Transcript The Industrial Revolution

Before Notes/ reading
Y/N
A revolution always has a
positive outcome
Someone loses power
during a revolution
Every revolution is a war
A revolution may result in
the birth of a new nation
After Notes/ Reading
Y/N

8.11 B Describe the positive and negative
consequences of human modification of physical
environment of the United States

8.27A Explain the effects of technological and
scientific innovations such as the steamboat, cotton
gin and interchangeable parts

8.27B Analyze the impact of transportation and
communication systems on the growth, development,
and urbanization of the United States
Revolution
 an overthrow or repudiation and
the thorough replacement of an
established government or political
system by the people governed
 a sudden, complete or marked
change in something
The Industrial
Revolution
What was it?
the
change from an agricultural
society to industrial because
new factories in the
northeast states
When did it happen?
the
Industrial Revolution
began in the United
States around 1800 in
the New England states
Why did it begin the Northeast?
 New
England had poor soil for farming
 Northeast has many rivers =
waterpower for factories
 NE had port cities for shipping to
other states and across the Atlantic
 Subsistence farmers were willing to
move to the cities
The Industrial Revolution occurred
because of…
FREE ENTERPRISE – people are free
to buy, sell, own, and produce products
as well as work wherever they choose
 Which
founding father supported an
economy based on free enterprise?
 The government had few regulations to
control the economy
Industrial Revolution
The
Industrial Revolution
started in the late 1760
in Britain and spread to
the United States as an
effect of the War of
1812.
 The
Industrial
Revolution required
the invention of new
machines and
technology – which is
scientific discoveries
that simplify work.
 Congress created
patents to protect
inventors’ new
inventions from being
copied.

It began in the textile industry, but soon
transferred to other industries.

Work shifted from homes to factories, where
workers could be supervised and where water and
steam power could be used to run machines
Ultimately,
the
Industrial Revolution
occurred as a
combination of the
following events:
Rise of the
factory
system
Use of
steam
power
Mass
production
of goods
Industrial
Revolution
The Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney invented
the cotton gin, which
was a simple machine
that quickly and
efficiently removed
seeds from cotton.
Farm production
increased dramatically.
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Cotton became more
profitable = an increase in
the need for slave labor

Removed seeds from cotton
Factories
 Factory
System – a
system bringing
manufacturing
steps together
under one roof or in
one place. Most
employees were
women and
children working
LONG hours.
Francis
Lowell- opened the
Lowell factory in Massachusetts.
Employed mostly young girls to
work in difficult conditions for
long hours and low wages.
These conditions had an impact
on the child labor laws the
U.S. has today.
Lowell, Massachusetts in 1850
Lowell Mill
Lowell Girls
Francis
Lowell
opened the factory
What was their
typical “profile”? –
young girls, bad
conditions, long hours
Irish Immigrant Girls at
Lowell
New Development – Interchangeable
Parts
Interchangeable
parts – identical
machine parts that could be
quickly put together to make a
complete product
Importance of
Interchangeable parts
Allowed for mass
production of a variety
of goods
so…
prices were reduced
Eli Whitney & Interchangeable Parts
Could build 10 different
rifles from these pieces
textile
industries -factories that
produced clothing and cloth
items from cotton; located in
North
Early Textile Loom
New England
Textile
Centers:
1830s
The Cotton Gin’s Impact on Slavery
The
demand for southern cotton
grew dramatically because of the
cotton gin and the increased
number of textile mills in the
north that needed cotton
more northern textile mills
=
more southern slaves!
Brief Summary of the Plantation
System

Large plantations were
comprised of several
thousand acres. Plantation
owners had slaves to do all
the work. Some worked in
the house, some were
trained as blacksmiths,
carpenters, shoe makers,
or weavers, and others
worked with animals in
pastures. However, most
worked long hours in the
fields.
The Cotton Gin Continued…

The cotton gin made it possible to clean cotton
faster and less expensively than by hand. This
encouraged the planters to raise larger cotton crops
which required more slaves.
Therefore. . .
cotton gin
=
higher demand for cotton
=
more textile mills in north
=
more slaves in south to work
plantations
Which leads to…
Stop
Students
will complete
“ The Impact of Eli
Whitney’s Cotton Gin”
Regional Specialization
North
South
– industrialization
– agriculture (cotton
and slavery)
Farming During the Industrial
Revolution

New England farms
were small, usually
subsistence farms

Western farmers raised
pork and cash crops
such as corn and
wheat.

Southern farmers
planted cash crops such
as cotton, rice, and
tobacco
Urbanization Prompted by
Industrial Revolution
 Growth
of factories and trade caused
the growth of towns and cities
 Locations of factories depended on
the geography of the area
Urban = Cities
Rural = Country
Five Common Problems of
Early Cities
1.Streets and
sidewalks
unpaved &
animals
roaming
freely
2. Pollution
from
factories
3. No sewers
4. Diseases
easily spread
due to
poor
sanitation
5. Fires spread easily
due to close
quarters and
few fire
companies
The Census and Population
 Census
– officially counts the
population of the U.S. every 10 years
 The
first census occurred in 1790
and the population of the United
States was nearly 4 million
The 1790 Census
First Census
Most
of the population lived east
of the Appalachian Mountains
and within a few hundred miles
of the Atlantic coast
By 1820, the population reached
10 million with 2 million living
west of the Appalachian
Mountains
U.S. Population Centers in 1820
U.S. Population Centers in
1860
Thought Spot
Look
at the population maps
from 1820 and 1860.
What were the U.S. largest
cities in 1820?
What were the U.S. largest
cities in 1860?
Transportation
Because
the nation needed good
inland roads for travel and for
the shipment of goods, private
companies built turnpikes or toll
roads
Fees paid to use these roads
were used for construction and
upkeep of the roads
“Pay to use the road!”
 The
National Road was approved by
Congress in 1806 that connected the
east with the west. The first section
opened in 1818, connecting
Maryland to western Virginia. Years
later, it ended in Illinois. The
National Road made the migration of
people easier.
National Road, 18181838
Pros & Cons to River Travel
 More
comfortable
than horse &
buggy
 Get
ALL goods on
barges & float
direction of
current
 Most
rivers ran
north & south
BUT…most people
traveling to the
west!
 Upstream
against
current slow
Clipper Ships
 Moved quickly through waters –
“clipped” time off the trip across the
Atlantic
The Steamboat

Robert Fulton developed the first steamboat in 1807;
named “Clermont”

Early steamboats easily blew up because there were no
regulations on who could run steamboats and the boilers
that created steam had no safety valve to stop
overheating and slow pressure
Robert Fulton and the Steamboat
Steamboat Effects:
 improved transport
goods & people on
inland rivers
 economic
productivity (ship
goods – faster, easier,
cheaper)
 helped river cities
grow – St. Louis

The Clermont – 1807
Canals

Canal – an artificial (man-made) waterway

The first canal was the 363 mile Erie Canal
connecting Albany, New York on the Hudson River
to Buffalo, New York on Lake Erie. It was
completed on October 26, 1825.
Erie Canal – 1825
Canals Continued…

Three results of the increase in
canals in the U.S. between 1825
and 1850:
1.
Canals lowered the cost of shipping
goods
2.
Brought prosperity (money) to towns
along their routes
3.
Helped unite the growing country
Stop
America
Story of
Us
WESTWARD
minutes 44 -1:08
The
Railroads
Connect
America!
The “Iron Horse” 1830
1830  13 miles of track
1850  9000 mi. of RR track
1860  31,000 mi.
The Railroad Revolution, 1850s
 Immigrants
built the
northern
railroads
 Slaves built the
southern
railroads
Issues Caused by Industrial Revolution
 The
Industrial Revolution led to
some issues regarding the powers of
the federal government versus
those of the states. The Supreme
Court stepped in to help settle
these issues.
 Which cases from Unit 4 am I
referring to?
Americans
had strong
allegiance to the region of
the US they lived in –
Westerners, Southerners,
or Northerners
Leads to problems known
as
Sectionalism
Sectionalism Disagreements
Among North And South
1. Slavery
2. Need for tariffs
3. States’ rights
4. Internal improvements (paying
for the improvements in U.S.
transportation systems)
Southern Spokesman
John C. Calhoun –
represented South
Carolina

said NO to tariffs
–it would raise
prices of
manufactured
goods that South
had to buy

Northern Spokesman
Daniel Webster –
represented New
Hampshire

said YES to tariffs –
protect American
industries from
foreign competition
because foreign goods
would cost more $ (buy

American!)
Western Spokesman
Henry Clay –
represented
Kentucky

Tried to
compromise
with both

Thought Spot
Create
a bridge map relating
the spokesmen to the area they
represent