Transcript Hamilton and Jefferson`s interpretation of the Constitution

• Hamilton’s Economic Plan is always
contrasted with Jefferson’s. Hamilton
wanted the federal government to have
more power in making economic decisions.
Hamilton wanted to pay the states’ debts
after the Revolutionary war and have a
National Bank
• Hamilton and Jefferson’s interpretation
of the Constitution – Hamilton wanted a
loose interpretation of the Constitution
while Jefferson wanted a strict
interpretation of the Constitution that
protected individual rights.
• Whiskey Rebellion- Tax on whiskey
caused farmers to rebel. President
Washington sent in Federal troops to put
down the rebellion and show the power of
the new Federal government to enforce it’s
laws
• Election of 1800 – Thomas Jefferson vs.
John Adams, Jefferson won leading to the
Judiciary Act of 1801 and Adam’s attempt
to pack the courts with the “Midnight
Judges” and insure Federalist power. The
“Marbury vs. Madison” court case that gave
the Supreme Court the power of Judicial
Review comes from this period.
• Alien and Sedition Acts - were a series of laws
passed by the Federalists in 1798 during the
administration of President John Adams. They
were designed to protect the United States from
alien citizens of enemy powers and to stop
seditious attacks from weakening the government.
The Democratic-Republicans, and later historians,
have seen them as stifling criticism of the
administration. They became a major political
issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800.
• Cotton Gin – Invented by Eli Whitney in
1789, made the production of cotton more
efficient leading to the need for more slaves
to cultivate and harvest the cotton
• Treaty of Greenville, 1796 - was signed at Fort
Greenville on August 3, 1795, between a coalition
of Native Americans and the United States
following the Native American loss at the Battle of
Fallen Timbers. It put an end to the Northwest
Indian War. The United States was represented by
General Anthony Wayne, who defeated the Native
Americans and razed their villages a year earlier at
Fallen Timbers
• The Indian Removal Act of 1930 - was a law
passed by the Twenty-first United States Congress
in order to facilitate the relocation of Native
American tribes living east of the Mississippi
River in the United States to lands further west.
The Removal Act, part of a U.S. government
policy known as Indian Removal, was signed into
law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28,
1830.
• Worchester vs. Georgia, 1832- was a case
in which the United States Supreme Court
held that Cherokee Native Americans were
entitled to federal protection from the
actions of state governments.
• Trail of Tears- refers to the forced
relocation in 1838 of the Cherokee Native
American tribe to the Western United
States, which resulted in the deaths of an
estimated 4,000 Cherokees
• Transcendentalism - was a group of new ideas in
literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in
the New England region of the United States of America in
the early-to mid-19th century. It is sometimes called
American Transcendentalism to distinguish it from other
uses of the word transcendental. Transcendentalism began
as a protest against the general state of culture and society
at the time, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at
Harvard and the doctrine of the Unitarian church which
was taught at Harvard Divinity School. Among their core
beliefs was an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the
physical and empirical and is only realized through the
individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of
established religions.
• “54-40 or Fight”- The Oregon boundary arose
as a result of competing British and American
claims to the Oregon Country, a region of
northwestern North America known also from the
British perspective as the Columbia District, a furtrading division of the Hudson's Bay Company.
The region at question lay west of the Continental
Divide and between the 42nd Parallel of latitude
on the south (the northward limit of New Spain)
and the 54 degrees, 40 minutes line of latitude
• Hudson River School of Artists - was a
mid-19th century American art movement
by a group of landscape painters whose
aesthetic vision was influenced by
romanticism.
• South Carolina Nullification Crisis - declared
the tariff of 1828 and 1832 null and void within
the state borders of South Carolina. It began the
Nullification Crisis. Passed by a state convention
on November 24, 1832, it led, on December 10, to
President Andrew Jackson's proclamation against
South Carolina, which sent a naval flotilla and a
threat of sending government ground troops to
enforce the tariffs.
• Compromise Tariff of 1833 - was proposed
by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun as a
resolution to the Nullification Crisis. It was
adopted to gradually reduce the rates after
southerners objected to the protectionism
found in the Tariff of 1832 and the 1828
Tariff of Abominations, which had given
cause to South Carolina to threaten
secession from the Union.
• John C. Calhoun - was a prominent United States
Southern politician and political philosopher from
South Carolina during the first half of the 19th
century. Calhoun began his career as a staunch
nationalist, favoring war with Britain in 1812 and
a vast program of internal improvements
afterwards. He reversed course in the 1820s to
attack nationalism in favor of States Rights of the
sort Thomas Jefferson had propounded in 1798.
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - was the
peace treaty that ended the MexicanAmerican War (1846–1848). The treaty
provided for the Mexican Cession, in which
Mexico ceded 525,000 square miles to the
United States in exchange for $15 million.
The United States also agreed to take over
$3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to
American citizens
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion - was a slave
rebellion that happened in Virginia in
August 1831. Over 50 people were reported
killed. It lasted only a few days before being
put down, but leader Nat Turner remained
in hiding for several months afterwards.
• Dorothea Dix - was an American activist
on behalf of the indigent insane who,
through a vigorous program of lobbying
states legislatures and the United States
Congress, created the first generation of
American mental asylums.
• Kansas-Nebraska Act - of 1854 created the
territories of Kansas and Nebraska and
opened new lands for settlement. The act
was designed by Democratic Senator
Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois; it repealed
the Missouri Compromise. The act
established that settlers could decide for
themselves whether to allow slavery (
popular sovereignty ).
• Bleeding Kansas - sometimes referred to in
history as Bloody Kansas or the Border War,
was a sequence of violent events involving FreeStaters (anti-slavery) and pro-slavery ("Border
Ruffians") elements that took place in Kansas–
Nebraska Territory and the western frontier towns
of the U.S. state of Missouri between roughly
1854 and 1858 attempting to influence whether
Kansas would enter the Union as a free or slave
state. The term "Bleeding Kansas" was coined by
Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune.
• Popular Sovereignty - is the doctrine that
the state is created by and subject to the will
of the people, who are the source of all
political power. In the 1850’s it refered to a
state’s right to determine the issue of
slavery within it’s borders by a vote of the
people.
• Dred Scott vs. Sanford, 1857 - known as the
"Dred Scott Case" or the "Dred Scott Decision",
was a lawsuit decided by the United States
Supreme Court in 1857 that ruled that people of
African descent, whether or not they were slaves,
could never be citizens of the United States, and
that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery
in federal territories. The decision for the court
was written by Chief Justice Roger Taney.
• Harriet Beecher Stowe - was an abolitionist and
writer of more than 13 books, the most famous
being Uncle Tom's Cabin which describes life in
slavery, and which was first published in serial
form from 1851 to 1852 in an abolitionist organ,
the National Era, edited by Gamaliel Bailey.
Although Stowe herself had never been to the
American South, she subsequently published A
Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, a non-fiction work
documenting the veracity of her depiction of the
lives of slaves in the original novel.
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin - is a novel by
American author Harriet Beecher Stowe
which treats slavery as a central theme. The
novel is believed to have had a profound
effect on the North's view of slavery.
• Civil War Aim of Abraham Lincoln – The
aim of President Lincoln was to preserve
the Union
• Vicksburg- Battle for control of the
Mississippi, Union victory became a turning
point of the war in 1863 as the Union split
the Confederacy in half and controlled the
supply lines along the Mississippi
• Emancipation Proclamation – Declared
that slaves in rebelling states were free.
Made slavery the issue of the war and kept
Great Britain from joining the Confederate
war effort.
• 13th Amendment – freed the slaves
• 14th Amendment – citizenship and the
rights of citizenship cannot be denied based
upon race
• 15th Amendment – the right to vote cannot
be denied based on race
• Election of 1876 - Hayes became president after
the tumultuous, scandal-ridden years of the Grant
administration. He had a reputation for honesty
dating back to his Civil War years. Hayes was
quite famous for his ability to not offend anyone.
Henry Adams, a prominent politician at the time,
asserted that Hayes was "a third rate nonentity,
whose only recommendation is that he is
obnoxious to no one." Nevertheless, his opponent
in the presidential election, Democrat Samuel J.
Tilden, was the favorite to win the presidential
election and, in fact, won the popular vote by
about 250,000 votes
• Compromise of 1877 – compromise
naming Hayes President of the United
States while ending the military occupation
of the south, ended military reconstruction
• Homestead Act - was a United States federal law
that gave one quarter of a section of a township
(160 acres, or about 65 hectares) of undeveloped
land in the American West to any family head or
person who was at least 21 years of age, provided
he lived on it for five years and built a house of a
minimum of 12 by 14 feet (3.6 x 4.3 m), or
allowed the family head to buy it for $1.25 per
acre ($0.51/ha) after six months.
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a.
•
Westward Movement
Roles of Irish - The majority of the Union Pacific track
was built by Irish laborers, veterans of both the Union
and Confederate armies, and Mormons who wished to
see the railroad pass through Ogden and Salt Lake City,
Utah.
Roles of Chinese - Mostly Chinese (coolies) built the
Central Pacific track. Even though at first they were
thought to be too weak or fragile to do this type of work,
after the first day in which Chinese were on the line, the
decision was made to hire as many as could be found in
California (where most were gold miners or in service
industries such as laundries and kitchens), plus many
more were imported from China. Most of the men
received between one and three dollars per day, but the
workers from China received much less.
• Dawes Severalty Act - authorized the
President of the United States to survey
Native American tribal land and divide the
area into allotments for the individual
Native American. It was enacted February
8, 1887
• Impact of Transcontinental Railroad - it
created a nationwide mechanized
transportation network that revolutionized
the population and economy of the
American West, catalyzing the transition
from the wagon trains of previous decades
to a modern transportation system.
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
•
Omaha Platform –
secret ballot system
graduated income tax
restriction of undesirable emigration.
eight-hour law on Government work
initiative and referendum.
election of Senators of the United States by a
direct vote
• Populism - was a short-lived political party
in the United States in the late 19th century.
It flourished particularly among western
farmers, based largely on its opposition to
the gold standard.
• Interstate Commerce Act - The ICC's
original purpose was to regulate railroads
to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate
discrimination, and to regulate other aspects
of common carriers.
• “Cross of Gold” Speech - was a speech delivered
by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896
Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The
speech advocated bimetallism. At the time, the
Democratic Party wanted to standardize the value
of the dollar to silver and opposed pegging the
value of the United States dollar to a gold
standard. The inflation that would result from the
silver standard would make it easier for farmers
and other debtors to pay off their debts by
increasing their revenue dollars. It would also
reverse the deflation which the U.S. experienced
from 1873-1896.
• Refrigerator Car – made it possible to
transport meat without spoiling to large
areas of the country, changed the diet of the
US to include more fresh beef and pork
• Settlement houses - The movement gave rise to
many social policy initiatives and innovative ways
of working to improve the conditions of the most
excluded members of society. The two largest and
most influential settlement houses were Chicago's
Hull House (founded by Jane Addams and Ellen
Gates Starr in 1889) and the Henry Street
Settlement in New York (founded by Lillian Wald
in 1893).
• Urbanization - is the increase over time in
the population of cities in relation to the
region's rural population.
1. Robber Barons – nickname given to
industrialists on the late 19th and early 20th
centuries
• Andrew Carnegie - was a Scottish-American
businessman, a major and widely respected
philanthropist, and the founder of the Carnegie
Steel Company which later became U.S. Steel. He
is known for having built one of the most
powerful and influential corporations in United
States history, and, later in his life, giving away
most of his riches to fund the establishment of
many libraries, schools, and universities
• John D. Rockefeller - was an American
industrialist and philanthropist who played a
pivotal role in the establishment of the oil
industry, and defined the structure of modern
philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller helped found
the Standard Oil company. Over a forty-year
period, Rockefeller built Standard Oil into the
largest and most profitable company in the world,
and became the world's richest man.
• J.P. Morgan - was an American financier
and banker, who dominated corporate
finance and industrial consolidation.
• Vanderbilt Family - Cornelius Vanderbilt
I was an American entrepreneur who built
his wealth in shipping and railroads and was
the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family.
• Laissez-Faire/ Government influence of
Business in 1890’s – The Robber Barons
wanted the Government to stay out of the
market economy of the United States during
the 1890’s into the early 1900’s
• Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest in
economics, politics, and imperialism
• Haymarket Riot - On May 1, 1886, labor unions
organized a strike for an eight-hour work day in Chicago.
Albert Parsons, head of the Chicago Knights of Labor,
with his wife Lucy Parsons and seven children, led 80,000
people down Michigan Avenue in what is regarded as the
first May Day Parade. In the next few days they were
joined nationwide by 350,000 workers, including 70,000 in
Chicago, who went on strike at 1,200 factories. On May 4th
the police ordered the rally to disperse and began marching
in formation towards the speakers' wagon. A bomb was
thrown at the police line and exploded, killing one
policeman (see Mathias J. Degan); seven other policemen
later died from their injuries. The police immediately
opened fire on the crowd, injuring dozens. Many of the
wounded were afraid to visit hospitals for fear of being
arrested. A total of eleven people died.
• Samuel Gompers - was an American labor
and political leader. Gompers founded the
American Federation of Labor (AFL) and
held the position as president of the
organization for all but one year from 1886
until his death in 1924.
1. Strike – work stoppage by union workers
to pressure management to address
workers’ needs
• Yellow-dog Contract – workers must sign
a contract that states they will not join a
union if hired to work in a factory
• Sherman Anti-trust Act – outlawed any
business practice that retrained trade, it was
intended to block companies from forming
monopolies, it was used to stop unions from
striking
• Homestead Strike - was a labor lockout and
strike which began on June 30, 1892, with a battle
between the strikers and private security agents
erupting on July 6, 1892. It is one of the most
serious labor disputes in U.S. history. The dispute
occurred in Homestead, Pennsylvania, between
the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel
Workers (the AA) and the Carnegie Steel
Company.
• Pendleton Act - is an 1883 United States
federal law that established the United
States Civil Service Commission, which
placed most federal employees on the merit
system and marked the end of the so-called
"spoils system." Drafted during the Chester
A. Arthur administration
• Political machines - In the United States in the late 19th
and early 20th century, it was mainly the larger cities that
had machines — Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, New York
City, Philadelphia, etc. — and each city's machine was run
by a "boss," a man who had the allegiance of elected
officials and who knew the buttons to push to get things
done. Many machines formed in cities to serve immigrants
to the U.S. in the late nineteenth century; the immigrants
were unfamiliar with the sense of civic duty that was part
of American republicanism. They traded votes for jobs and
inside favors from judges, policemen, and city inspectors.
Some bosses were ruthless in their endeavor to retain
power. The main role of the machine staffers was to win
elections--usually by turning out large numbers of voters
on election day.
• Boss Tweed - commonly known as "Boss"
Tweed, was an American politician and
head of Tammany Hall, the name given to
the Democratic Party political machine that
played a major role in New York City
politics from the 1790s to the 1960s. He
was convicted and eventually imprisoned
for stealing millions of dollars from the city
through graft.
• Tammany Hall - the name given to the
Democratic Party political machine that
played a major role in New York City
politics from the 1790s to the 1960s.
• Initiative - provides a means by which a
petition signed by a certain minimum
number of registered voters can force a
public vote on a proposed statute,
constitutional amendment, charter
amendment or ordinance.
• Referendum - is a direct vote in which an
entire electorate is asked to either accept or
reject a particular proposal. This may be the
adoption of a new constitution, a
constitutional amendment, a law, the recall
of an elected official or simply a specific
government policy.
• Recall - is a procedure by which voters can
remove an elected official from office.
Along with the initiative and referendum, it
was one of the major electoral reforms
advocated by leaders of the Progressive
movement in the United States during the
late 19th and early 20th centuries.
• Alfred T. Mahan – called for a two ocean
Navy to protect the interest of the US in an
imperialistic society, his ideas gained
support around the time of the SpanishAmerican War and also included a more
direct route from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Ocean (Panama Canal)
• Josiah Strong - was a Protestant clergyman and
author. He was a founder of the Social Gospel
movement that sought to apply Protestant religious
principles to solve the social ills brought on by
industrialization, urbanization and immigration.
He believed that all races could be improved and
uplifted and thereby brought to Christ. In the
"Possible Future" portion of Our Country, Strong
argued that the superior Anglo-Saxon race had a
responsibility to "civilize and Christianize" the
world.
• Spheres of Influence - is an area or region
over which an organization or state exerts
some kind of indirect cultural, economic,
military or political domination.
• Open Door Policy - was first advanced by the United
States in the Open Door Notes of September-November
1899. In 1898, the United States had become an East Asian
power through the acquisition of the Philippine Islands,
and when the partition of China by the European powers
and Japan seemed imminent, the United States felt its
commercial interests in China threatened. US Secretary of
State John Hay sent notes to the major powers (France,
Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia), asking
them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese
territorial and administrative integrity and would not
interfere with the free use of the treaty ports within their
spheres of influence in China.
• Social Darwinism/Imperialism –
“Survival of the fittest”, One country
dominates the economic/political/social
affairs of another country
• William Randolph Hearst - was an American
newspaper magnate, born in San Francisco,
California., owner of the New York Morning
Journal, became known for sensationalist writing
and for its agitation in favor of the SpanishAmerican War, and the term yellow journalism (a
pejorative reference to scandal-mongering,
sensationalism, jingoism and similar practices)
was derived from the Journal's color comic strip,
The Yellow Kid.
• Joseph Pulitzer - In 1882 Pulitzer, by then a
wealthy man, purchased the New York World, a
newspaper that had been losing $40,000 a year, for
$346,000 from Jay Gould. Pulitzer shifted its
focus to human-interest stories, scandal, and
sensationalism. best known for posthumously
establishing the Pulitzer Prizes and (along with
William Randolph Hearst) for originating yellow
journalism.
• Dollar Diplomacy - is the term used to describe
the efforts of the United States—particularly under
President William Howard Taft—to further its
foreign policy aims in Latin America and East
Asia through use of its economic power. The term
was originally coined by President Taft, who
claimed that U.S. operations in Latin America
went from 'warlike and political' to 'peaceful and
economic.
• Platt Amendment - The amendment ceded to the
U.S. the naval base in Cuba (Guantánamo Bay),
stipulated that Cuba would not transfer Cuban
land to any power other than the U.S., mandated
that Cuba would contract no foreign debt without
guarantees that the interest could be served from
ordinary revenues, ensured U.S. intervention in
Cuban affairs when the U.S. deemed necessary,
prohibited Cuba from negotiating treaties with any
country other than the United States, and provided
for a formal treaty detailing all the foregoing
provisions.
• Roosevelt Corollary - to the Monroe Doctrine
was a substantial alteration (called an
"amendment") of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S.
President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. In its
altered state, the Monroe Doctrine would now
consider Latin America as an agency for
expanding U.S. commercial interests in the region,
along with its original stated purpose of keeping
European hegemony from the hemisphere. In
addition, the corollary proclaimed the explicit
right of the United States to intervene in Latin
American conflicts exercising an international
police power. AKA “Walk softly and carry a big
stick”
• Muckraking - is an American English term for
one who investigates and exposes issues of
corruption that violate widely held values, such as
political corruption, corporate crime, child labor,
conditions in slums and prisons, unsanitary
conditions in food processing plants (such as
meat), fraudulent claims by manufacturers of
patent medicines, labor racketeering, and similar
topics.
• Ida Tarbell - was an author and journalist. She
was known as one of the leading "muckrakers" of
her day, whose work was originally published in
McClure's Magazine. She also loved the taste of
peanut butter in her mouth, and was caught
shoplifting peanut butter over 10 times. Her
famous exposé of the nefarious business practices
of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company
established her as a pioneer of investigative
journalism.
• Lucretia Mott - was an American Quaker
minister, abolitionist, social reformer and
proponent of women's rights. She is credited
as the first American "feminist" in the early
1800s but was, more accurately, the initiator
of women's political advocacy.
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton - was a social
activist and a leading figure of the early
woman's movement. Her Declaration of
Sentiments, presented at the first women's
rights convention held in 1848 in Seneca
Falls, New York, is often credited with
initiating the organized woman's rights and
woman's suffrage movements in the United
States.
• Upton Sinclair – Famous muckraker
known for writing “The Jungle” which
exposed the unsanitary conditions of the
meat packing industry in Chicago
• Plessey vs. Ferguson, 1896 - Separate but
Equal is Constitutional
• Booker T. Washington – “Everybody’s
money is green”, early Civil Rights leader,
advocate of vocational training for African
Americans
• Ida Wells Barnett - was an African
American civil rights advocate, and led a
strong cause against lynching. She was a
fearless anti-lynching crusader, suffragist,
women's rights advocate, journalist and
speaker.
• Lincoln Steffens - was an American
journalist and one of the most famous and
influential practitioners of the journalistic
style called muckraking. He is also known
for his 1921 statement, upon his return from
the Soviet Union: "I have been over into the
future, and it works.
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b.
c.
•
Ford’s Innovations
$5 a day
Assembly Line
Model T.
Worker’s as Consumers
• Appeasement - is a policy of accepting the
imposed conditions of an aggressor in lieu of
armed resistance, usually at the sacrifice of
principles. Since World War II, the term has
gained a negative connotation in the British
government, in politics and in general, of
weakness, cowardice and self-deception resulted
in the Munich Pact which allowed Germany to
occupy the Sudetenland portion of Czechoslovakia
• 14 Points - were listed in a speech delivered
by President Woodrow Wilson of the United
States to a joint session of the United States
Congress on January 8, 1918. In his speech,
Wilson intended to set out a blueprint for
lasting peace in Europe after World War I.
• Treaty of Versailles – ended WWI,
included a “War Guilt” clause which
enabled the allies to force Germany to pay
reparations
• League of Nations - was an international organization
founded after the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. The
League's goals included disarmament, preventing war
through collective security, settling disputes between
countries through negotiation diplomacy and improving
global welfare. The diplomatic philosophy behind the
League represented a fundamental shift in thought from the
preceding hundred years. The League lacked an armed
force of its own and so depended on the Great Powers to
enforce its resolutions, keep to economic sanctions which
the League ordered, or provide an Army, when needed, for
the League to use. However, it was often very reluctant to
do so.
• WWI impact of US Foreign Policy after
the War – Lead US to follow a policy of
Isolationism to avoid alliances that may
drag the US into another European conflict
• Sacco and Vanzeti - were two Italian-born
American anarchists, who were arrested, tried, and
executed via electrocution in Massachusetts. There
is much controversy regarding their guilt, stirred
in part by Upton Sinclair's 1928 novel Boston.
Critics of the trial have accused the prosecution
and trial judge of allowing anti-Italian, antiimmigrant, and anti-anarchist sentiment to
influence the jury's verdict.
• Teapot Dome Scandal - is a reference to an
oil field on public land in Wyoming, so
named because of a rock resembling a
teapot overlooking the field. It is also a
phrase commonly applied to the scandal
that rocked the administration of United
States President Warren G. Harding.
• Market/Advertising in the 20’s – National
Advertising, consumer credit buying, mail
order catalogs, installment plans (buying)
• Langston Hughes - was an American poet,
novelist, playwright, short story writer, and
newspaper columnist. Hughes is best known
for his work during the Harlem
Renaissance.
• Babe Ruth - was an American Major
League baseball player during the Roaring
Twenties.
1. Scopes Trial – teaching the theory of
evolution
in
public
schools,
fundamentalist vs. secularism
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation –
insures deposits in banks, depression era
safety net for banks, it encouraged people to
save their money is banks
• Munich Pact – appeasement agreement that
allowed Germany to occupy the
Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia
• Non-Aggression Pact Germany and USSR
agreement not to declare war on each other
while German troops attacked Poland,
USSR was given part of Poland as a part of
the agreement
• Holocaust – Systematic killing of certain
groups by the Germans during WWII. Main
targeted group were the JEWS
• Manhattan Project – Project to construct
an atomic weapon
• Stalingrad/Turning Point – Stalin refused
to back down from the city that was his
namesake, this stubbornness and the harsh
Russian winter resulted in a huge loss for
the German Army
• Korematsu vs. US - was a landmark United
States Supreme Court case which asked the
question, "Did the President and Congress go
beyond their war powers by implementing
exclusion and restricting the rights of Americans
of Japanese descent?" In a 6-3 decision, the Court
sided with the government, ruling that the
exclusion order leading to Japanese American
Internment was not unconstitutional.
• Berlin Airlift – delivery of food and
supplies to the population of West Berlin by
the US and it’s allies after the USSR
blockaded the city
• D-Day – June 6th, 1944, beach landings to
begin the liberation of France from German
control
• Marshall Plan – Gave assistance to the
countries of Europe intent on stopping the
spread of communism
• Alliance for Progress – Economic
assistance to Latin-American countries in an
attempt to stop the spread of communism
into Central and South America
• United Nations – Peace keeping
organization that took the place of the
League of Nations after WWII
• NATO – North Atlantic Treaty
Organization, alliance of Non-communist
countries mainly in Europe
• Warsaw Pact – alliance of communism
countries, puppets of the USSR
• House Un-American Activities
Committee looked for suspected
communist, especially in Hollywood.
• McCarthyism – Senate search for
communist sympathizers in the government
and military of the US
• Détente – French term for the thawing of
tensions between the USSR and the US
• Cuban Missile Crisis – USSR tries to place
Nuclear Missiles in Cuba aimed at the US,
President Kennedy sends the Navy into the
Atlantic to intercept the delivery of the
warheads from the USSR to Cuba
• SNCC – Student Non-violent coordinating
committee lead by Stokley Carmichael,
participated in sit-ins, voter registration
dives in Mississippi, and Civil Rights
protest marches, became more militant as
Carmichael began to promote the “Black
Power” movement
• Earl Warren – Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court from 1953 until 1969
• Brown vs. Board of Ed – reversed Plessy
vs. Ferguson making Separate but Equal
unconstitutional in public schools
• The Feminine Mystique – book written by
Betty Friedan concerning the fulfillment of
women within a male dominated society
• Betty Friedan – thought that women
should seek fulfillment outside the realm of
being a wife and mother
• Haight-Ashbury – capital of the Hippie
movement in San Francisco
1. Cesar Chavez – advocate for the rights of
Mexican-Americans, especially migrant
farm workers
• My Lai Incident – killing of 200 civilians
in the South Vietnamese village of My Lai,
further turn the American public against the
war in Vietnam
• Domino Theory – one country falls to
communism, all of the countries in the
region will also fall to communism
• Containment – US policy of not allowing
communism to spread to other regions of
the world
• Martin Luther King Jr. – leader of the
Civil Rights movement in the US,
Assassinated in 1968, non-violent protest
• Malcolm X follower of Elijah Mohammad,
Nation of Islam spokesman, assassinated by
Muslim followers for abandoning the cause
• Black Power Movement – Nationalistic
approach to Civil Rights, symbol was the
raised fist
• Stokley Carmichael – leader of SNCC,
advocate of the Black Panthers and the
Black Power movement
• Sputnik – USSR Satellite, lead to the US
opening the Space Race and eventual
landing of man on the moon
• Iran-Contra Affair - was one of the largest
political scandals in the United States
during the 1980s. It involved several
members of the Reagan Administration who
in 1986 helped sell arms to Iran, an avowed
enemy, and used the proceeds to fund the
Contras, an anti-communist guerrilla
organization in Nicaragua.
• Persian Gulf Wars – 1st Persian Gulf War
was to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi control.
2nd Persian Gulf War was to relieve Saddam
Hussein of power in Iraq
• Flag Burning – issue addressed by the
court case of Texas vs. Johnson
• Texas vs. Johnson - defendant's act of flag
burning was protected speech under the
First Amendment to the United States
Constitution
• NAFTA – North American Free Trade
Agreement
• Department of Energy - is a Cabinet-level
department of the United States government
responsible for energy policy and nuclear
safety.
• Three Mile Island - On March 28, 1979,
the Unit 2 nuclear power plant on Three
Mile Island suffered a partial core
meltdown. This was the worst accident in
US commercial nuclear power generating
history
• Energy Crisis - Cause: an OPEC oil export
embargo by many of the major Arab oilproducing states, in response to western
support of Israel during the Yom Kippur
War
• Jimmy Carter - As President his major initiatives
included the consolidation of numerous governmental
agencies into the newly formed Department of Energy, a
cabinet level department. He enacted strong environmental
legislation. With bipartisan support he and Congress
deregulated the trucking, airline, rail, finance,
communications, and oil industries. Carter bolstered the
social security system; and appointed record numbers of
women and minorities to significant government and
judicial posts. In foreign affairs, Carter's major initiatives
included the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal
Treaties, the creation of full diplomatic relations with the
People's Republic of China, and the negotiation of the
SALT II Treaty. In addition, he is seen as a champion of
human rights throughout the world and used human rights
as the center of his administration's foreign policy.
• Bill Clinton - Clinton's presidency included the longest
period of economic growth in America's history. Clinton
made cutting the deficit a top priority of his presidency. He
supported and signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation
Act of 1993. The Clinton Administration had a domestic
agenda that included successful passage of the Family and
Medical Leave Act of 1993 and the North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Clinton was unsuccessful in
his attempt at a universal health care reform program,
known as the Clinton health care plan. The foreign policy
of the Clinton administration dealt with conflicts in Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Haiti, and most notably the Kosovo War.
• Affirmative Action - is a policy or a
program whose stated goal is to redress past
or present discrimination through active
measures to ensure equal opportunity, as in
education and employment