Transcript Presentation

SS8H5a
Explain the establishment of
the University of Georgia,
Louisville, and the spread of
Baptist and Methodist
churches.
Concept:
Individuals – Groups - Institutions
WESTWARD EXPANSION
PAGE 33 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5a
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How would you explain the
establishment of the University of
Georgia, Louisville, and the
spread of Baptist and Methodist
churches?
How would you explain the establishment of the
University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of
Baptist and Methodist churches?
University of Georgia
Louisville, Georgia
Baptists and Methodists
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
• 1785:
• 1801:
• 1918:
Federal US government provides
money to purchase land for a
public university (land grant
charter) - Oldest public university
Students (only all-white / all-male)
attend classes in the Franklin
College building
Women allowed to attend
university
How would you explain the establishment of the
University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of
Baptist and Methodist churches?
University of Georgia
• 1785: Federal US
government
provides money to
purchase land for
a public university
(land grant
charter) - Oldest
public university
•
1801:Students
(only all-white / allmale) attend
classes in the
Franklin College
building
•
1918:Women
allowed to attend
university
Louisville, Georgia
Baptists and Methodists
LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA
• Savannah was the first capital because it was
the 1st permanent settlement in Georgia.
Augusta became the 2nd capital but it was
located too far east. So, in 1786, the Georgia
legislature decided to build a new city that would
serve as the 3rd capital of Georgia’s and would
be centrally located for citizens to travel there.
• The city was named after King Louis XVI of
France for his help in America’s Revolutionary
War.
LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA
• Louisville was not a capital city for very long
because of the state’s westward expansion due
to Indian lands becoming opened for settlers.
Milledgeville became the 4th capital in 1807,
followed by Atlanta in 1877, the current capital.
• One of the most memorable events to occur in
the capital city of Louisville was the burning of all
of the Yazoo Land Fraud records in front of the
capitol building in 1796.
How would you explain the establishment of the
University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of
Baptist and Methodist churches?
University of Georgia
• 1785: Federal US
government
provides money to
purchase land for
a public university
(land grant
charter) - Oldest
public university
•
1801:Students
(only all-white / allmale) attend
classes in the
Franklin College
building
•
1918:Women
allowed to attend
university
Louisville, Georgia
• 3rd capital of
Georgia
• Centrally
located (at the
time)
• Named after
King Louis XVI
of France
(American
Revolution)
• Burning of the
Yazoo Land
Fraud records
Baptists and Methodists
SPREAD OF RELIGION IN GEORGIA
• The Great Revivals are periods of time in American
history where there is a renewed focus on religion personally, socially, and politically.
• The Methodist and Baptist denominations (branching off
of the Protestant branch) were small at the time,
however, the 2nd Great Awakening helped these
churches grow in number and spread across the
southeast United States. Interest in religion increased
during this time period by allowing people to attend large
camp meetings called “revivals”, and the southeast
region came to be known as The Bible Belt.
THE BIBLE BELT
How would you explain the establishment of the
University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of
Baptist and Methodist churches?
University of Georgia
• 1785: Federal US
government
provides money to
purchase land for
a public university
(land grant
charter) - Oldest
public university
•
1801:Students
(only all-white / allmale) attend
classes in the
Franklin College
building
•
1918:Women
allowed to attend
university
Louisville, Georgia
• 3rd capital of
Georgia
• Centrally
located (at the
time)
• Named after
King Louis XVI
of France
(American
Revolution)
• Burning of the
Yazoo Land
Fraud records
Baptists and Methodists
• The 2nd Great
Awakening helped
these churches grow.
• Spread across the
southeast United
States.
• Interest in religion
increased - people
attended large camp
meetings called
“revivals”
• Southeast region
came to be known as
The Bible Belt.
• Religion today is still
important to the
culture of the South
SS8H5b
Evaluate the impact of land
policies pursued by Georgia;
include the headright system,
land lotteries, and the Yazoo
land fraud.
Concepts:
Movement / Migration
Rule of Law
Conflict and Change
WESTWARD EXPANSION
PAGE 34 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5b
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What impact did the headright
system, land lottery, and
Yazoo land fraud have
on Georgia?
What impact did the headright system, land
lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?
HEADRIGHT SYSTEM
YAZOO LAND FRAUD
LAND LOTTERY
HEADRIGHT SYSTEM
• To attract settlers and economic development in
Georgia, the government provided land to
Georgians east of the Oconee River.
• Each white male counted as a “head” of a family
and had the “right” to receive anywhere from
200 – 1,000 acres of land.
• Farmers and ranchers were able to start up their
business
• 1782 – most of the land was given to
Revolutionary War veterans for their service
INDIAN LAND
CESSIONS
MEANT THAT
CREEK AND
CHEROKEE
INDIANS IN
GEORGIA GAVE
UP THEIR LAND
IN EXCHANGE
FOR MONEY
OR TRADING
RIGHTS /
PRIVILEGES
THE RESULT IS
MORE
WESTWARD
EXPANSION OF
SETTLERS
What impact did the headright system, land
lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?
HEADRIGHT SYSTEM
• Land east of
Oconee River.
• White male
“head” of a family
had “right” to 200
– 1,000 acres of
land.
• Farmers and
ranchers begin
businesses
• 1782 – most land
given to
Revolutionary
War veterans
YAZOO LAND FRAUD
LAND LOTTERY
YAZOO LAND FRAUD
• Four land companies bribed the governor of
Georgia and the General Assembly (legislature)
to pass a bill allowing them to buy large tracts of
land near the Yazoo River in Mississippi.
• The companies bought up to 50 million acres of
land for only 1 ½ cents per acre. The
companies would then sell the land at much
higher prices and share the profits with the
legislators.
• When Georgia citizens found out they protested
and the legislators were voted out of office.
YAZOO LAND FRAUD
• The US government solved the scandal by
forcing Georgia to cede (give up) the lands west
of the Chattahoochee River in exchange for
$1.25 million dollars and a promise to help
remove Creek and Cherokee Indians from the
Georgia territories.
• The Yazoo Land Fraud is a reason why
Georgia’s western border is shaped the way it is
today.
BURNING OF THE YAZOO LAND FRAUD RECORDS AT THE CAPITOL
BUILDING IN LOUISVILLE - 1796
What impact did the headright system, land
lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?
HEADRIGHT SYSTEM
• Land east of
Oconee River.
• White male
“head” of a family
had “right” to 200
– 1,000 acres of
land.
• Farmers and
ranchers begin
businesses
• 1782 – most land
given to
Revolutionary
War veterans for
their service
•
•
•
•
YAZOO LAND FRAUD
Land companies
bribed GA
government to buy
land near Yazoo
River
Sold land and shared
profits with
legislators.
Citizens protested
and legislators voted
out of office.
US government
forced Georgia to
cede (give up) lands
west of
Chattahoochee River
forming Georgia’s
western border.
LAND LOTTERY
LAND LOTTERY
WHAT: GEORGIANS WANTED TO SETTLE LANDS THAT
WERE ONCE OCCUPIED BY CREEK AND CHEROKEE
INDIANS. TICKETS PLACED IN TWO DRUMS, ONE WITH
NAMES FOR EACH LOT AND OTHER WITH THE PERSON’S
NAME. TICKET SELECTED FROM DRUM MATCHED TO
NAME OF PERSON FROM OTHER DRUM.
WHO: WHITE MALES, ORPHANS, AND WIDOWS ALLOWED
TO PARTICIPATE. DEPENDING ON AGE, WAR SERVICE,
MARITAL STATUS, AND YEARS OF RESIDENCY IN THE
STATE YOU COULD RECEIVE MORE TICKETS, OR
CHANCES.
WHEN: 1805-1833
WHERE: LANDS WEST OF THE OCONEE RIVER THAT WERE
VACATED BY CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS FROM
LAND TREATIES AND THE OCONEE WAR AND WAR OF
1812. 3/4TH OF STATE LAND WAS GIVEN TO OVER
100,000 FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS
WHY: GEORGIANS WANTED TO SETTLE IN LANDS
VACATED BY CREEKS AND CHEROKEES IN ORDER TO
CREATE COTTON AND TOBACCO PLANTATIONS
LAND LOTTERY
NOTICE THE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS IN GEORGIA FROM
1733-1835. LANDS EAST OF THE OCONEE RIVER WERE SETTLED
BECAUSE OF THE HEADRIGHT SYSTEM LAND POLICY. LANDS WEST OF
THE OCONEE RIVER WERE SETTLED FROM THE LAND LOTTERY.
OCONEE
RIVER
HEADRIGHT
SYSTEM
1782-1795
LAND
LOTTERY
1805-1833
What impact did the headright system, land
lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?
HEADRIGHT SYSTEM
• Land east of
Oconee River.
• White male
“head” of a family
had “right” to 200
– 1,000 acres of
land.
• Farmers and
ranchers begin
businesses
• 1782 – most land
given to
Revolutionary
War veterans for
their service
YAZOO LAND FRAUD
•
•
•
•
Land companies
bribed GA
government to buy
land near Yazoo
River
Sold land and shared
profits with
legislators.
Citizens protested
and legislators voted
out of office.
US government
forced Georgia to
cede (give up) lands
west of
Chattahoochee River
forming Georgia’s
western border.
LAND LOTTERY
•
•
•
•
•
1805-1833 land
west of Oconee
River
Given to citizens
after removal of
Creeks and
Cherokees.
White males,
orphans, and
widows received
land.
Power and wealth
for more people
Agricultural
economy tobacco and
cotton
plantations
SS8H5c
Explain how technological
developments, including the
cotton gin and railroads, had
an impact on Georgia’s
growth.
Concepts:
Technological Innovation
Location
WESTWARD EXPANSION
PAGE 35 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5c
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How did the cotton gin and
railroads impact
Georgia’s growth?
How did the cotton gin and railroads
impact Georgia’s growth?
COTTON GIN
RAILROAD
Technological Innovation
The student will understand that
technological innovations have
consequences, both intended and
unintended.
What are some inventions that have
helped society, but also hurt society?
What was the intended consequence of
Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin?
What was the unintended consequence of
the cotton gin? In other words, what
problems in society were created because
of the invention of the cotton gin?
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
THE COTTON GIN
COTTON GIN
The modern cotton gin, first patented by
Massachusetts native Eli Whitney while in
Georgia in 1793, is a simple machine that
separates cotton fibers from the seeds. The gin
(short for engine) consists of wire teeth mounted
on a boxed rotating cylinder that, when cranked,
pulls cotton fiber through small grates to
separate the seeds, while a rotating brush
removes lint from the spikes to avoid jams. Its
invention quickly transformed the course of
agriculture in the Deep South, and in so doing
deepened the reliance of southern society on
slavery and the plantation system.
- New Georgia Encyclodpedia
COTTON GIN
The economic impact of Whitney's gin
was vast; after its invention, the yield of
raw cotton nearly doubled each decade
after 1800. The gin, whose invention
coincided with much of the Deep
South's opening to white settlement,
helped to facilitate westward expansion
into these potential cotton-producing
areas. By the mid-nineteenth century
America was supplying three-quarters
of the world's cotton.
- New Georgia Encyclodpedia
COTTON GIN
A direct result of this growth was an expansion of
slavery. While the cotton gin reduced the amount of
labor required to remove the seeds from the plant, it
did not reduce the number of slaves needed to grow
and pick the cotton. The demand for Georgia's
cotton grew as new inventions such as spinning
jennies and steamboats were able to weave and
transport more of the crop. Although the percentage
of slave population to total population remained
virtually unchanged from 1790 until 1860, the
number of slaves in the South increased
dramatically. By the end of the antebellum era
Georgia had more slaves and slaveholders than any
state in the Lower South.
- New Georgia Encyclodpedia
How did the invention of the cotton
gin affect Southern life?
Answer: FOCUS ON AGRICULTURE, PLANTERS
DEMANDED MORE LAND TO GROW COTTON, and
AN INCREASE IN SLAVERY, and RACISM.
ELI WHITNEY
• Invented the
cotton gin in
1795.
Unintentionally,
his invention
would create
more of a
dependency on
slavery in the
South.
How did the cotton gin and railroads
impact Georgia’s growth?
COTTON GIN
• Machine that separated
the cotton fibers from
the seeds.
• Increased cotton
production
• Made economy of the
south more agricultural
• Led to more cotton
plantations - King
Cotton
• Led to more westward
expansion
• Led to an increase in
slavery
RAILROAD
SS8H5c
Explain how technological
developments, including the
cotton gin and railroads, had
an impact on Georgia’s
growth.
Concepts:
Technological Innovation
Location
WESTWARD EXPANSION
PAGE 35 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5c
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How did the cotton gin and
railroads impact
Georgia’s growth?
How did the cotton gin and railroads
impact Georgia’s growth?
COTTON GIN
• Machine that separated
the cotton fibers from
the seeds.
• Increased cotton
production
• Made economy of the
south more agricultural
• Led to more cotton
plantations - King
Cotton
• Led to more westward
expansion
• Led to an increase in
slavery
RAILROAD
Technological Innovation
The student will understand that
technological innovations have
consequences, both intended and
unintended.
What are some inventions that have
helped society, but also hurt society?
What was the intended consequence of
Georgia building the railroad?
What was the unintended consequence of
the Georgia railroad in the town of
Terminus?
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
THE RAILROAD
GEORGIA RAILROAD
• The land constituting the city of Atlanta was once a
Native American village called Standing Peachtree.
The land that became the Atlanta area was taken
from the Cherokee and Creeks by white settlers in
1822, with the first area settlement being Decatur.
• On December 21, 1836, the Georgia General
Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic
Railroad to provide a trade route to the Midwestern
United States. Following the forced removal of the
Cherokee Nation between 1838 and 1839 the newly
depopulated area was opened for the construction
of a railroad.
- Wikipedia.com
GEORGIA RAILROAD
Indian removal and the discovery of gold
encouraged new settlement in the region, but it
was the railroad that actually brought Atlanta into
being and eventually connected it with the rest of
the state and region. In 1837 engineers for the
Western and Atlantic Railroad (a statesponsored project) staked out a point on a ridge
about seven miles east of the Chattahoochee
River as the southern end of a rail line they
planned to build south from Chattanooga,
Tennessee. The town that emerged around this
zero milepost was called Terminus, which
literally means "end of the line."
- New Georgia Encyclodpedia
GEORGIA RAILROAD
Atlanta owes its origins to two important
developments in the 1830s: the forcible
removal of Native Americans (Creeks and
Cherokees) from northwest Georgia and
the extension of railroad lines into the
state's interior. Both of these actions
sparked increased settlement and
development in the upper Piedmont
section of the state and led to Atlanta's
founding.
- New Georgia Encyclodpedia
GEORGIA RAILROAD
• The area around the eastern terminus to the line
began to develop first, and so the settlement
was named "Terminus" in 1837. It was
nicknamed Thrasherville after John Thrasher,
who built homes and a general store there. The
Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, J. Edgar
Thomson, suggested that the area be renamed
"Atlantica-Pacifica", which was quickly shortened
to "Atlanta". The residents approved, and the
town was incorporated as Atlanta on December
29, 1847.
- Wikipedia.com
UNITED STATES RAILWAY SYSTEM IN 1870
COMPARE THE GEORGIA RAILROAD MAP ON THE
LEFT TO THE GEORGIA COTTON PRODUCTION MAP
ON THE RIGHT.
WHAT CONCLUSIONS CAN YOU DRAW?
How did the cotton gin and railroads
impact Georgia’s growth?
COTTON GIN
• Machine that separated
the cotton fibers from
the seeds.
• Increased cotton
production
• Made economy of the
south more agricultural
• Led to more cotton
plantations - King
Cotton
• Led to more westward
expansion
• Led to an increase in
slavery
RAILROAD
• 1837 the city of Terminus
is built (later named
Atlanta)
• Atlanta becomes a
transportation hub in the
southeast
• Railroad transports
Georgia agricultural
products to the Midwest
and Atlantic coast
Technological Innovation
The student will understand that
technological innovations have
consequences, both intended and
unintended.
What are some inventions that have
helped society, but also hurt society?
What was the intended consequence of
Georgia investing a lot of money into
building the town of Terminus (Atlanta)
and the railroad?
SS8H5d
Analyze the events that led to the removal
of Creeks and Cherokees; include the
roles of Alexander McGillivray, William
McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross,
Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v.
Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall,
and the Trail of Tears.
Concepts:
Individuals – Groups – Institutions
Rule of Law
Movement / Migration
INDIAN REMOVAL
PAGE 36 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5d
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What role did Alexander
McGillivray and William
McIntosh play in the
removal of Creek Indians
in Georgia?
What role did Alexander McGillivray and
William McIntosh play in the removal of
Creek Indians in Georgia?
Alexander McGillivray
Protected Creek lands
from white settlers
Attacked white settlers
during Oconee War.
Signed 1790 Treaty of
New York. US gov’t
promised to protect
Creek lands west of
Oconee River.
Creeks leave lands east
of Oconee River, leads
to Headright land
distribution
William McIntosh
Both were
bi-racial
Creek
Indian
Chiefs
with a
European
descent
father and
Creek
mother
Supported Georgia and
US gov’t to gain land
from Creeks
Profited from treaties by
gaining land for himself
Signed the 1825 Treaty
of Indian Springs – gave
up all of Creek lands
without permission of
other Creek Chiefs.
Was killed by Creek
Indians for betraying the
Creek Nation
CONFLICT & CHANGE
The student will understand that
when there is conflict between or
within societies, change is the
result.
What are some examples of conflict and
change that involved people and land?
How were Alexander McGillivray and
William McIntosh similar and different,
and what were they fighting for?
ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY
A controversial Creek
Indian leader in the
1780s and 1790s,
Alexander McGillivray
was one of many
Southeastern Indians
with a Native American
mother and European
father.
- NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY
After the Revolution,
McGillivray used his growing
influence within Creek
society to resist Georgia's
attempt to confiscate three
million acres of land and to
otherwise protect what he
viewed as the sovereign
rights of the Creek people.
Oconee war led to removal
of Creeks west of Oconee
River. - New Georgia Encyclopedia
ALEXANDER McGILLIVRAY
The Yazoo land grants by Georgia
and the federal government's desire
to take control of Indian affairs led
to U.S. president George
Washington's signing of the 1790
Treaty of New York, in which the
United States promised to defend
Creek territorial rights. This treaty
created a formal relationship
between the United States and the
Creek Nation and affirmed
McGillivray's position as a
legitimate national leader.
- NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
WILLIAM McINTOSH
William McIntosh Jr., also known
as Tustunnuggee Hutkee ("White
Warrior"), was born around 1778 in
the Lower Creek town of Coweta to
Captain William McIntosh, a
Scotsman of Savannah, and
Senoya, a Creek woman of the
Wind Clan. He was raised among
the Creeks, but he spent enough
time in Savannah to become fluent
in English and to be able to move
comfortably within both Indian and
white societies.
- NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
WILLIAM McINTOSH
William McIntosh was a
controversial chief of the
Lower Creeks in earlynineteenth-century Georgia.
His general support of the
United States and its efforts
to obtain cessions of Creek
territory alienated him from
many Creeks who opposed
white encroachment on
Indian land.
- NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
WILLIAM McINTOSH
McIntosh's participation in the 1825
Treaty of Indian Springs (signed away
all Creek lands) cost him his life.
According to a Creek law that McIntosh
himself had supported, a sentence of
execution awaited any Creek leader
who ceded land to the United States
without the full assent of the entire
Creek Nation. Just before dawn on April
30, 1825, Upper Creek chief Menawa,
accompanied by 200 Creek warriors,
attacked McIntosh to carry out the
sentence. They set fire to his home,
and shot and stabbed to death
McIntosh. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA
What role did Alexander McGillivray and
William McIntosh play in the removal of
Creek Indians in Georgia?
William McIntosh
Alexander McGillivray
Protected Creek lands
from white settlers
Attacked white settlers
during Oconee War.
Signed 1790 Treaty of
New York. US gov’t
promised to protect
Creek lands west of
Oconee River.
Creeks leave lands east
of Oconee River, leads
to Headright land
distribution
Both were
bi-racial
Creek
Indian
Chiefs
with a
European
descent
father and
Creek
mother
Supported Georgia and
US gov’t to gain land
from Creeks
Profited from treaties by
gaining land for himself
Signed the 1825 Treaty
of Indian Springs – gave
up all of Creek lands
without permission of
other Creek Chiefs.
Was killed by Creek
Indians for betraying the
Creek Nation
In 1825 cousins William McIntosh, a Creek leader, and George Troup, the
governor of Georgia, signed the Treaty of Indian Springs, which authorized
the sale of Creek lands in the state to the federal government. McIntosh was
murdered shortly thereafter by angry members of the Creek Nation.
SS8H5d
Analyze the events that led to the removal
of Creeks and Cherokees; include the
roles of Alexander McGillivray, William
McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross,
Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v.
Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall,
and the Trail of Tears.
Concepts:
Individuals – Groups – Institutions
Rule of Law
Movement / Migration
INDIAN REMOVAL
PAGE 37 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5d
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What role did Sequoyah and
John Ross play in the
history of Cherokees in
Georgia?
What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play
in the history of Cherokees in Georgia?
SEQUOYAH
JOHN ROSS
SEQUOYAH
Sequoyah was the legendary
creator of the Cherokee
syllabary. Impressed by the
whites' ability to communicate
over distances by writing,
Sequoyah invented a system of
eighty-four to eighty-six
characters that represented
syllables in spoken Cherokee
(hence it is a syllabary, not an
alphabet). - New Georgia Encyclopedia
SEQUOYAH
Completed in 1821, the syllabary was
rapidly adopted by a large number of
Cherokees, making Sequoyah the only
member of an illiterate group in human
history to have single-handedly devised
a successful system of writing. There
are monuments, parks, and schools
named for Sequoyah in Tennessee,
Georgia, Alabama, Oklahoma, and
other states. The giant sequoia tree,
found in California, is named for him.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
SEQUOYAH
It is fact that the syllabary was used to
print some articles in the Cherokee
Phoenix newspaper, published in New
Echota, Georgia (then the capital of the
eastern Cherokees), from 1828 to 1834.
The appearance of the newspaper, as
well as the organized government of the
Cherokee Nation, including tribal council
and supreme court, infuriated the state
of Georgia, which had an agreement
with the U.S. government (the Compact
of 1802) to remove the Native
Americans. - New Georgia Encyclopedia
SEQUOYAH
When the Cherokees were
removed, the buildings and
printing press were destroyed,
and the type for the syllabary
was dumped in a well that was
then sealed. Excavations in the
1950s led to partial restoration,
and the New Echota State
Historic Site opened near
Calhoun in 1962.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play
in the history of Cherokees in Georgia?
SEQUOYAH
• Created the
Cherokee syllabary
(1st Native American
written language)
• Cherokees tried to
live more like whites
to be accepted
• His syllabary helped
create the Cherokee
Phoenix newspaper
JOHN ROSS
JOHN ROSS
John Ross became chief of the
Cherokee Nation in 1827, following
the establishment of a government
modeled on that of the United
States. He presided over the nation
during the apex of its development
in the Southeast, the tragic Trail of
Tears, and the subsequent
rebuilding of the nation in Indian
Territory, in present-day Oklahoma.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
JOHN ROSS
His family moved to the base
of Lookout Mountain, an area
that became Rossville,
Georgia. At his father's store
Ross learned the customs of
traditional Cherokees, although
at home his mixed-blood family
practiced European traditions
and spoke English.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
JOHN ROSS
As Ross took the reins of the Cherokee
government in 1827, white Georgians
increased their lobbying efforts to remove
the Cherokees from the Southeast. The
discovery of gold on Cherokee land fueled
their desire to possess the area, which was
dotted with lucrative businesses and
prosperous plantations like Ross's. The
Indian Removal Bill passed by Congress in
1830 provided legal authority to begin the
removal process. Ross's fight against the
1832 Georgia lottery, designed to give away
Cherokee lands, was the first of many
political battles. - New Georgia Encyclopedia
JOHN ROSS
Accompanying his people on the
"trail where they cried,"
commonly known as the Trail of
Tears, Ross experienced
personal tragedy. His wife died of
exposure after giving her only
blanket to a sick child. Once in
Indian Territory, Ross led the
effort to establish farms,
businesses, schools, and even
colleges. - New Georgia Encyclopedia
What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play
in the history of Cherokees in Georgia?
SEQUOYAH
• Created the
Cherokee syllabary
(1st Native American
written language)
• Cherokees tried to
live more like whites
to be accepted
• His syllabary helped
create the Cherokee
Phoenix newspaper
JOHN ROSS
• 1828 - Chief of
Cherokees
• Modeled the Cherokee
Nation government
after the US
government
• Tried to protect
Cherokee lands
• Protested Georgia’s
land lottery and Indian
Removal Act
• Survived the Trail of
Tears
SS8H5d
Analyze the events that led to the removal
of Creeks and Cherokees; include the
roles of Alexander McGillivray, William
McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross,
Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v.
Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall,
and the Trail of Tears.
Concepts:
Individuals – Groups – Institutions
Rule of Law
Movement / Migration
INDIAN REMOVAL
PAGE 38 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5d
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What role did the Dahlonega
gold rush play in the
removal of Cherokees in
Georgia?
What role did the Dahlonega gold rush play in
the removal of Cherokees in Georgia?
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH
There are several popular stories of the
beginning of Georgia's gold rush; but in fact,
no one is really certain who made the first
discovery or when. According to one anecdote,
John Witheroods found a three-ounce nugget
along Duke's Creek in White County. Another
says that Jesse Hogan, a prospector from
North Carolina, found gold on Ward's Creek
near Dahlonega. Yet another finds a young
Benjamin Parks kicking up an unusual-looking
stone while on the lookout for deer west of
the Chestatee River in 1828.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH
• The Great Intrusion
• By late 1829 north Georgia, known at
the time as the Cherokee Nation, was
flooded by thousands of prospectors
lusting for gold. Niles' Register
reported in the spring of 1830 that
there were four thousand miners
working along Yahoola Creek alone.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH
While in his nineties, Benjamin Parks recalled
the scene in the Atlanta Constitution (July 15,
1894):
“The news got abroad, and such
excitement you never saw. It seemed
within a few days as if the whole world
must have heard of it, for men came
from every state I had ever heard of.
They came afoot, on horseback and in
wagons, acting more like crazy men
than anything else. All the way from
where Dahlonega now stands to
Nuckollsville [Auraria] there were men
panning out of the branches and
making holes in the hillsides.”
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH
The sudden influx of miners into the Cherokee
Nation was known even at the time as the Great
Intrusion. One writer said in the Cherokee
Phoenix,
"Our neighbors who regard no law and pay
no respects to the laws of humanity are now
reaping a plentiful harvest. . . . We are an
abused people."
But there was little the Cherokees could do; it
seemed the louder they protested, the more
eagerly the miners came.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH
Gold rush towns sprang up quickly in north
Georgia, particularly near the center of the gold
region in present-day Lumpkin County. Auraria
became an instant boomtown, growing to a
population of 1,000 by 1832. The county seat,
called Licklog at the time, in 1833 became
known as Dahlonega, for the Cherokee word
tahlonega, meaning golden. Within a few
months after its establishment nearly 1,000
people were crowded into the settlement, with
about 5,000 people in the surrounding county.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
Branch Mint at Dahlonega
Congress soon authorized the establishment of a federal
Branch Mint at Dahlonega, and in 1838 the new mint
went into operation. It coined more than $100,000 worth
of gold in its first year, and by the time it closed in 1861, it
had produced almost 1.5 million gold coins with a face
value of more than $6 million.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
EFFECTS OF THE
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH
Between 1805 and 1832 the state of Georgia
held lotteries to distribute land seized from
the Cherokees and Creeks. Nearly three
quarters of the land in Georgia was allocated
by the lottery system. Finally, the U.S. Army
drove the Cherokees northwestward to Indian
Territory in present-day Oklahoma during the
bitterly cold winter of 1838-39. Deprived of
proper food and clothing, at least 4,000—
one-fifth of the entire Cherokee population—
died on the journey. The forced migration
became known as the Trail of Tears.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia
What role did the Dahlonega gold rush play in
the removal of Cherokees in Georgia?
DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH
• 1828 Gold attracted white
settlers to north Georgia
• Land belonged to
Cherokee Nation
• US Mint built in Dahlonega
• 1830 Andrew Jackson
signed the Indian Removal
Act
• 1838 Trail of Tears
ANDREW JACKSON
RECOGNIZE THIS GUY?
SS8H5d
Analyze the events that led to the removal
of Creeks and Cherokees; include the
roles of Alexander McGillivray, William
McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross,
Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v.
Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall,
and the Trail of Tears.
Concepts:
Individuals – Groups – Institutions
Rule of Law
Movement / Migration
INDIAN REMOVAL
PAGE 39 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5d
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What role did Andrew Jackson,
John Marshall and the Supreme
Court case Worcester v. Georgia
play in the removal of
Cherokees from Georgia?
What role did Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the
Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia play in the
removal of Cherokees from Georgia?
ANDREW JACKSON
WORCESTER
V.
GEORGIA
JOHN MARSHALL
JOHN MARSHALL
Chief Justice of the United States
Supreme Court. He ruled in favor of
Sam Worcester in the court case titled
Worcester v. Georgia.
“The Supreme Court ruled that the
Cherokee nation was a "distinct
community" with self-government "in
which the laws of Georgia can have
no force," establishing the doctrine
that the national government of the
United States, and not individual
states, had authority in Indian affairs.”
–wikipedia
WORCESTER V. GEORGIA
U.S. Supreme Court Decision:
-
www.law.jrank.org
Samuel Worcester, tried, convicted, and
sentenced by the state of Georgia for illegally
living in the lands of the Cherokee Nation
encompassed by the state of Georgia, was found
by the Supreme Court to have legally lived in
Cherokee Nation, by virtue of the facts that the
Cherokee Nation is a nation within itself, and that
the state of Georgia had no authority to mandate
laws within the territory confined by the Cherokee
Nation. The acts established by the state of
Georgia that affected the lands of the Cherokee
Nation were deemed unconstitutional and void.
WORCESTER V. GEORGIA
United States Supreme Court Decision:
Student Translation: Samuel Worcester (a white
missionary) was given permission by Cherokees to
live in the Cherokee Nation. However, he and others
were arrested by the state of Georgia for not having a
state license to live on Cherokee land. There were
jailed and sentenced to serve four years of hard labor.
Their appeal made it to the US Supreme Court, and
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the state of
Georgia did not have the right to arrest these people
because they were living in a sovereign (free)
Cherokee nation. In other words, the laws of Georgia
did not apply to the lands of the Cherokee Nation in
north Georgia.
ANDREW JACKSON
The removal of the Native
Americans to the west of the
Mississippi River had been a
major part of Andrew Jackson’s
political agenda. After his
election he signed the Indian
Removal Act into law in 1830.
The Act authorized the President
to negotiate treaties to buy tribal
lands in the east in exchange for
lands further west, outside of
existing U.S. state borders. He
signed the Treaty of New Echota
in 1835 that would remove all
Cherokees from Georgia in
exchange for lands in Oklahoma.
-wikipedia
ANDREW JACKSON
While frequently frowned upon in
the North, the Removal Act was
popular in the South, where
population growth, slavery, and
the discovery of gold on
Cherokee land had increased
pressure on tribal lands. The state
of Georgia became involved in a
dispute with the Cherokees,
culminating in the 1832 U.S.
Supreme Court decision
(Worcester v. Georgia) which
ruled that Georgia could not
impose its laws upon Cherokee
tribal lands.
-wikipedia
ANDREW JACKSON
Jackson is often
quoted as having
possibly said,
"John Marshall has
made his decision,
now let him enforce it!"
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?
HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THE SYSTEM OF CHECKS AND BALANCES
WERE NOT USED PROPERLY IN AMERICAN HISTORY
EXECUTIVE
PRESIDENT
Andrew Jackson
Did not enforce
the Supreme
court decision
JUDICIAL
SUPREME COURT
Chief Justice John Marshall
WORCESTER
V.
GEORGIA
Ruled that it is
unconstitutional
for states to
create laws
inside Indian
territories.
LEGISLATIVE
GEORGIA ASSEMBLY
Legislators
Created a state law making people have to
carry a state license to live on Cherokee
territory
INDIAN REMOVAL
PAGE 40 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H5d
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What role did the Trail of
Tears play in the removal of
Cherokees from Georgia?
CHEROKEE TRAIL OF TEARS
• After the signing of the Treaty of New
Echota, the Trail of Tears was the
relocation and movement of Native
Americans, including many members of the
Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw
nations among others in the United States,
from their homelands to Indian Territory
(present day Oklahoma) in the Western
United States. Many Native Americans
suffered from exposure, disease, and
starvation while en route to their
destinations, and many died, including
4,000 of the 15,000 relocated Cherokee.
-wikipedia
WHAT DO YOU THINK THE COLOR PURPLE REPRESENTS ON THE MAP?
IF YOU SAID THE LOCATION OF INDIAN
RESERVATIONS THEN YOU ARE CORRECT.
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www.newgeorgiaencyclopedia.com
www.kingcotton.co.uk
unitedcats.files.wordpress.com
Adherents.com
Wikipedia.com
Summertownstock.com
googleimages
www.us-coin-values-advisor.com
Georgia in the American Experience textbook