Transcript Chapter 8 Powerpoint

Which of the following do you think is the
most important of the Bill of Rights?
A. Freedom of speech
B. The right to a fair trial
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D. Protection from unreasonable C.
search and seizure
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C. The right to keep and
bear arms
Chapter 8 A New Nation
(1789-1800)
Section 1 The First President
What were the precedents that
Washington established as the first
president of the United States?
George Washington
• Became the first president of the
United States on April 30, 1789
• (Several others served as
president under the Articles of
Confederation)
• John Adams became Vice
President
• Washington knew that the
precedents he established would
shape the future of the United
States
• Washington created departments
• Set up the court system
• Added a Bill of Rights to the
Constitution
The First Cabinet
• Washington chose prominent
figures to head departments
• State Department- Handled
relations with other nations
(Thomas Jefferson)
• Department of the TreasuryHandled financial matters
(Alexander Hamilton)
• Department of War- Handled
the nation’s defense (Henry
Knox)
• Edmund Randolph became
attorney general- Handled the
government’s legal affairs
• Office of postmaster general
was also established
• The three department heads
and the attorney general
became known as the
cabinet
• The president has the power
to dismiss cabinet members
Which of the following is NOT a
branch of the US Government?
A. The Executive branch
B. The Judicial branch
C. The Military branch
D. The Legislative branch
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The Judiciary Act of 1789
• Congress had to decide how
to set up the judicial system
• Some wanted a uniform
national legal system and
some favored state courts
• The two groups
compromised in the
Judiciary Act of 1789
• Congress established a
federal court system with the
power to reverse state
decisions
• The Supreme Court would
be the supreme authorityJohn Jay was chosen as
chief justice
The Bill of Rights
• Many people insisted that the
Constitution include guarantees of
civil liberties
• Some states supported the
Constitution on the condition that a
bill of rights would be added in the
near future
• Congress passed 12 amendments
and the states ratified 10 of them
• December 1791- The 10
amendments became the Bill of
Rights
• The Bill of Rights limits the powers
of government
• Protects individual rights (speech,
press, trial by jury…)
• 10th amendment- Madison hoped to
use the states as an important line
of defense against a too powerful
government
The New Country’s Economy
• Washington left the
economic policies to his
secretary of the treasury,
Alexander Hamilton
• Hamilton had bold plans
and policies to deal with
the country’s finances
• The new nation faced a
serious national debt…
and it was growing
• Hamilton tried to find a
way to improve the
government’s financial
reputation and strengthen
the nation at the same
time
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
• 1. Pay off war
Debt
• 2. Raise revenue
by tariffs
• 3. Create a
national bank
Which of the following is not a part of
Alexander Hamilton’s plan for
strengthening the nation’s economy?
A. Repaying debt to
foreign countries
B. Establishing a
national bank
C. Collecting national taxes
D. Issuing bonds to
American citizens
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Opposition to the Plan
• Those that bought bonds
during the American
Revolution- Many people sold
them for lesser value
• The new bond owners would
be paid off at original value
• Southern states objected
because they accumulated
much less debt than the
Northern states
• Hamilton worked out a
compromise with the South- If
they paid off the debt, the
new capital would be in the
South
• Washington D.C. was now in
planning
The Fight Over the Bank
• Hamilton asked
Congress to create a
national bank- The
Bank of the United
States
• Madison and Jefferson
opposed a national
bank saying it would
benefit the wealthy and
it was unconstitutional
• Hamilton argued that
Congress had the
power to do so
• Washington agreed,
and a national bank
was created
Tariffs and Taxes
• Hamilton proposes a
tariff to protect
American industries
from foreign
competition
• A tax on imports
• The South opposed,
but Hamilton won
support in Congress
• A tax on whiskey
distilled in the
United States was
also added
What were the precedents that
Washington established as the first
president of the United States?
Washington started the tradition of the
Inaugural Address, two terms in office,
the creation of the cabinet, and a
foreign policy of neutrality.
Chapter 8 Section 1 Quiz
The nation's first vice president
was
A. George
Washington.
B. John Adams.
C. Samuel Adams.
D. Benjamin
Franklin.
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One of the liberties guaranteed
in the Bill of Rights is
A. the right to ban the
press.
B. the right to refuse
taxes.
C. freedom of speech.
D. the right to own a
home.
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The first chief justice of the
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Hamilton.
C. George
Washington.
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The Judiciary Act of 1789 established
what kind of legal system?
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To help build a strong national economy,
Hamilton asked Congress to create
a national bank.
the stock market.
trade tariffs.
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D.
Do you think it is right for the U.S.
government to use force to keep order?
A. Yes, always
B. Yes, under certain
circumstances
C. No, never
A. A
B. B
C. C
Chapter 8 The Federalist Era
1789-1800
Section 2 Early Challenges
What challenges did the United
States face during Washington’s
administration?
The Whiskey Rebellion
• Part of Hamilton’s
financial plan was a tax
on whiskey
• 1794
• Tax on whiskey
angered frontier farmers
• Farmers also had
trouble taking their
crops to market
because of bad roads
• They decided to make
their grain into whiskey
More of the Whiskey Rebellion
• Whiskey would be
easier to carry
• They often used
whiskey like money to
buy salt, sugar, nails,
and ammunition
• Did not have money to
pay taxes
• The whiskey tax
seemed as unfair as
British taxes had been
• Some feared more
taxes would follow
Results of the Whiskey Rebellion
• Farmers in western
Pennsylvania refused to
pay the tax
• Farmers took up arms and
chased away the tax
collectors
• Hamilton convinced
Washington that troops
should be sent to put down
the rebellion
• 13,000 soldiers went into
western Pennsylvania
• The rebels fled before a
fight
• Showed that the National
Government had the power
and will to enforce laws
Struggle Over the West
• Washington worried
about European
ambitions for the
Northwest Territory
• Washington signed
treaties with the Indians
• He hoped that this
would lessen the
influence of the British
and Spanish on them
• American settlers
ignored the treaties and
moved onto Indian land
• Fighting soon broke out
Washington Sends an Army
• Washington sends in
General Arthur St. Clair
• He was to restore order
in the Northwest
Territory
• November 1791, St.
Clair’s forces were
defeated by Little
Turtle, chief of the
Miami people
• More than 600
American soldiers died
in the battle by the
Wabash River
Alliance With France?
• Many believed an
alliance with France
would help them defeat
the British, Spanish, and
Indians in the West
• The possibility of French
involvement prompted
Britain to take action in
the West
• The British urged Indians
to destroy American
settlements west of the
Appalachians
• The British began
building a new fort in
Ohio
More Fighting
• The Native Americans
demanded that all settlers
north of the Ohio River
leave the territory
• Washington sent another
army under Anthony
Wayne
• 2,000 Indian troops
planned to ambush
Wayne’s smaller force
• Wayne’s troops moved
closer to Fort Miami
The Battle of Fallen Timbers
• Wayne knew that it
was an Indian
custom not to eat
before battle
• The warriors waited
three days for
Wayne’s force
• Grew weaker and
hungrier
• Wayne soundly
defeated the Indians
at the Battle of
Fallen Timbers
After the Battle of Fallen Timbers
• Indians fled to Fort Miami
• British closed the gate on
them
• British would not help them
• Battle of Fallen Timbers
crushed the Indians’ hope of
keeping their land
• Indians signed the Treaty of
Greenville- agreeing to
surrender their homelands in
what is now Ohio
Problems with Europe
• Many Americans cheered
the French Revolution, but
it soon grew bloody
• France and Britain went to
war and Washington hoped
to maintain neutrality
• The French sent diplomat
Edmund Genet to recruit
American volunteers
• Washington then issued a
Proclamation of Neutrality
• French and British warships
were also barred from
American ports
The British Fight Back
• British warships captured
American ships that
traded with France
• The British forced
American sailors to join
the British navy
(impressment)
• Washington sent John Jay
to negotiate peace with
Britain, and Jay’s Treaty
was signed
• Britain agreed to leave
American soil
• It said nothing about the
impressment or British
interference in trade
Jay’s Treaty was an agreement with
what country?
A. Spain
B. France
C. Britain
D. Russia
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
B
C
D
Treaty With Spain
• Spain feared the US and
Britain would work
together against them in
North America
• Thomas Pickney was
sent to Spain to settle
the differences
• 1795- Pickney’s Treaty
gave the Americans free
navigation of the
Mississippi River and the
right to trade at New
Orleans
Washington’s Farewell
• After two terms
• In his farewell he
attacked political parties
• Also attacked the
involvement in foreign
affairs
• “Observe good faith
and justice toward all
nations…”
• “It is our true policy to
steer clear of
permanent alliances”
• These words influenced
the nation’s foreign
policy for more than
100 years
What challenges did the United
States face during Washington’s
administration?
•
What challenges did the United States
face during Washington’s administration?
1. Whiskey Rebellion
2. Securing the Trans-Appalachian West
3. French Revolution
Chapter 8 Section 2 Quiz
During the Whiskey Rebellion, farmers
peacefully protested a special tax.
A. True
B. False
Washington served three terms
as president.
A. True
B. False
Alexander Hamilton's taxes led
to rebellion in
A. the Oregon
country.
B. western
Pennsylvania.
C. Virginia.
D. Boston.
French and British warships were
barred from American ports by the
A. Declaration of
War.
B. Treaty of Britain.
C. Treaty of Paris.
D. Proclamation of
Neutrality.
What did George Washington consider
a grave danger to the new nation?
A. settlers moving
west
B. national taxes
C. growth of political
parties
D. France's influence
Chapter 8 The Federalist Era
(1789-1800)
Section 3 The First Political
Parties
What do you think is the most important
principle of Jefferson’s Republican party?
A. Strong emphasis on
states’ rights
B. Accessibility of politics
to the average citizen
C. Strict interpretation of
the Constitution
D. Protection of civil liberties
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
B
C
D
How did the Federalist and
Republican Parties form, and on what
issues did they disagree?
Opposing Views
• Even President
Washington was not
liked by everyone
• Many of those were
supporters of Thomas
Jefferson
• Political Parties
began to form
• People disagreed
with each other, even
in Washington’s
cabinet (Hamilton and
Jefferson)
• Even Washington
was partisan
(Favored one side of
an issue)
• Washington usually
favored Hamilton
Political Parties Emerge
• Similar differences
existed in Congress
• Two distinct political
parties formed
• Federalists- supported
the policies of
Washington’s
administration
• DemocraticRepublicans
(Republicans)
Which of the following was NOT a
United States political party?
A. Democrats
B. Revisionists
C. Republicans
D. Federalists
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
B
C
D
Federalists
• Stood for a strong federal
government
• Favored banking and shipping
interests
• Support in the Northeast and
wealthy plantation owners of the
South
• 1791- Philip Freneau wrote the
National Gazette that turned public
opinion against the Federalist
• (Jefferson, Secretary of State,
helped it get started)
• Jefferson and Madison later
organized people who disagreed
with Hamilton
• Were called the DemocraticRepublicans
Democratic-Republicans
• “Republicans” wanted to
limit the government’s
power
• Feared a strong federal
government would
endanger people’s
liberties
• Appealed to small
farmers and urban
workers
• Support in the Middle
Atlantic states and the
South
Views of the Constitution
• Hamilton’s view (Fed.)- federal
government had implied
powers (Loose Construction)
• Powers not expressly
forbidden in the constitution
• Hamilton used this idea to
justify a national bank
• Jefferson and Madison (D-R)disagreed and said there is a
strict construction of the
Constitution
• They believed implied powers
are “absolutely necessary” to
carry out the expressed
powers
The People’s Role
• Federalists supported
representative government
• Public office should be held by
honest and educated men
• Ordinary people were too likely to
be swayed
• Republicans feared a strong
central government
• Washington tried to get his two
advisors (Hamilton and Jefferson)
to work out their differences
• They didn’t and Jefferson
resigned as Secretary of State
• Later Hamilton resigned as
Secretary of the Treasury
Election of 1796
• Federalists and Republicans
held meetings called
caucuses
• Members of Congress and
other leaders chose their
parties’ candidates for office
• Federalists chose John
Adams for President and
Charles Pickney as VP
• Republicans chose Thomas
Jefferson for President and
Aaron Burr as VP
• The electoral college votes• Adams 71, Jefferson 68
• A Federalist president and a
Republican VP
President Adams Problems
• 1. The XYZ Affair
• 2. Alien and
Sedition Acts
• 3. Domestic and
Foreign Affairs
XYZ Affair
• The French started to seize
American ships that carried cargo
to the British
• Fall of 1797- Adams sent
delegates to Paris to try to
resolve the dispute
• The French foreign minister,
Charles de Talleyrand refused to
meet with the delegates
• Instead he sent three agents (X,Y,
and Z) who demanded a bribe
and a loan for France
• The Americans replied “not a
sixpence” and sent a report to
Adams
• Adams said he would rather pay
for a war and told Congress to
prepare for war
• This became known as the XYZ
Affair
Alien and Sedition Acts
• Public anger rose against France,
Americans became suspicious of
aliens
• Immigrants living in the country who
were not citizens
• Many Europeans who came to the US
in the 1790s supported ideals of the
French Revolution
• Some people questioned if aliens
would remain loyal if the US went to
war with France
• Federalists responded with strict laws
to protect the nation’s security
• The Alien and Sedition Acts
• Sedition- Activities aimed at
weakening the established government
• Alien Act allowed the president to
imprison aliens, or send those
considered dangerous out of the
country
Domestic and Foreign Affairs
• Republicans responded to the
Alien and Sedition Acts by
standing up against what they
regarded as Federalist tyranny
• Madison and Jefferson wrote
protests that called the Virginia
and Kentucky Resolutions
• Said that the A&S Acts violated the
Constitution
• So the A&S Acts could not be put
into action
• The Kentucky Resolution
suggested that states might nullify
federal laws considered
unconstitutional
Which of the following is true of the Virginia and
Kentucky Resolutions?
A. They were drafted by
Federalists opposing Republican
uses of federal power.
B. They claimed that the Alien and
Sedition Acts violated the constitution.
C. They distributed land to settlers
in Virginia and Kentucky.
D. They rejected the principle
of state’s rights.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
B
C
D
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• Supported the principle
of states’ rights
• This states that the
powers of the federal
government should be
limited to those clearly
assigned in the
Constitution
• States should have all
other powers not
expressly forbidden to
them
• The issue of states’ rights
would remain an
important issue
Adams’ Decision
• To help them
politically, Federalists
urged Adams to
declare war on France
• Adams didn’t, instead
appointed a new
commission to seek
peace with France
• 1800- France agreed
to a treaty
• This hurt Adams
chance of reelection
• Hamilton and his
supporters now
opposed the president
How did the Federalist and
Republican Parties form, and on what
issues did they disagree?
Federalists- Strong federal government, limit
ordinary people’s role in government
Republicans- Limit federal government, protect
individuals’ and states’ rights
Chapter 8 Section 3 Quiz
Which political party stood for a
strong federal government?
A. Federalist
B. Antifederalist
C. DemocraticRepublican
D. Democratic
Which party feared that a strong central
government would endanger people's
liberties?
A. Federalist
B. Antifederalist
C. Republican
D. Democratic
The second president of the
United States was
A. Thomas
Jefferson.
B. Aaron Burr.
C. John Adams.
D. Charles Pinckney.
Which of the following proposed a challenge
to the constitutional authority of the national
government?
A. political parties
B. peace with France
C. Sedition Act
D. Virginia and
Kentucky
Resolutions
What divided the Federalists and hurt
John Adams's chance for reelection?
A.
B.
C.
D.
states' rights
treaty with France
Neutrality Act
war with France