Transcript 4. (Practice Test Booklet 2005) One of the

The United
States and
World War I
OGT Benchmark: Connect
developments related to World War I
with the onset of World War II
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Causes of the Great War
The United States and the War, 1914-1917
The United States Enters the War
The Home Front
The Struggle for Peace (League of Nations and Treaty of
Versailles)
video 6:19
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I. Causes of World War I
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A. Nationalism
B. Imperialism
C. Militarism
D. Alliances
E. War Breaks Out: Archduke Frances
Ferdinand and his wife assassinated.
A. Reason #1: Nationalism
Nationalism: Deep love of one’s country. This can
lead to desperate actions, including fighting or
war.
 1. Desire for Self-Rule
– A. Europe made of several empires
– B. They were multinational
– C. Each group wanted own identity
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Example: Austro-Hungarian Empire made up of Germans,
Hungarians, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croatians, Jews,
and Gypsies
Nationalism, Continued
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2. Rivalry Among Nations
– A. Pride = competition = rivalries
– B. This led to violent relationships between
countries
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3. Economic Competition
– A. Industrial Revolution
Fighting for raw materials
 Fighting for markets
to sell goods
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B. Reason #2:
Imperialism
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C. Reason #3:
Militarism
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1. Countries competed
for lands and raw
materials
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1. glorification of
military power
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2. Nations increased
size of military
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3. Nations increase
weapons production
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4. New technology =
better and deadlier
weapons
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2. This competition led
to conflicts
D. Reason #4: Alliances
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1. War looked inevitable
2. Nations started forming alliances
– Examples:
 Germany allied with Austria-Hungary and Italy (Triple
Alliance)
 France allied with Russia and Great Britain (Triple
Entente) Later: These countries known as “The Allies”
 many other agreements made
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“An attack on one is an attack on all.”
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E. War Breaks Out
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The Story of How the First World War Began
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A country in Europe called Bosnia was a part of AustriaHungary. Bosnia did not like this. They wanted to be a part of
Serbia instead. Things were getting very tense, so the Emperor of
Austria-Hungary sent his nephew, Archduke Ferdinand, to Bosnia.
He was to try to smooth things over with the the government of
Bosnia.
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People in Bosnia did not like Archduke Ferdinand being there.
One man named Gavrilo Princip decided to shoot Ferdinand and his
wife, Sophie. Sophie died immediately and Ferdinand died shortly
after.
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The Emperor of Austria-Hungary, Francis Joseph, then
declared war on Serbia. World War I had begun.
Archduke Ferdinand and his family.
F. Countries Quickly Choose Sides
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Russia declared war on A-H
Germany declared war against Russia
France declared war on Germany
Germany declared war France
Great Britain declared war on Germany
By August 14, 1914, 7 European countries
were at war. Before World War I was over,
more than 20 countries had fought, including
the U.S.
OGT Multiple Choice
.
_____
The
first
declaration
of
war
1involved
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•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
Serbia declaring against Bosnia
Russia declaring against Serbia
Bosnia declaring against Italy
Austria-Hungary declaring against Serbia
OGT Multiple Choice
• 2. _____ World War I began with the
assassination of
• A. Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his
wife, Sophie
• B. Kaiser Wilhelm
• C. Czar Nicholas
• D. the King of Serbia
OGT Multiple Choice
• 3. _____ (Blue Book, 2005) At the start
of World War I, all of the following were
members of the Triple Entente except
• A. Germany
• B. Great Britain
• C. France
• D. Russia
OGT Multiple Choice
4. (Practice Test Booklet 2005) One of the causes of World War
I was the nations of Europe had aligned into two alliance
systems. Which of the following combination of nations
comprised of the Allies?
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•
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A.
B.
C.
D.
France, Great Britain, and Russia
Germany, Great Britain, and Russia
Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy
Austria-Hungary, France, and Italy
OGT Multiple Choice
• #5 (Blue Book, 2005) Which factor
guaranteed that a war between Britain and
Germany would involve other nations?
• A. the system of entangling alliances
• B. new war technologies such as poison
gas and airplanes
• C. the assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand in Sarajevo
• D. the sinking of the Sussex
OGT Extended Response
• (Blue Book, 2005) List and describe 2
major long-term causes of World War I.
(4 points)
II. The United States
and the War 1914-1917
A. Neutrality--not choosing sides

1. The U.S. wanted peace

2. Woodrow Wilson is President

a. declared U.S. neutrality immediately

b. urged Americans to not take sides

c. this was not possible, not even for
Wilson

• B. Ties that bind
 1. U.S. was for Britain

a. spoke English
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b. read English books
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c. laws and customs are English
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d. born in Britain (or their parents)
–People in the United States started
taking the sides of their ancestry.
President Woodrow Wilson
He favored neutrality at the onset of World War I
C. Propaganda
Very influential manner of trying to make
people support their group
Both sides sides used propaganda to
influence people in the U.S.
***The British cut the communications cable
from Germany to the U.S. All information
came from Britain about the war.
Propaganda Poster
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D. Trade with the Allies
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A. More and more we sided with Allies
1. Trade
a. food
b. weapons and ammo
c. raw materials
**Britain had a naval blockade of Germany. This made it difficult to trade
with the Central Powers.
2. Loans
a. $2 billion
b. No loan = no trade = depression
***1914-1916 (beginning of WWI)
Trade with Allies: from $800 million to $3 billion
Trade with Germany: $170 million to $1 million
E. Unrestricted Submarine
Warfare by Germany
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Germany did not like the U.S. trading with
the Allies
Germany announced they would use UBoats (submarines) to attack U.S. merchant
ships heading to England
Wilson warned Germany not to do this
Germany used the U-Boat anyway
U-Boats, continued
o
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o
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A. Germany could not follow international law
1. Germany had 27 subs (U-Boats)
2. began to use the subs
B. Feb. 4, 1915
1. Germans declare waters around British Isle
a war zone
2. urged American ships not to go there
3. urged Americans to not travel on Brit ships
4. Wilson didn’t listen
a. told Germany they would be responsible
if any ships sunk
5. Now, Britain begins seizing ships everywhere
a. this “gagged” Germany
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F. Sinking of the Lusitania
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A. May 7, 1915
B. Lusitania: British ship
C. U-Boats sank it
D. 1000 killed, 100 Americans
E. Later found it had war supplies on it
F. American public outraged
G. NO WAR YET! Wilson sent letters to
Germany in protest
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G. Arabic and Sussex Pledges
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A. Wilson sends strong message to Germany
1. U.S. will sail wherever it wants
2. neutrality laws
B. Many in U.S. want war
1. Teddy Roosevelt
C. The Arabic
1. British ship
2. sunk by U-Boats
3. 2 Americans killed
4. Germany backed down
a. they didn’t want war with us
b. Arabic Pledge--would not sink any ships
•D. The Sussex
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1. French ship
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2. sunk by the Germans March 1916
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3. May 31, 1916--Sussex Pledge
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a. another promise by the Germans
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E. Germans wanted same rules
1. They killed with their U-Boats
2. British blockade starved Germans
H. The Zimmerman Note
A. wrote by German Arthur Zimmerman
B. sent to Mexico
1. wants Mexico to
help Germany by attacking
the U.S.
2. this would keep us out of Europe
3. In return, Germany would help Mexico gain
back Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico
C. British intercepted the note
D. They relayed the message to Wilson
E. Wilson publishes the Zimmerman Note
America Joins the Ranks (4:17)
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OGT Multiple Choice
• 1. When World War I first broke out the
United States stated they were
• A. on the side of the Allies
• B. on the side of the Central Powers
• C. neutral
OGT Multiple Choice
• 2. During the first 3 years of the war,
United States trade
• A. increased with the Central Powers
• B. decreased with the Allies
• C. increased with the Allies
• D. stayed the same with both sides
OGT Multiple Choice
•
3. (Practice Test Booklet, 2005) Which of the following is not an
example of propaganda?
• A. A gov. poster to get people to enlist in
the military during a war
• B. The listing of names, addresses, and
telephone numbers in the telephone
directory
• C. An advertisement to convince
consumers to buy a particular brand of
shoes
• D. A candidate’s campaign slogan to help
him or her get elected
OGT Multiple Choice
• 5. America tended to favor the Allies because
of all the following except
• A. language and cultural ties to Great Britain
• B. reports of German atrocities coming from
England
• C. the huge numbers of Irish and German
immigrants in the United States
• D. the sinking of ships by the German UBoats
OGT Multiple Choice
• 6. (Blue Book, 2005) The single most
important factor in causing the entry of
the U.S. into World War I was
• A. Britain’s naval blockade
• B. the assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand in Sarajevo
• C. unrestricted submarine warfare by
Germany
• D. the sinking of the Sussex
OGT Multiple Choice
• 7. Two ships that were sunk by the Germans
and resulted in them sending pledges to not
sink any more ships were
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
the Arabic and Sussex
the Maine and the Arabic
the Maine and the Sussex
the Lusitania and the Andreodorea
OGT Extended Response
List and explain 2 reasons
why the United States
became involved in World
War I. (4 points)

III. The U.S.
Goes to War
April 2, 1917

1. Wilson asks Congress for Declaration of
War against Germany

2. Wilson: “The world must be made safe for
democracy.”
3. Four days later, Congress votes:
Senate: 82 to 6 in favor
House: 373 to 50 in favor

(Read 1st paragraph on right on page 555)
The Sides During World War I
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The Allies

Great Britain
France
Russia
United States
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The Central
Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
*U.S. soldiers during WWI were called DOUGHBOYS.
American Doughboy
 When
U.S. entered, the Allies
were in bad trouble. Central
Powers almost had the war
won. Submarines had kept
everything (food, money, men,
ammo) out of the Allied
countries.
A. War on the Western Front
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A. Trench warfare
1. machine guns
2. defensive war
3. stationary war
a. front lines changed little for over 3 years
4. Conditions
a. front trenches
b. behind were supply trenches (5 miles)
c. connected by tunnels and railways
5. “trench fever” “trench foot” “trench mouth”
--all caused by filth and fatigue
6. isolation, dark, constant firing
7. “shell shock”--mental disorder
FRENCH TRENCHES
War on the Western
Front (Cont)
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B. The “battle”
1. A group from one trench charges over to
the enemy trench
2. They fire their machine guns/weapons
3. Try to open up a hole in the line
4. This was tough
a. barbed wire
b. enemy machine gun
MACHINE GUNS
Trapped in Barbed Wire
B. Early Losses in the War
 A.
1914: 500,000 men killed from
each side

B. 1915: no advancement over 3
miles

1. French still lost 1.5 million

C. 1916: French lost 1 million
C. The American Expeditionary
Force (AEF)
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A. The U.S. came in time
B. All other sides were tired and weary
C. August 1918--U.S. had 500,000 soldiers
1. they pushed the Germans back
D. End of Sept. 1918--U.S. had 1.25 million soldiers
1. Pushed Germans further back
2. took over trenches the Germans had for 3 yrs
3. cut the German supply lines
4. French + British also pushing back Germans
E. German mistake--they did not believe the U.S.
would be this strong
U.S.: lost only 50,000
men.
Other countries lost
millions. We came in
late and took care of
European Conflict 4:48
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OGT Multiple Choice
• 1. World War I was the bloodiest war in
history because of
• A. the lack of medical personnel
• B. the use of naval blockades
• C. the development of new weapons such as
the machine gun
• D. its length
OGT Short Answer
• (Blue Book, 2005) Prior to the entry of the
United States into World War I, two views
prevailed. One favored preparedness,
increasing our military strength to be ready for
war. The other opposed military buildup and
advocated pacifism. Pacifists argued that if the
United States prepared for war, it was more likely
to use the weapons that had been developed.
Choose one of the points of view and write 2
reasons that explains your answer (2 points).
IV. The Home Front
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During World War I the U.S. government told
everybody what to do:
1. how much and what they could eat
2. what factories could make and buy
A. Mobilization of Men
and Women
A. Selective Service Act--set up the draft.

1. Passed: May, 1917

2. By end of war: 24 million drafted for
different areas (army, Nat. Guard, etc)

B. American factories

1. began to make
weapons/ammo/boots/clothes/food rations

B. Mobilizing Money
 A.
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War cost $2.3 billion to
U.S.
1. Raised taxes
2. War Bonds
C. The Government Takes Control
 A.
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Railroads
B. Farming
1. farmers benefit from war
2. farm prices rose
D. The War Industries Board
A.
formed to make war
time decisions at home

1. decide what
goods should be
produced
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2. set prices
E. The Labor Force
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A. Women had to work
1. mills and factories
2. assembly lines
3. After war, they returned home
B. Blacks from the South moved to North to work
in factories
C. There was a shortage of workers during war
D. National War Labor Board
1. settled labor disputes during war
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Women on the Homefront 2:22
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African-Americans on the
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F. Mobilizing
Minds
A. Many didn’t want war
1. German Americans
2. Conscientious objectors
3. Pacifists
G. Germanaphobia
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1. People hated Germans
2. No German foods or traditions practiced
in the U.S. (Ex: sauerkraut now is liberty
cabbage)
3. German-Americans changed their names
4. Spy scares
5. Could be arrested for making unpatriotic
remarks
Fear on the Homefront: The Espionage and
Sedition Acts
5:19
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H. The Attack on Civil Liberties
 A.
Illegal to speak against the war.
OGT Multiple Choice
• 1. During the war, the right of free
speech
• A. became greater
• B. became less
• C. was unaffected
• D. was respected by the United States
government
OGT Multiple Choice
• 2. The war affected farmers by
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•
•
•
A. causing a drop in prices for crops
B. causing a rise in prices for crops
C. making them cut back on their acreage
D. causing a drop in prices for crops and
making them cut back on their acreage
OGT Multiple Choice
• 3. The Selective Service Act of 1917 provided
for
• A. the draft of men between ages 21 and 31
• B. hiring substitutes to replace those not
wishing to be drafted
• C. draft dodgers to be tried for treason
• D. drafting of women for medical and clerical
jobs
OGT Multiple Choice
•
4. _____(2005 Practice Test) Charles Schenck was found guilty of violating
the 1917 Espionage Act by distributing leaflets through the mail urging men
to resist induction under the military draft for World War I. On appeal,
Schenck’s attorneys argued the distribution of the leaflets was protected by
the 1st Amendment. The Supreme Court upheld his convictions. This case
illustrates how individual rights can be balanced against
• A. the rights of other individuals
• B. the security of the nation in a time of war
• C. The opportunities for people to enlist in the
military
• D. the interest of the gov. in keeping courts open
to provide justice
OGT Extended Response
•
•
During World War I, the United States government took
away some rights of the people. (4 points)
List and explain two of these rights
taken away during time of war.
•
Is it right that the government took
these rights away? Why or why not?
V. The Struggle For Peace
THE BIG FOUR
President Wilson met with the
other 3 top leaders of the world.
David Lloyd George Georges Clemenceau
Great Britain
France
Vit orio Orlando
Italy
A. The Versailles Treaty
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***When Germans lost, they felt the
peace would not be bad. They were
in for a shock!
***The Big Four wanted to punish
Germany and get as much land and
money from them as possible.
The Big Four
TREATY CONTINUED
• . The Treaty
•
1. Not as harsh as G.B., France, and Italy hoped
•
2. Not as easy as Wilson hoped (fourteen points)
•
3. Each got land
•
4. Poland and Czechoslovakia were created
•
•
•
5.
Germany lost their colonies (coal fields) in Africa
6. Reparations--payment for losing the war
a. Germany made to pay the TOTAL
COST ($33 Billion owed, $4.5 billion actually paid)
6. Wilson tries to get the League of
Nations (fourteen points)
B. The fight over the treaty begins
 A.
Senate must have 2/3 vote to
pass treaty

B. Big debate: Article 10

1. If a country in the League
of Nations
was attacked,
all other nations
would
C. The Failure to Enter the
League
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A. Wilson went to people
1. traveled 8000 miles
2. visited 29 cities
3. gave 40 speeches in 22 days
4. collapsed and taken back to
White House
5. had stroke
6. sick for 8 months
Failure (cont)
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B. Election of 1920
1. Wilson wants League
a. moral reasons
2. Warren G. Harding
a. ran against Wilson
b. against the League of
Nations
3. Harding wins
a. U.S. did not join League
***The League of
Nations never had
any power, because
the most powerful
country in the world
did not join!
Military Deaths in World War 1914-1918
Belgium
British Empire
France
Greece
Italy
Japan
Montenegro
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
United States
Austria-Hungary
Bulgaria
Germany
Ottoman Empire
45,550
942,135
1,368,000
23,098
680,000
1,344
3,000
8,145
300,000
1,700,000
45,000
116,516
1,200,000
87,495
1,935,000
725,000
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OGT Multiple Choice
• 1.(Practice Test Booklet 2005) The main purpose
of President Wilson’s Fourteen Points at the end
of World War I was to
• A. help leaders of Europe gain additional territory
at Germany’s expense
• B. assure peace in the future by not treating
Germany as a vanquished nation
• C. divide Germany into several parts so it would
not be a threat in the future
• D. gain reparations from Germany to help pay for
the cost of the war
OGT Multiple Choice
• 2.(Practice Test Booklet 2005) The
international organization created to
preserve the peace after World War I was
the
• A. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• B. United Nations
• C. Organization of American States
• D. League of Nations
OGT Multiple Choice
• 3. (Blue Book, 2005) Which of the
following was a part of Wilson’s Fourteen
Points?
• A. Allies reparations to the Germans
• B. maintenance of national boundaries as
they existed when World War I began
• C. a “guilt clause” for Germany
• D. the establishment of a League of
Nations
OGT Multiple Choice
• 4 (Base Test March 2005) The League of Nations was
created after World War I as a forum for resolving
international conflicts. However, the League was
unable to resolve tensions that led to World War II.
• One factor that contributed to the ineffectiveness of
the League was the
• A. breakup of colonial empires in Africa and Asia
• B. decision of the United States not to join the
League
• C. opposition of League members to the Treaty of
Versailles
• D. rise of the Cold War between the United States
and the Soviet Union.
OGT Multiple Choice
• 5._____ (Blue Book, 2005) Which of the
following statements is most accurate?
• A. The U.S. Senate approved the Versailles
Treaty with some hesitation.
• B. The U.S. Senate rejected the Versailles
Treaty.
• C. The U.S joined the League of Nations after
the Versailles Treaty was rejected.
• D. Wilson’s Fourteen Points rejected the idea
of a League on Nations.
OGT Multiple Choice
• 6. “The Big Four” were the leaders of the
countries who won World War I. They
included
• A. France, Spain, Germany, and England
• B. France, Germany, Italy, and the United
States
• C. France, England, Italy, and the United
States
• D. the United States, England, France, and
Austria-Hungary
OGT Multiple Choice
• 7. The major reason for American opposition to the
League of Nations was
• A. fear of being required to get involved in future
European wars
• B. Wilson’s failure to promote the League to the public
• C. the desire of Americans to punish the Central Powers
• D. the high financial costs of joining the League
OGT Extended Response
• (Base Test March 2005) Historians often
cite the harshness of the Treaty of
Versailles on Germany as a primary cause
of the eventual outbreak of World War II.
Summarize two provisions of the
Versailles Treaty relating to Germany and
discuss how each helped lead to World
War II.
• (4 points)