Transcript THE COLD WAR - Conroe High School

THE COLD WAR
And start of Communism
Soviet Union
• Civil War 1918-1921 Bolsheviks controlled the capital
and a few cities. Bolsheviks changed their name to
Communist Party and won support with their social
reforms and opportunities.
• In the end they defeated their rivals and established
the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics.
• Stalin in Eastern Europe after WWII - USSR remained
lone island of communism.
• Faced with American effort to extend influence into
E. Europe with the Marshall Plan, Stalin imposed
communist party run governments in Eastern
Europe.
Soviet Union Feminism
• Enacts reforms for women- gave citizenship,
equal rights, better access to divorce and
abortion.
• Zhenotdel 1919-1930- Soviet Women’s
Department – organized and educated
women. Stalin closed the program in 1930.
• Saw little change in family structure, had to
work hard at work and at home.
Soviet Union
• Stalin forced the peasantry into collective farms
between 1928 and 1933, resulting in massive
protests and slaughtering of animals rather than
giving them over the gov.
• Stalin declared war on the wealthier peasants killing
some and deporting others.
• This process resulted in famine that killed 5 million.
• 1936-1941 Stalin’s Great Purge – launched a bloody
attack on his perceived enemies within the party,
they were arrested, put on trial, or shot or exiled to
Siberia.
• After World War II – Europe divided by Iron Curtain –
Germany and Berlin divided between U.S. allies and
Communist Soviet Union.
Communist China
• First communist party appeared in 1921
( small amount of supporters)
• Faced the well equipped Chinese Nationalist Party.
1927 Chang launched a campaign to killed Chinese
Communist Party members and drove the rest out of
the cities.
• The Communist party was forced to rely on peasants
in small villages. Engaged in public works, built a
peasant based guerilla fighting force.
• Mao Zedong rose as leader of the struggling party.
• Appealed to women because they thought it would
liberate them.
Japanese invasion of China
• 1937-1945 – CCP grew in size and importance.
Partly because the CCP’s gorilla tactics allowed
them to operate behind Japanese lines.
People were forced from the cities in fear of
Japanese and were exposed to CCP’s policies.
• 1949- When the war with Japan ended, 4
years of struggle between the communists
and nationalists.
• 1949 Mao declares victory in Tiananmen
Square in October.
Role of Women – China
• Enacted a number of reforms like Marriages
Law however the Communist Party was not
very successful in getting women to work
outside the home.
Chinese Famine
• Chinese collectivization was a massive
undertaking that disrupted markets.
• Combined with administrative choas and bad
weather, the process caused an even larger
famine with 20 million deaths between 1959
and 1969.
Great Leap forward
• 1958-1960- attemps to industrialize China.
• In reaction to social changes that occurred
when USSR attempted 5 year plan, Mao
pushed for small decentralized projects .
• Used China’s massive population to build
dams, roads, and factories.But because of
poor planning and the high cost of foreign
machinery and equipment, the plan was an
economic disaster.
Cultural Revolution
• 1966 Moa closed China’s universities and
schools and invited 11 million students to
gather in Beijing as Red Guards.
• The Red Guards traveled throughout China
attacking writers, scientists, doctors, factory
managers, and party officials for looking down
on the common people and for abandoning
Communist ideals.
Cold War beginnings:
POSTWAR PLANS
• YALTA CONFERENCE
– Allied Leaders meet (Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin)
• Germany to be divided into zones of occupation
• Reparations to Soviet Union paid by Germany
• Stalin promises free elections in Eastern Europe
• UNITED NATIONS FORMED, JUNE 1945
– International organization intended to protect members
against aggression
– Based in New York
– General Body and a Security Council made up of 11
nations (5 permanent  USA, USSR, CHINA, GB, FRANCE)
POTSDAM CONFERENCE, JULY 1945
• War in Europe over but still going on in the
Pacific
• Stalin breaks his word from Yalta sets up
communist gov’ts in regimes in Eastern Europ
• Truman and Churchill are upset with Stalin,
but he makes it clear that he had no
intentions of keeping his word
• Beginnings of tensions between USA & Soviets
OLD FRIEND…NEW ENEMIES
USA
• World’s richest & most
powerful after the war
• No war damage
• 400k deaths
• POSTWAR GOALS
– Encourage democracy
– Access raw materials &
markets
– Rebuild European gov’ts/
promote stability
– Reunite Germany
USSR
• Soviet cities demolished
• 24M deaths
• POSTWAR GOALS
– Encourage communism
– Rebuild war-ravaged economy
using Eastern European
industry/raw materials
– Control Eastern Europe to
protect borders/ balance US
influence in Western Europe
– Keep Germany divided to
prevent it from starting war
again
CHANGE IN POWER IN
THE UNITED STATES
• Roosevelt believes the
power of his
relationship would
keep Stalin in check
• Unfortunately, he dies
in April of 1945
• Harry Truman succeeds
him as President of the
USA
THE IRON CURTAIN: represents the division between the mostly
democratic Western Europe & mostly communist Eastern
Europe
• EASTERN GERMANY
controlled by the USSR
including half of the
capital city of Berlin
– NEW NAME: GERMAN
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
• WESTERN GERMANY
controlled by Western
allies
– NEW NAME: FEDERAL
REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
USA POLICY
• Truman thinks it’s time
to stop “appeasing” the
Soviets…new policy
• CONTAINMENT
– Directed at blocking
Soviet influence and
expansion of
communism
CONTAINMENT POLICIES
RIVAL ALLIANCES
NATO
• Nations promised to meet
an attack on a NATO
member with armed force
WARSAW PACT
• Soviet alliance system as
part of their own
containment policy
SOME COUNTRIES STAYED OUT OF THE
ALLIANCES LIKE INDIA & CHINA
NUCLEAR THREAT
BY 1949, THE SOVIETS
TEST THEIR ATOMIC
WEAPON
TRUMAN AUTHORIZES
WORK ON A
THERMONUCLEAR
WEAPON (H-BOMB)
1953: Stalin dies and is succeeded by Nikita Kruschev
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS: USA tries to overthrow
Castro; Kruschev moves nuclear weapons to Cuba;
USA moves weapons to Turkey….
COMPETITION MOVES TO
ALL AREAS OF LIFE
•
•
•
•
SPACE RACE
SCIENCE & EDUCATION
BALLET
SPORTS (Hockey)
Proxy Wars or Hot Wars – Wars fought in other
countries in which the U.S. and Soviet Union were
fighting on opposing sides.
1. KOREAN WAR (1950-1953)
US & USSR had withdrawn most troops from Korea
by 1949
Soviets think the USA will not defend S. Korea so
they supply N. Korea
Standoff at the 38th Parallel
UN Forces led by US Gen. MacArthur fight—cease
fire established
Korea remained divided after the war
N.K.: Communist/Military Dictatorship
S.K. Democratic
2. Vietnam 1954 -1973 –
Vietnam communist fought independence from the
French, Ho Chi Minh crated a communist state in the
North.
The North (Viet Cong) launched guerilla warfare
against the South.
1973 American troops withdrew from the war and
Vietnam was united under communist rule.
Cambodia – 1975
The withdrawl of American forces also leads the
collapse of the neighboring government of Cambodia.
Communists know as the Khmer Rouge seize control
and carry out genocide against city dwellers and
educated.
4 million Cambodians are killed between 1975 and
1978
Cuba 1959
Fidel Castro comes into power and
nationalized businesses.
U.S. reacts to the nationalization of
American owned businesses in Cuba by
breaking off trade.
Cuba turns to USSR for help. Soviet Leader
Nikita Krushchev sent nuclear missiles to
Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis- President Kennedy
ordered a naval blockade of Cuba and
threatened to invade if missiles were not
withdrawn.
Afghanistan 1978
After a communist regime came to power,
it faced insurgency over it’s land reforms
and women’s right policies ( remember it
was a Muslim country )
USSR sent troops so communism would
remain in power, US sent troops to aid the
Muslim rebels.
USSR had to pull out in the face of ongoing
guerilla actions.