Transcript Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)

Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Section 1: Building a National Identity
Standard 8.4.3 Analyze the rise of capitalism and the
economic problems and conflicts that accompanied it.
Standard 8.6.2 Outline the physical obstacles to and
the economic and political factors involved in building
a network of roads, canals, and railroads (e.g., Henry
Clay’s American System).
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
The Era of Good Feelings
The period of national unity
following the War of 1812 is
known as the Era of Good
Feelings.
In the Election of 1816, James
Monroe won a landslide victory.
The Federalist Party lost power
and disappeared within a few
years.
When Monroe ran again in
1820, no candidate opposed him.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Building the National Economy
Congress and the President
encouraged U.S.
manufacturing with high
tariffs and a second Bank of
the United States.
John C. Calhoun
Many Americans believed the
federal government should take
action to increase economic
prosperity.
Congress established the second
Bank of the United States in 1816.
Congress passed the Tariff of
1816 which taxed foreign textiles,
iron, leather goods, and other
products
The tariff was popular in the North,
but resented by the South.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Building the National Economy
Congress and the President
encouraged U.S.
manufacturing with high
tariffs and a second Bank of
the United States.
Henry Clay
Congress passed further tariffs in
1818 and 1824.
John C. Calhoun became a bitter
foe of tariffs as they made northern
manufacturers wealthy at the
expense of the South.
Henry Clay proposed using high
tariffs to fund a federal public works
program called the American
System.
He called for the development of
infrastructure – roads, canals, and
bridges to improve trade between
the different regions.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Three Important Supreme Court Rulings
A number of Supreme Court
rulings strengthened the
federal government and
supported economic growth.
John Marshall
1. McCulloch vs. Maryland,
protected the second National
Bank. Maryland wanted to
tax the branch of the Bank
operating in the state, but the
Court ruled a state did not
have this power.
2. Dartmouth College vs.
Woodward, the Court ruled
the charter of Dartmouth
College was a private
contract.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Three Important Supreme Court Rulings
A number of Supreme Court
rulings strengthened the
federal government and
supported economic growth.
John Marshall
3. Gibbons vs. Ogden, the Court
ruled New York State could
not give a steamboat
company a monopoly to carry
passengers on the Hudson
River. The river included
stops in New Jersey as well
as New York.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Section 2: Dealing With Other Nations
Standard 8.5.2 Know the changing boundaries of the
United States and describe the relationships the
country had with its neighbors (current Mexico and
Canada) and Europe. Including the influence of the
Monroe Doctrine, and how those relationships
influenced westward expansion and the MexicanAmerican War.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Relations With Spain
Spain’s inability to defend
Florida led it to turn the
colony over to the United
States.
Andrew Jackson
 In 1817, the U.S. government
sent Andrew Jackson to
recapture escaped slaves.
 Jackson attacked and destroyed
Seminole villages that were
aiding the slaves.
 Jackson went beyond his orders
and seized two important
Spanish towns and forced the
governor to flee Florida.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Relations With Spain
Spain’s inability to defend
Florida led it to turn the
colony over to the United
States
 Spain realized they could not
protect Florida and decided to
give it up to the U.S.
 Florida was ceded to the U.S. in
the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Spanish Colonies Win Independence
A series of revolts
allowed most of Latin
American colonies to win
their independence from
Spain and Portugal.
• Inspired by the American and
French revolutions, Latin Americans
wanted control over their own
affairs.
• In 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo
organized a revolt of Native
Americans that freed several
Mexican provinces.
• He was captured and executed in
1811.
• Mexico gained independence in
1821.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Spanish Colonies Win Independence
A series of revolts
allowed most of Latin
American colonies to win
their independence from
Spain and Portugal.
•In South America, Simon Bolívar,
known as “the Liberator” led an army
over the Andes mountains and
defeated the Spanish in Columbia.
•Bolívar became president of the
Republic of Great Columbia in 1819.
•Central Americans declared their
independence from Spain in 1821.
•In 1822, Brazil announced its
independence from Portugal.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
The Monroe Doctrine
In the Monroe Doctrine,
the United States warned
European nations against
reestablishing colonies in
Latin America.
• European powers, including France
and Russia, indicated they might
help Spain regain its colonies.
• President Monroe, worried that
European countries would disrupt
trade with Latin America, delivered
a message to Congress in
December 1823.
• The Monroe Doctrine stated the
U.S. would not allow European
nations to create American colonies
or interfere with the free nations of
Latin America.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Relations With Canada
The people of Canada
became self-governing
during the 1800s.
•In 1791, Canada was divided into
two parts. Upper Canada was
mainly English and Lower Canada
was mainly French.
•In 1837, Canadians rebelled
against Britain in both parts of
Canada.
•The Act of Union of 1841 merged
Canada’s two parts into a single
unit governed by a Canadian
legislature.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Section 3: The Age of Jackson
Standard 8.4.2 Explain the policy significance of John
Q. Adams’s Fourth of July 1821 Address.
Standard 8.8.1 Discuss the election of Andrew
Jackson as president in 1828, the importance of
Jacksonian democracy, and his actions as president
(e.g., the spoils system, veto of the National Bank,
policy of Indian removal, opposition to the Supreme
Court).
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Adams and Jackson in Conflict
Andrew Jackson was
deeply loved by millions
of Americans. John
Quincy Adams never won
the trust of the American
people.
• In the Election of 1824, Andrew
Jackson first ran for President.
• No candidate received a majority
of electoral votes, so Congress
had to decide the winner.
• Speaker of the House Henry
Clay told his supporters to vote
for John Q. Adams.
• Adams won on the first ballot and
appointed Clay secretary of
state.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Adams and Jackson in Conflict
Andrew Jackson was
deeply loved by millions
of Americans. John
Quincy Adams never won
the trust of the American
people.
• John Q. Adams proposed a
national program to build roads
and canals and a high tariff to
protect industry.
• He lacked the political skill to
push the programs through
Congress.
• He served only one term.
• In his Fourth of July speech in
1821, Adams said the U.S. had
no designs on the territory of
other nations.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
A New Era in Politics
A growing spirit of
democracy resulted in
more white American
males gaining the right to
vote.
By 1824, almost all white males
could vote and hold office.
In 1824, voters chose the
presidential electors in 18 out of 24
states.
Jacksonians did not trust
government.
They were suspicious of banks,
which they believed favored the rich.
During the 1824 election, the
Republican party split into two parties,
the National Republicans, and the
Democrats, led by Jackson.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Jackson Becomes President
Andrew Jackson’s victory
in 1828 was a result of
widespread support
among farmers, workers,
and artisans.
Three times as many people voted in
the election of 1828 as had voted in
1824.
Jackson easily defeated Adams.
His supporters called the election a
victory for the “common man.”
Jackson began his term by replacing
some government officials with his
supporters.
When one of his supporters
compared the process to a conquering
army, saying “to the victors belong the
spoils [loot].” The term spoils system
was born.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Section 4: Indian Removal
Standard 8.8.1 Discuss the election of Andrew
Jackson as president in 1828, the importance of
Jacksonian democracy, and his actions as president
(e.g., the policy of Indian removal, and opposition to
the Supreme Court).
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Native Americans of the Southeast
The Native Americans of
the Southeast followed a
variety of customs.
When Jackson became
President, more than 100,000
Native Americans still lived
southeast of the Mississippi River.
Most of these people were from
the Choctaw, Chickasaw,
Cherokee, and Creek nations.
The Seminoles of Florida were
actually a combination of Creeks,
Florida Native Americans, and
escaped African American slaves.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Native Americans of the Southeast
The Native Americans of
the Southeast followed a
variety of customs.
The Cherokee had adopted many
white customs.
 They had their own schools;
 they ran businesses;
 many had converted to
Christianity;
 they had a written language;
and
 the Cherokee had an
established government with a
written constitution.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Conflict Over Land
Andrew Jackson objected
to a Supreme Court
ruling in favor of Native
Americans
The government saw the
presence of Native Americans in
the Southeast as an obstacle to
westward expansion.
White settlers wanted their fertile
land to grow cotton.
In 1825 and 1827, Georgia
passed a law forcing the Creeks to
give up most of their land.
In 1828, Georgia tried to get the
Cherokees to do the same.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Conflict Over Land
Georgia’s actions were challenged in
two suits that reached the Supreme
Andrew Jackson objected Court.
to a Supreme Court
In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831),
the Court refused to stop Georgia from
ruling in favor of Native
enforcing its law.
Americans
In Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the
Court ruled that Georgia’s laws “can
have no force” within Cherokee territory.
Jackson used a federal law called the
Indian Removal Act of 1830 to
exchange land west of the Mississippi
for their lands in the East.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Trail of Tears
Native Americans were
moved to the West
under harsh and
dangerous conditions.
The Choctaws signed the first treaty in
1830.
They moved west to Indian Territory
between 1831 and 1833.
The federal government did not provide
enough tents, food, blankets, shoes,
winter clothes, or other supplies.
The Cherokees held out until they were
forced by President Martin Van Buren to
move in 1838.
In the winter of 1838-39, they went to
Oklahoma on the Trail of Tears.
Of 15,000 who began the trip, 4,000
died.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
Section 5: Finance and States’ Rights
Standard 8.4.3 Analyze the rise of capitalism and
economic problems and conflicts that accompanied it
(e.g., Jackson’s opposition to the National Bank).
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
The Bank War
Andrew Jackson
opposed the Bank of the
United States, saying he
believed it gave too much
power to the wealthy.
Andrew Jackson called the
second Band of the U.S. “the
Monster.”
He believed the Bank allowed a
small group of wealthy people to
enrich themselves at the expense
of ordinary people.
Many Americans did not like the
Bank restricting loans made by
state banks.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
The Bank War
Andrew Jackson
opposed the Bank of the
United States, saying he
believed it gave too much
power to the wealthy.
Supporters liked how the Bank
made loans to businesses.
It provided a safe place for the
federal government to keep its
money.
The paper money it issued
formed a stable currency.
Its careful policies helped
create confidence in banks all
over the country.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
The Bank War
Andrew Jackson
opposed the Bank of the
United States, saying he
believed it gave too much
power to the wealthy.
Nicholas Biddle, the Bank’s
president, got Congress to renew
the Bank’s charter in 1832.
Jackson immediately vetoed
the bill.
The fight over the Bank was a
major issue in the 1832
presidential election.
Jackson won by a landslide,
and the Bank ceased to exist in
1836.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
The Struggle Over States’ Rights
Arguments over the
balance of federal and
state powers led to a
crisis under Jackson.
James Madison
The Constitutional Convention of
1787 had created a government
based on federalism, the division of
power between the national
government and the states.
The Tenth Amendment set limits on
federal power, stating any powers not
specifically given to the federal
government are “reserved to the
States respectively, or to the people.”
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
The Nullification Crisis
Andrew Jackson
forcefully opposed South
Carolina’s threat to leave
the Union.
In 1828, Congress passed a law
raising the tariff on iron, textiles, and
other products.
Southerners felt the law was unfair
as they had to pay more for
manufactured goods, while the North
benefitted from the tariff.
When Congress increased iron and
textile tariffs in 1832, South Carolina
voted to nullify the tariffs.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
The Nullification Crisis
South Carolina warned the federal
government they would secede if the
Andrew Jackson
tariffs were enforced.
forcefully opposed South
Carolina’s threat to leave Jackson put federal troops in South
Carolina on alert and issued a
the Union.
proclamation to the People of South
Carolina warning that secession
would be treason.
John C. Calhoun resigned as Vice
President.
Congress passed a law to reduce
the tariffs and South Carolina
repealed the tariff nullification.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
The End of the Jackson Era
In the election of 1836, Martin Van
Buren, defeated several Whig
Jackson’s successor,
candidates.
Martin Van Buren, faced
an economic crisis known In 1837, the American economy
was beginning a severe slump.
as the Panic of 1837.
Britain, a major trade partner, was
in an economic recession.
British manufacturers were buying
less cotton, so prices declined.
Banks could not collect on loans
they had made to cotton farmers.
Hundreds of banks went bankrupt.
Chapter 6 A Changing Nation (1815 – 1840)
The End of the Jackson Era
In the election of 1840, Van Buren
ran for reelection, but he was easily
Jackson’s successor,
defeated by the Whig candidate,
Martin Van Buren, faced
William Henry Harrison.
an economic crisis known
The Whigs emphasized that
as the Panic of 1837.
Harrison was a “common man” who
would be at home in a simple log
cabin.
The Age of Jackson was over.