Transcript COLD WAR - Methacton School District

COLD WAR
TWO NATIONS LIVE
ON THE EDGE
END OF WWII
What is left?
What are the problems?
What are the solutions?
Who can help? How?
January 10, 1946
• First meeting of the United Nations
• 1944, at the Dumbarton Oaks conference
in Washington D,C., the groundwork was
laid by Allied delegates for an international
postwar organization to maintain peace
and security in the postwar world
• In April 1945, delegates from 51 nations
convened in San Francisco to draft the
United Nations Charter.
• On June 26, the document was signed by
the delegates,
• October 24 it was formally ratified by the
five permanent members of the Security
Council France, the Republic of China, the
Soviet Union, the UK, and US
History of UN
• January 1946 : General Assembly adopts
first resolution on World
Peace:ELIMINATION OF ATOMIC
WEAPONS
• May 1948: United Nations Troop
Supervision Organization (UNTSO)
• Dec. 1948 Universal declaration of Human
Rights
• 1943 united Nations Relief and
Rehabilitation Administration UNRRA
– Transported millions of former Concentration
camp dwellers
– Over 2 million Soviet civilians returned by
Western Allies
• 1948 Displaced Persons Act (helped relax
US immigration
• By 1959- 900,000 European refugees
absorbed by west European countires
• 461,000 went to the US
• 523,000 by other countries
The Marshal
Stalin Plan
Timeline
• 1945: Yalta, satellite states, end of WWII
• 1946: Iron Curtain Speech
• 1947 Truman Doctrine,(Greece,
Turkey),Policy of Containment: George
Kennan, CIA,HUAC,
• 1948 Marshall Plan, Berlin airlift, China
• 1949 NATO, end of Berlin blockade
Soviets get Atomic bomb, China problems
• Who Developed the Idea of
Containment?
• How did Containment Work?
Greece and Turkey
• Pro-Western Governments in Greece
and Turkey were on the Verge of
Collapse
• USSR wants Turkish Territory
• Soviets Support Communists in
Greek Civil War
Great Britain
• Before WWII Great Britain Supported
Greece and Turkey Militarily and
Financially.
• Winter 1946-47 Can No Longer Afford
to Support the Greeks and Turks
The Fear
• Greece and Turkey Would Fall to
Soviet/Communist Influence
• Near East and North Africa Were
Now at Risk
The Truman Doctrine
• March 12,
1947
• Policy is
Announced
The Truman Doctrine
• Moral Gauntlet
• Bargaining over Territory is Out of the
Question
• Conflict is Democracy vs. Totalitarianism
• Free Peoples vs. Oppressed
• Soviet Union Must Change its Policy or its
System Must Collapse
The Truman Doctrine
• 400 Million Dollars in Aid to
Greece and Turkey
• US Will Give Military and
Financial Aid to Nations Fighting
Communism
Who was George Marshall?
• Chief of the
Army During
WWII
• Sec. of State
Under Truman
• Well Respected
Conditions in Europe
• Economic Conditions were Bad in
Europe After WWII
• Fear that Communism Could Spread
in the poor Economic Conditions
• Helping Europe Recovery=Containing
Communism
European Recovery
Act/Marshall Plan
European Recovery
Program/Marshall Plan
• Announced at Harvard on June 5, 1947
• Stops Communism by attacking poverty,
hunger, despair
• 13 Billion/Equal to 100 Billion Today
• Not Straight Cash/Credits to Purchase
• Aid Offered to Stalin
European Recovery Act
• ERP : 1948
• “Marshall Plan”
• Large scale “rescue program”
Marshall Plan
Stalin and the Marshall Plan
• Stalin Refuses to Accept Money
• Does Not Allow “Iron Curtain
Countries” to accept either
• Isolates Communist Bloc Even More
• Tightens Control on Eastern Europe
Success of the Marshall Plan
•
•
•
•
Western European Economies Improve Greatly
16 Countries Helped
25% Improvements in Some Countries
European Industries recover: chemical, engineering,
steel
• Reduces poverty
• Increases cooperation between Western Europe and the
United States
• Communism Never Gets Popular
Truman Doctrine [1947]
1. Civil War in Greece.
2. Turkey under pressure from the USSR
for concessions in the Dardanelles.
3. The U. S. should support free peoples
throughout the world who were
resisting takeovers by armed
minorities or outside pressures…We
must assist free peoples to work out
their own destinies in their own way.
4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400
million in aid.
Marshall Plan [1948]
1. “European Recovery
Program.”
2. Secretary of State,
George Marshall
3. The U. S. should provide
aid to all European nations
that need it. This move
is not against any country or doctrine,
but against hunger, poverty, desperation,
and chaos.
4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western
Europe extended to Eastern Europe &
USSR, [but this was rejected].
The Marshall Plan aided Western
Europe.
–Greece and Turkey not the only
countries who needed aid from U.S.
○World War II left many countries in
ruins.
○Secretary of State, George Marshall
argued that the U.S. needed to do
something fast.
•
The Marshall Plan aided Western
Marshall presentedEurope.
a plan to offer extensive
economic aid to all nations of Europe in June
1947. (Speech)
–16 W. European countries received almost $13 Billion in
economic aid.
–E. Europe including the U.S.S.R. invited to participate.
○Only Yugoslavia accepted.
The Marshall Plan aided Western
Europe.
• Marshall Plan proved
to be a great
success.
–Within 4 years, countries receiving aid saw a
41% higher industrial production than on the
eve of WWII.
–Countries were stabilized and exports were
rising rapidly.
The Marshall Plan aided Western
Europe.
• U.S. benefited.
–U.S. govt. bought foods and goods from
farms to be sent to Europe.
○U.S. farms and factories raised production to
record levels.
–U.S. economy continued its wartime boom
without faltering.
–W. Europeans became great consumers of
American exports.
Criticisms/Revisionist
• Did Truman Show a True Picture of
the Communist Threat in Greece and
Turkey?
• Did Truman Provoke Stalin?
• Was Truman Looking to Save his Poll
Numbers?
Cold War
BERLIN AIRLIFT
France, Britain and United
States fused their sectors
of Berlin
Post-War Germany
Berlin Blockade & Airlift (194849)
BERLIN AIRLIFT
• U.S. Airlift
BERLIN AIRLIFT
Cold War
Economic recovery was
progressing in West Berlin
Soviets alarmed blockaded
rivers, highways and rails
NATO
• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)
• Military or defense alliance formed in 1949
by 12 countries in Western Europe and
North America
• Original purpose – to protect its members
from a possible attack from the Soviet Union
(Containment)
• First peacetime alliance in U.S. history
• An alliance of nations with shared values.
All members are DEMOCRACIES
• Has been the most important U.S. alliance
for the past (almost) 60 years
The NATO Alliance
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (1949)
v
United States
v
Luxemburg
v
Belgium
v
Netherlands
v
Britain
v
Norway
v
Canada
v
Portugal
v
Denmark
v
v
France
1952: Greece &
Turkey
v
Iceland
v
1955: West Germany
v
Italy
v
1983: Spain
• The UN was setup to focus on collective
security mechanisms
• NATO arose as a collective defense
• alliance, in response to the emerging
threat emanating from the Soviet Union.
NATO
• NATO experienced a transition towards a
global security agency with worldwide
reach and influence
• NATO “struggled to redefine its purpose”
and moved on to crisis-management
activities
• NATO constitutes the most functional and
effective military alliance in the world
• and can hardly be challenged in the
technological and logistics realm of military
missions
• UN focused on a variety of development
issues as well as a new generation of
peacemaking and peacekeeping
operations
• The UN has legitimized various cases of
collective use of military force to stabilize
peace in many regions of the world
NATO Treaty – Article 5
• “The Parties agree that an armed attack
against one or more of them in Europe or
North America shall be considered an attack
against them all…”
• No NATO member was ever attacked during
the Cold War – it never had to use its military
forces
• The first (and only) time a
• NATO member was attacked was…
– September 11, 2001
Who is in NATO?
• 1949 – 12 Original Members
– U.S.
Canada
– France
Iceland
– Belgium
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Britain
Portugal
• 1952 – A Little Farther from the North
Atlantic (Demonstration of Truman Doctrine)
– Greece
Turkey
• 1954 – A New Democracy
– Germany
• 1982 – Death of Fascist Dictator Franco
NATO Today 28 countries
• 28 countries
The Warsaw Pact
• 1955 - The Soviet response to the
creation of NATO
• Consisted of the Soviet Union and its
six satellite countries in Eastern Europe
– East Germany
– Poland
– Hungary
– Czechoslovakia
– Bulgaria
– Romania
• The Warsaw Pact no longer exists
Eastward Expansion
• As democracy spread throughout Eastern Europe,
NATO is adding new members
• 1999 – Three former Warsaw Pact members were
admitted into NATO
– Poland
– Hungary
– The Czech Republic
• 2002 – Seven former communist states in Eastern
Europe added
–
–
–
–
–
–
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Slovenia
Slovakia
Bulgaria
2002
• How do
you
think
Russia
feels
about
this?
NATO-Russia Council
• NATO-Russia Council
• This was a RAPPROCHEMENT between
NATO and Russia
• May 2002 – Both sides signed an agreement
• Russia WILL:
– Be given a say at the table with the 26 NATO
members
– Be an “equal partner” in discussions on key
topics
NATO-Russia Council
• Russia WILL NOT:
– Be a member of NATO
– Be bound by NATO’s defense pact
– Have a veto over NATO’s decisions
– Have a vote over NATO’s expansion
• NATO Member Countries
• NATO is an Alliance that
consists of 28 independent
European and North
American Countries
• NATO is a crisis-management
organisation that has the capacity to
undertake a wide range of military
operations and missions.
• The tempo and diversity of operations and
missions in which NATO is involved have
increased since the early 1990s.
• Currently, NATO has forces operating in
Afghanistan, Kosovo, the Mediterranean
and in Somalia.
• NATO is also conducting air policing
missions on the request of its Allies and is
contributing to the international maritime
effort against piracy off the Horn of Africa.
• NATO carries out disaster-relief operations
and missions to protect populations
against natural, technological or
• NATO carries out disaster-relief operations
and missions to protect populations
against natural, technological or
humanitarian disasters
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• John Foster Dulles
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• BRINKMANSHIP
• Soviets will follow with same
policy
• BEGAN WITH SOVIETS
GETTING A-BOMB
BRINKMANSHIP
• “The
ability to get to the
verge without going to war”
• Escalation of one’s threats to
achieve one’s aims
Dulles
• Sec. of State
• Aggressive stance against
Soviets
• Direct CIA in actions to
overthrow Prime Minister of
Iran
Dulles
•
• “United States does not have
friends, it has interests.”
• SEATO: Southeast Asia
Treaty ORganization
1949 – Fall of
China
• In June, Chiang Kai-shek
defeated by Mao
– Flee to island of Taiwan
• Oct 1, Mao proclaims
People’s Republic of
China (PRC)
• Two months later, Mao
travels to Moscow,
– negotiates the Sino-Soviet
Treaty of Friendship,
Alliance and Mutual
Assistance.
Cold War
China
Revolution by Mao-Tse
Tung
People’s Revolution
• the Nationalist Government of
Chiang Kai-shek received U.S.
support
• Attempt to prevent Communist
control of China.
1945, the leaders of the Nationalist
Party : Chiang Kai-shek
• Communist party Mao Zedong
• met for a series of talks on the
formation of a post-war
government.
• The truce was tenuous, by 1946 the
two sides were fighting an all-out
civil war.
•
• Years of corruption and
mismanagement had eroded
popular support for the
Nationalist Government.
• Early in 1947, the ROC
Government was already
looking to the island province
of Taiwan,
• few contacts, limited trade and no
diplomatic ties between the two
countries.
• Until the 1970s, the United States
recognized the Republic of China,
located on Taiwan, as China's true
government and supported that
government's holding the Chinese
seat in the United Nations.
Cold War
Feeling in the United States
was containment failed
Led to a rise in anticommunists feeling in the
COLD WAR
Truman believed that China was
an internal struggle
Not enough for American
involvement
TWO NATIONS LIVE ON
THE EDGE
• Policy of Brinkmanship
became policy of United
States along with containment
FACTS about NUCLEAR Weapons
• Total number of nuclear Missiles
built, 1945 – present 67,500
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
• Peak number of nuclear warheads
in stockpile/year 32,193/1966
• Number currently in the Stockpile:
10,600
• Number of nuclear warheads
requested by the Army in 1956 and
1957 151,000
Globally there are now approximately
23,000 nuclear warheads.
(Upated as of October 2009)
Russia 13,000
United States 9,400
France 300
China 240
United Kingdom 185
Israel 80
Pakistan 70-90
India 60-80
North Korea <10
Estimated Total: 23,375
States with the largest number
of nuclear weapons (in 1999):
New Mexico (2,450), Georgia
(2,000), Washington (1,685),
Nevada (1,350), and North
Dakota (1,140)
Nuclear capabilities
• COUNTRY
Warheads
1st
•
active/total
• US
5,735/9,960
• Russia
5,830/16,000
• UK
200
• France
350
• China
130
Year of
test
1945
1949
1952
1960
1964
• Country
test
• India
• Pakistan
• N. Korea
• Israel
warheads/total
40-50
30-52
1-10
75-200
1st
1974
1998
2006
The nuclear arsenals, by country
Country
Numbers of weapons
Russia
13,000 (est., 2,790 deployed)
USA
9,400 (2,200 deployed)
France
300
China
240 (est.)
Britain
180
Israel
80-100 (est.)
Pakistan
70-90 (est.)
India
60-80 (est.)
N. Korea
?
Total
~23,360
• The destructive power of nuclear weapons
– Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Aug. 1945:
• 0.25 million lives
– Total destructive power of existing
nuclear weapons:
• 150,000 times the bombs which
destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
or
• 2,000 times the destructive power
used in all of World War II, including
the nuclear bombs dropped on Japan
• What are these weapons for?
• 2 schools of thought:
– They can be used to fight and win wars
– They can only be used to prevent wars as a
means of deterrence
• Since 1945, they have never been used in a
war
• Deterrence only
• In 1949, US lost its monopoly on nuclear
weapons, and deterrence became mutual
• By 1960s, it became clear that a nuclear war
would have no winners
• It would be an act of omnicide (killing everyone
and everything)
• The balance of terror
• The two sides – the Americans and the
Russians – have balanced each other out for
the past 50 years
• MAD – Mutual Assured Destruction
• The weapons became unusable – nuclear
deadlock
• No one can strike first without causing
devastating retaliation
• Second strike capability – ability to survive a
strike and strike back
• Can be as small as 100 warheads
24 nuclear arms control treaties since 1959
Main existing:
Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963
INF, signed in 1987
START-I, signed in 1991
SORT, signed in 2002
CTR agreements
The Outer Space Treaty
NPT, signed in 1968, went into effect in 1970
CTBT, signed in 1996, still not fully in effect
• “Both the United States and Russia today
maintain about one-third of their total strategic
arsenals on launch-ready alert. Hundreds of
missiles armed with thousands of nuclear
warheads-the equivalent of about 100,000
Hiroshima bombs-can be launched within a very
few minutes.”
• http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/legal/npt/prepcom08/ngostateme
nts/OpStatus.pdf
Ecological impact
• The detonation of these weapons in conflict would likely
kill most humans from the environmental consequences
of their use. Ice Age weather conditions, massive
destruction of the ozone layer, huge reductions in
average global precipitation, would all combine to
eliminate growing seasons for a decade or longer . . .
resulting in global nuclear famine. Even a "regional"
nuclear conflict, which detonates the equivalent of 1% of
the explosive power in the operational US-Russian
arsenals, could cause up to a billion people to die from
famine (see
http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/RobockToonSciAm
Jan2010.pdf and www.nucleardarkness.org )
• States with the largest number of
nuclear weapons: New Mexico,
Georgia, Washington, North
Dakota
• Number of secret Presidential
Emergency Facilities built more
than 75
LTBT
•
•
•
•
•
Limited Test Ban Treaty 1963
Permitted underground testing only
Last underground test by US : 1992
By Soviets1990
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
1996
–Stop ALL testing
Nike Battery PH-91 Worcester PA
• Nike Battery PH-91 was part of a ring of
Nike Missile Bases that circled the City
of Philadelphia and protected the city
from attack by enemy aircraft, a threat
during the Cold War
Texas Tower #4
• Early warning station of any potential
Russian nuclear attack
• This one was
• 80 miles off
• Of Barnegat
• Bay
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• HOW DID WE KNOW WHAT
SOVIETS WERE DOING
• CIA Central Intelligence
Agency
• Replaced OSS
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• CIA
• National Security Act of 1947
• 1949 Central Intelligence Act
• Charged with gathering
information and SPYING
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• RACE FOR HYDROGEN
• BOMB
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• NOVEMBER 1 1952
• UNITED STATES TESTED
ST
1 H-BOMB
• H-Bomb tested on Bikini in the
Marshall Islands
• 1000 times more powerful than
Hiroshima
• 23 nuclear tests on Bikini
between 1946 - 1958
ROLE of CIA
• Dulles directed the CIA in
March of 1953
• Plans to overthrow the Prime
Minister of Iran
• Led to Coup d’ Etat Operation Ajax
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Covert or (secret) operations
• Weaken or overthrow
governments unfriendly to
United States
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
Iranian Coup d’etat
• MIDDLE EAST AND LATIN
AMERICA
st
• 1 Covert operation:
–IRAN
US Intervention
• In 1953, the United
States government
along with the British
government
overthrew a
democratically
elected leader in
Iran .
Serious Repercussions
• This overthrow of Iran's
Prime Minister
Mohammad
Mossadegh had
serious repercussions
for the future of
Western relations in
the Middle East.
Self-Serving Motives
• The Western
motivations for the
overthrow of the
Mossadegh
government were
self-serving.
Western Objectives
• Four major objectives led to Western
intervention in the Iranian political system:
• To contain Communism and prevent Iran
from falling to Communism,
• To protect Western interests in Iranian oil,
• To reverse the nationalization of the oil
industry by the Iranian government, and
• To prevent a possible economic collapse in
Iran.
IRAN Crisis
• 1951 Democratically elected Prime
Minister of Iran:Mohammad Mosaddegh
• Wanted to nationalize the oil in Iran
• Britain needed this oil and staged a
boycott to pressure the country
• Britain turned to US for help and the US
plotted with the CIA to overthrow the
government in Iran
Operation Ajax
• Support the Shah of Iran who
would give more oil access to
Britain and US
• Led by Kermit Roosevelt
(Teddy’s grandson)
• The CIA hired many mobsters to help
instigate an overthrow of the Prime
Minister
• Mosaddegh was arrested and place on
house arrest
• Mohammad – Reza Shah Pahlavi was put
into power as he was pro west
• He ruled for 26 years like an authoritarian
monarch
Consequences
• The 1953 overthrow of the democraticallyelected Mossadegh and his government set off
a series of unintended consequences.
It gave the Shah a chance to
become an autocrat. His
oppressive rule led to the
1979 Iranian Revolution,
which overthrew him and
placed Ayatollah Ruhollah
Khomeini in power.
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Look for Russia for HELP
• CIA gave millions of Dollars to
anti Mossadegh forces
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Mohammed Mossadegh
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Mossadegh was ousted and
Shah of Iran (in exile) returns
• Mohammad Reza
Carter’s Treatment of Shah
• After the Shah was
overthrown, the Carter
Administration allowed
Mohammad Reza Shah to
come to America for
medical treatment. This
led many Iranians to
suspect a conspiracy to
stage another coup.
Results
• Shah returned oil to western
companies
• We keep USSR influence out
• Will come back to haunt us
during 1979 Iranian revolution
IRANIAN REVOLUTION 1979
• Ayatollah Komeini Supreme
Leader(Muslim clergyman)
• Islamic Republic
• Iran Hostage Crisis 1979-1981
444 days for 52 hostages/under
Carter
• Algiers Accord/ under Reagan
IRANIAN REVOLUTION
• The Shah fled to the US for medical
treatment
• Komeni insisted he be returned and put on
trial and supporters stormed the US
embassy taking 66 US
• The hostage situation carried on for 444
days
Hostage Crisis
• This perceived threat
caused a frenzy among
Iranian radicals who,
with their new leader's
blessing, stormed the
American embassy in
Tehran and took fiftytwo American diplomats
hostage for 444 days.
Support for Saddam Hussein
• The Hostage Crisis
changed the course of
American diplomacy
towards Iran. It led
America to support
Iraq in the Iran-Iraq
War, a move that
consolidated the
dictatorship of Saddam
Hussein.
Inspired Terrorism
• In the 1980s, Iran's
theocratic government
turned the country into a
center for the propagation
of terrorism abroad. It
sponsored, financed, and
armed such factions as
Hezbollah, Hamas, and
other Middle Eastern
terrorist groups engaged in
political kidnapping and
assassinations.
Provided Base for 9/11 Attacks
• Iranian leaders, with their
devotion to radical Islam,
allowed these revolutionary
leaders to become heroes to
fanatics all over the world
and inspired the founders of
the Afghan Taliban, which
would eventually give
Osama bin-Laden a base
from which to launch the
September 11 terrorist
attacks.
Crisis in Latin America
• LATIN AMERICA
• Guatemala
Operation PBsuccess
• Democratically elected
President of Guatemala
• Jacobo Abenz Guzman 1954
• Put in new policies that US
thought were Communists
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Eisenhower thought
government was infiltrated
Communists sympathizers
• Government of Guatemala
gave 200,000 acres of land to
peasants
• United Fruit Company
• U.S. feared communism
influence
• Used propaganda
Operation PBSUCCESS
• Objective was to overthrow the
incumbant
• And to prove with documents
that he was a Soviet Puppet
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• CIA trained army invaded
Guatemala
• Incumbent president lost
support of army
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Resigned and U.S. backed
leader of army became
dictator
• CIA had a list of 58 on an
assassination list in
Guatemala
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Geneva Summit
• Eisenhower met Khrushchev
in Geneva
• Eisenhower proposed a “open
skies”
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Flights allowed over U S and
Russia to see if a sneak attack
was being prepared
SAC
• Strategic Air Command
• Led by General Curtis LeMay
• Sent bombers on unauthorized
missions
• These bombers were the strike
force between the US and USSR
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Russia and Khrushchev
rejected the plan
• However the meeting was
praised as the first step in Cold
War of peace
• “Spirit of Geneva”
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• SUEZ WAR
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• 1955 Britain and United States
proposed a loan to build an
dam on Answar River
• Nasser President of Egypt
SUEZ CANAL CRISIS
• Great Britain and France wanted control of
canal
• Gamel Nassir had just been elected into
power
• US and Britain Had promised money to
build the Answar Dam
• Nassir wanted Egypt to control the Dam
• US and Britain decide not to give money
SUEZ Canal
• Britain and France meet secretly
with Israel and plan to invade
• Israel will invade and Britain and
France will intervene
• Significant fighting and sinking of
ships takes place in the Suez
• British, French and Israeli forces joined
and attacked Egypt
• Egypt lost quickly but sank @ 40 ships in
the Canal.
• The UN stepped in and put pressure on
France and Great Britain
• The rest of the World shunned them
• Egypt got the Canal control back
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• United Nations is called in as a
Peackeeping organization
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• United Nations stepped in
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• France and Great Britain
agreed to stop fighting
• Egypt opened canal
• But retained control of Canal
SUEZ CANAL
• Results:
• Demonstrated weakness of NATO
• Decolonization
Weakening of France and United
Kingdom as World Powers
Egypt’s Nassar ‘s standing in the Arab
world greatly improved
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Eisenhower Doctrine
• United States would defend
Middle East against any attack
by Communist country
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Hungarian Uprising :1956
• Began as a student uprising
• Call for democratic Govt.
• Imre Nagy
• Liberal Communist
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Nagy called for Democratic
Government
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Free Elections
• Backed out of Warsaw Pact
• Demanded Soviet Troops
leave
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Soviet Response was quick
and brutal
• November 1956
• Tanks rolled into Hungary
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• 30,000 Hungarians fought with
Pistols and Bottles
• Put up barricades in streets
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Put up valiant fight
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Soviets easily crushed the
revolution
• Replaced Nagy with ProSoviet Government
• Perception was that Soviet control over
Central Europe was irreversible
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Nagy was executed
• 200,00 fled Hungary to the
west
Hungary
• 1990
free elections
• Joined NATO 1999
• Joined European Union 2005
st
1
TWO NATIONS LIVING ON THE
EDGE
• Truman Doctrine
• Stated U. S. will help any
country that wanted to be
democratic
• Hungary was in Soviet Block
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• Containment over ruled
Truman Doctrine
• U. S. did nothing
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• Space race
• Russian launched Sputnik
1957
• First satellite to orbit earth
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• Caused panic in United States
• United States attempts to
launch satellite unsuccessful
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• United States finally
successful 1958
• Soviets had achieved in 1957
• Image was U. S. was behind
the Soviets in race for space
Soviet Space program
• The first living being in orbit in 1957,
• the first human spaceflightt (Yuri Gagarin
in 1961,
• the first spacewalk (by Aleksei Leonov) in
1965,
• the first automatic landing on another
celestial body in 1966, and the launch of
the first space station (Salyut 1) in 1971.
NASA
• 1959 U.S. set up National
Aeronautics and Space
Administration NASA
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• U-2 incident
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• 1955 Eisenhower offered “open
Skies” Policy offering mutual
territorial surveillance
• Soviets rejected “open Skies”
• Using U-2 fly over program
• Eisenhower wanted flights
stopped
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• Afraid it would ruin
effectiveness
• Gary Powers fly over was
thrown in at last minute
• Powers U-2 plane was shot
down
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U-2 Incident
• For 36 years official story was
that the spy plane had been shot
down
• 1996 Soviet Pilot stated he had
caught the U-2 in the Slipstream
of his Sukhoi SU-9
• Caused the plane to flip and
break its wings
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• Eisenhower and Khrushchev
were to meet in another
summit
• Eisenhower at first denied U2
incident
• Russia wanted an apology
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• Eisenhower agreed to stop
flights
• But refused to apologize
• Summit was cancelled
BERLIN WALL
Peter Fetcher
• 171 people were killed or died attempting
to escape at the Berlin Wall between
August 13, 1961 and November 9, 1989.
Tunnels were built
•
•
•
They were dug mostly by college students
1st tunnel was dug in a grave yard.
People brought flowers to a grave and pretended
to mourn.
• This tunnel was found after a women accidentally
dropped into the tunnel and left her baby in a
carriage on top. The tunnel was then sealed off.
The most successful tunnel was in a basement of a
house at 60 Westerstrasse. There were 29 people
freed from this location alone.
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