavery in America from the
Perspectives of Economy and Racism
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Early history
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Africans came to Jamestown, Virginia in 1619 as
indentured servants
Massachusetts recognized legal slavery in 1641
Virginia Rule: A slave mother’s children would
remain slaves in 1662
Economic root
Racial root
“The white man’s burden” a poem by
Rudyard Kipling justifies to civilize
“savages.”
Movie: African Americans: Terrible Transformation
Movie
African Americans: Terrible
Transformation
II. Founding Fathers’ Dilemma and Solution
“All men are created equal” did not cover
African American slaves.
The Constitutional Convention:
Southern States’ argument: slaves are only
property, so they do not need to pay tax
 Northern states’ argument: proportion
number of Congress representatives would
be reduced if slaves are not regarded as
human beings
 Compromise: each slave is regarded as 3/5
free person.
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III-1. Events Escalated to the Civil War
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Territory expansion intensified conflicts between free
states and slave states
 Louisiana Purchase in 1803
 The Mexican-American War in 1846-1848
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Missouri Compromise of 1820
Compromise of 1850-Fugitive Slave Act
Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
in 1852
 Lincoln’s speech: "A house divided against
itself cannot stand." I believe this
government cannot endure, permanently
half slave and half free.
 The last straw -Abraham Lincoln’s election in
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Louisiana Purchase
The Mexican-American War
Lincoln: "So this is the little lady who started
this great war”
III-2. The Civil War & the Construction Era
1861-1876
Goals of the Civil War:
to preserve the union first
 to emancipate all the slaves as the second
goal
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The Cost of the War
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One of the earliest true industrial wars
Resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers. Historian
John Huddleston estimates the death toll at ten
percent of all Northern males 20–45 years old, and 30
percent of all Southern white males aged 18–40
Psychological scars in America's collective memory
Continue
The Emancipation Proclamation in 1863
Strengthened the Union at the cost of
Confederation
 Confederation lost international support

13th Amendment: abolished all the slaves in
the US
14th Amendment: All persons born in the United
States are citizens……
15th Amendment:
granted African Americans the
right to vote
Lincohn’s Gettysburg Address:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Dlggkx6mks&feature=related
Discussion
Could the US solve slavery system in a
peaceful way without a civil war?
What would happen to the United
States if no this Civil War?
III-3. Post-Construction Ear
Jim Crow laws from 1876-1965
Racial segregation in public places
Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896
"Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S.
law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court
decision Brown v. Board of Education
Disfranchisement through literacy test
mass racial violence against blacks by Ku
Klux Klan
Movie: the Rise and Fall of the Jim Crow
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ChWXyeUTKg8
IV-1. The Civil Rights Movement 1955-1968
• Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954
• Non-violence resistance strategy
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Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955–1956
Desegregating Little Rock, 1957
Sit-ins, 1960
Freedom Rides, 1961
March on Washington in 1963
IV-2. Achievements in law
Civil Rights Act of 1964
John F. Kennedy in his civil rights speech of June 11, 1963,
"giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are
open to the public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and
similar establishments," as well as "greater protection for the right
to vote."
Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed discriminatory voting
practices that had been responsible for the widespread
disenfranchisement of African Americans in the U.S.
V. Achievements of the Civil Rights Movement
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Barack Obama, the first African American president of
the US.
Thurgood Marshall &Clarence Thomas became the 1st
& 2nd African-American Supreme Court Justice.
Douglas Wilder became the first African-American
elected governor in U.S. history in 1989.
Deval Patrick, current governor of Massachusetts.
Carol Moseley-Braun the first Senator in 1992.
8,936 black officeholders in the United States in 2000,
showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970.
484 black mayors in 2001.
Chancellor and provost at UMass Boston.
Make “All men are created equal” a reality
Build a more fair & harmonious society.
A long journey of racial equality & harmony
Clyde Kennard (June 12, 1927–July 4,
1963)
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1956, 57, 59 to Southern Mississippi
College
1959 reckless driving by a perjury
1960 “paid theft” sentence of 7 years in
prison by a accomplice
Died in 1963
2005: Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour’s
decision not to pardon him
2006: the Mississippi State Parole Board’s
decision
2006: Judge Bob Helfrich’s decision:
"To me, this is not a black and white issue; it's a right
and wrong issue. To correct that wrong, I am
compelled to do the right thing."
Continue
Section 256 of Alabama Constitution:
“Duty of legislature to establish and
maintain public school system…separate
schools for white and colored children.
……
No child of either race shall be permitted
to attend a school of the other race.”
It lasted until 2004.
Conclusion
Racial challenges put America into a civil
war. With the cost of hundreds of
thousands people’s lives, American
leaders and people avoided a national
split, and established a foundation for a
rapid industrial development in the second
half of the 19 century, and made the US
the largest economy by 1890s.
Continue
Again racial conflicts put America into social
disturbances and violence in 1960s. The
success of the Civil Rights Movement
made the statement “all men are created
equal” become true. However, racial
equality & harmony is still an incomplete
journey in the history of the United States.
Black History Month poster
Martin Luther King,
I have a dream
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fus4nBIjV2I
Questions?
Xie xie
Zai jian