Transcript Chapter 8.2 War in the West, South and the War Ends

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Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion (Saratoga
Campaign)
1777- British Goal is to capture Hudson River Valley & sever
New England (hot point of revolution) from the rest of the
colonies.
British Gen. Burgoyne- would march from Lake Champlain
(Canada) to Albany; delayed by Colonial leader Benedict
Arnold on Lake Champlain- had to return to Canada & start
later.
Gen. Howe- from NYC up the Hudson River (if needed) to
meet Burgoyne in Albany
Col. St. Leger- would march from the west (by Lake Ontario)
to Albany
Results:
1.
Burgoyne delayed…later fights at Saratoga
2.
Howe goes the wrong way…to Philly rebel capital.
3.
St. Leger defeated at Orskany, NY & retreats.
The Planned Invasion 1777
Philadelphia
• Gen. Washington- transferred his army to
Philly—Continental Congress met there.
• Washington was defeated at Brandywine Creek
(Sept. 11, 1777) & Battle of Germantown (Oct.
4, 1777) = Continental Army forced out of
Pennsylvania = Continental Congress had to
evacuate too!!
Washington’s Army Survives
Winter of 1777-1778
•Washington & Continental Army went to Valley Forge for
the winter for rest & resupply—barely surviving (2,500 died
from disease & cold).
Washington’s Strategy Changes:
Battles lost in NY & Penn. Taught Washington that a change
in strategy was best:
1.Smaller more frequent skirmishes with British.
2.Avoid major battles that would endanger his whole army.
3.As long as his army was intact, the war would continue no
matter what cities the British captured.
•Baron Von Steuben- trained Washington’s men into a
professional army.
Gen. Burgoyne- left alone at Saratoga
Gen. Gates & Arnold (American
Continentals) defeated Burgoyne &
forced his surrender & 9,000 troops.
Britain offers colonials “home rule”Americans refused it!
**Led to a military alliance (1778Franco-American Alliance) with France
providing soldiers, naval fleet and
$$$$$.
Fight until Britain defeated,
guarantee AMERICAN independence,
negotiate a “common end”
1779- Spain- war with GB
1780- Holland- war with GB
Surrender/saratoga
Ben Franklin Secures the help of France
•Summer 1776- Continental Congress developed Model
Treaty.
1.No political Connection with another country.
2.No military connection with another country.
3.Only commercial connection.
December 1776, Ben Franklin became American diplomat to
France to secure their help.
* France welcomed Franklin like a “star”
After defeat at Saratoga- Britain offered the American
colonists “home rule”
Ben Franklin went to France to secure help.
**The Franco-American Alliance (Feb. 1778)France offers army, navy and money help to American
colonists; officially recognized America’s independence, will
wage war with Britain until US got independence, US had to
defend French possessions.
A Colonial Rebellion turns into global war!!!
** BIG EFFECT OF AMERICAN VICTORY AT SARATOGA!!!
“Armed Neutrality”
• Catherine the Great led weak maritime (sea) European
nations against Britain PASSIVELY (Armed Neutrality)
• All of Europe “passively against England”
• WORLD WAR!!
• Spain & & Holland join war against Britain also--FOUGHT
IN SOUTH AMERICA, CARRIBBEAN, ASIA too.
• ** GB had to deploy troops around the world—so they
were handicapped in North America!
War in The North Ends
• June 1774-Battle of Monmouth, NJ (last battle of war in
North)
• Gen. Clinton replaces Howe as commander-in-chief of
British army in states
• Fight was a draw- Clinton escapes to NYC
War in the West
West of the Appalachian Mountains and along the border of Quebec, the
war was an “Indian War”. 13,000 Indians fought on the British side.
•Both Americans & England attempted to get Indians to side with them.
•Joseph Brant- Chief of Mohawks got the (Seneca's, Onondaga’s,
Cayuga’s) of the Six Nations (Iroquois Confederacy) to support Englandattacked frontier settlers in Penn. & NY until 1779.
•Some Mohawk tribes sided with British---some with Americans.
•Many Tuscarora & Oneida sided with Americans
•Cherokee convinced to join British cause also
•Loyalists & Indians led attacks against American colonists in NY, Penn. &
Kentucky.
In the South, Creek & Seminoles sided with British in Georgia & SC
War in The Ohio River Valley
•George Rogers Clark
•Tried to neutralize British influence in Ohio territory.
•Captured British cities Kaskaskia & Vincennes
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)
•1st treaty between United States & Indians
•Indians (Six Nations) ceded most of their land
The French ENTER the War
• Summer 1780- French send army of 6,000
regular troops commanded by Comte de
Rochambeau– Newport, R.I.
• Americans at first suspicious
• 1780- Benedict Arnold turned traitor- plotted
to sale West Point for 6,300 POUNDS &
officer’s commission.
Britain’s “Southern Strategy" Phase 3 OF
the War
Britain thought that there were more
Loyalists in the South.
Southern resources were more valuable/worth
preserving.
The British win a number of small victories,
but cannot pacify the countryside.
Intense fighting between American Patriots &
Loyalists!
Campaigns from Virginia to SC to Georgia.
Georgia was Overrun in 1778-1779
Phase III: The Southern
Strategy [1780-1781]
Charleston captured
In 1780 by Cornwallis
•1781- Battle of
Camden– DEFEAT
for Colonials
• Horatio Gates
removed from
command of US
forces
•Nathaniel Greenetakes command &
leads victory
• Greene & Francis
Marion “Swamp Fox”
Map-yorktown
Battle of Yorktown
•British General
Charles Cornwallis
wanted to winter his
troops in the South
believing the war
would be won in the
Spring…..
•Yorktown was
chosen because it
provided easy access
to be reinforced and
re-supplied
•General Washington
learned of the British
decision to winter
their main troops in
Yorktown.
Battle of Yorktown
•Strategy included the use
of the French navy, French
troops and American
troops.
•French navy under the
direction of Admiral de
Grasse, placed a blockade
around the Chesapeake
Bay.
•15,000 American and
French troops surrounded
8,000 British troops……
•General Cornwallis is
trapped and is forced to his
surrender his troops to
Washington
•Brings war to an end
The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Count de
Rochambeau
Admiral
De Grasse
Cornwallis’ Surrender at YorktowN
“The World Turned Upside Down!”
Painted by John Trumbull, 1797
Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris
• The Patriot victory at Yorktown, however,
convinced the British that the war was too costly.
• In March 1782, King George III appointed new
ministers who were prepared to give Americans
their independence.
• Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay
represented the United States in the peace talks in
Paris.
• The talks began in April 1782, and six months
later the British accepted a preliminary agreement
written by the Americans. 
• The American Congress ratified, or approved, a
preliminary treaty in April 1783.
Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris, continued
• Under the terms of the treaty, Great
Britain…
– recognized the United States as an independent
nation whose territory extended from the Atlantic
Ocean west to the Mississippi River and from
Canada in the north to Spanish USA
Florida in the
south.
– promised to withdraw their troops from the
American territory.
– gave Americans the right to fish in the waters off
the coast of Canada.
Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris, continued
• Under the treaty, the United States…
– agreed that British merchants could collect debts
owed by Americans.
– stated that the Congress would “earnestly
recommend” to the states that property taken from
Loyalists be returned to them. Most of this
property was never returned, however.
Blacks in war
African Americans
• At the beginning of the war southern states
persuaded congress to ban African Americans
from fighting.
• Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia,
announced that slaves who fought on the British
side would be freed, and many men answered his
call.
• As the need for soldiers grew, some states ignored
the ban and let African American fight.
Blacks in war
African Americans, continued
• Lemeul Hayes and Peter Salem were two
famous African American patriots.
• African Americans fought for the same
reasons other Americans fought-they
believed in the cause or they needed the
money.
• Some African Americans earned their
freedom by fighting.