Transcript CH 12 Imperialism PP

Chapter 12
Becoming a World Power
Section 1
The Imperialist Vision
What does it mean to
be a World Power?
What is Imperialism ?
The economic &
political
domination of a
strong nation
over other
weaker nations.
Building Support for Imperialism
• Beginning in the 1880s public opinion began to shift.
More people wanted to make the U.S. a world power.
• A Desire for New Markets
– Many European Nations were expanding. Many
countries in Europe had placed high tariffs on
each other making it harder to trade. So, nations
began to look elsewhere for trade. Nations exerted
control over the territories they invested in.
– Many Americans took notice of this European trend.
New overseas markets were need to keep the
economy strong.
Building Support for Imperialism
• A Feeling of Superiority
– Supporters of Social Darwinism argued that nations competed as
well and the strongest would survive.
– John Fiske took that notion further. Fiske argued that Englishspeaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of
government, and were destined to dominate the planet. His ideas
were known as Anglo-Saxonism and were popular in the United
States (fit very well with Manifest Destiny)
– Many Americans began to believe that it was now their “destiny”
to expand overseas west to the Pacific Ocean.
– Josiah Strong – a minister & proponent of Anglo Saxonism –
linked this idea to the Christian missionary ideas (Brothers
Keeper)
Expansion in the Pacific
 Perry Opens Japan
 Japan was very isolationist
 1852, President Franklin Pierce decided to force
Japan to trade with the U.S.
 Pierce Ordered Commodore Matthew C. Perry to
take a naval expedition to Japan to negotiate a
trade agreement
 Perry’s arrival forced Japan to change internally. As
a result Japan opened its ports.
 B/C of this Japan adopted American technology &
had an industrial revolution (awesome navy watch
out pearl harbor)
Annexing Hawaii
Was a great Midway point (Refueling station)
1820’s Missionaries settled there
Great for growing sugarcane
1875 trade treaty that exempted Hawaiian sugar from
tariffs in U.S. (created a boom in sugar)
By 1895 We have a base at Pearl Harbor
1887 Planters in Hawaii talked the King into a new
Constitution that limited the Kings authority
This angered the Hawaiian people (To Westernized) 
 Queen Liliuokalani came to
power in 1891 Hawaii – disliked
Americans
 Tried to get rid of U.S. Influence
& take her country back
 American Planters overthrew
her Govt. and put a new govt. in
charge: they wanted the U.S. to
Annex Hawaii (have to wait 5
years until - 1898)
 President Cleveland opposed
imperialism
`
Hawaii gets
annexed in 1898:
Celebration in
America
Trade and Diplomacy in Latin America
 James G Blaine – Thought that American should look
elsewhere to expand as well. Looked to Latin America
 Pan-Americanism – United States and Latin America
should work together. Met in 1889 in D.C. Blaine had
2 goals:
1. Improve trade
2. Create a system work out differences.
Organization of American States (This is what it is
known as today.)
Building a Modern Navy
3 international crises brought America to the brink of war. The United States was
more willing to go to war to protect its overseas interests. A large Navy was
needed to do this and support grew.
 Captain Alfred T. Mahan pushed for the building of a modern navy (wrote :
The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783
 Large ships to protect American interests & defend trade. = so we need to
acquire naval bases & territories over seas (Pearl Harbor)
 Senators Henry Cabot Lodge and Albert J. Beveridge pushed for the building
of a new modern navy.
 Business leaders wanted new markets, Anglo-Saxonism convinced many that
expansion was destiny, European imperialism threatened America’s overseas
security, Mahan’s influence and a modern Navy = Imperialism
Small Group Activity : 10 minutes
On a sheet of notebook paper answer the following question as
a group:
1. Do you think the U.S. should have supported the planters in
their attempt to overthrow Queen Liliuokalani, why or why
not?
2. What events in the world convinced Americans to support a
large navy?
3. Why did Americans support expansionism in the Pacific
during this time? Would you or your family have supported
expansion?
Chapter 12
Becoming a World Power
Section 2
The Spanish American War
The Coming of War
• Clara Barton, the first founder and president of the American
Red Cross, was working in Havana, Cuba.
– The U.S.S. Maine was anchored there in Havana Harbor and it
exploded.
– Of the 354 officers on board 266 died. No one is sure why the
Maine exploded.
• Some speculate that a fire set off the ammunition supplies while others
think it was a mine detonated near the ship that set off the ammunition.
The Coming of War
– Many Americans Blamed Spain and within a few weeks Spain and
the United States were at war.
• The Cuban Rebellion Begins
• 1868 Cuban Rebels declared independence and launched guerilla
warfare on Spanish Authorities. The rebellion collapsed and
many fled to the U.S.
• Jose Marti was write/poet committed to the cause of Cuban
independence and was busy organizing another rebellion.
– Cuba’s economy became weak, Marti launched a new rebellion in
1895 (Marti died shortly after during a battle)
Yellow Journalism
• Americans Support Cubans
– Grover Cleveland declared neutrality
– Some Americans openly supported the rebels
– William Randolph Hearst owned the New York Journal and the
New York World. Joseph Pulitzer owned the World. They
competed with each other for newspaper sales.
• Both practiced Yellow Journalism – exaggerated
or made up stories to sell papers
– The Cuban people suffered greatly under General Valeriano Weyler
(‘The Butcher’)
• Calling out for War
– 1897, New President McKinley did not want to intervene in the war. McKinley
pressured the Spanish Government to remove Weyler from power. Spain offered Cuba
autonomy, Cubans refused. Spanish Loyalists got upset and began to riot.
– McKinley sent the U.S.S. Maine to Havana Harbor to protect and evacuate (if need be)
Americans.
– Enrique Dupuy de Lome wrote a letter calling McKinley, “weak and a bidder for the
admiration of the crowd.” Americans were very upset that this Spanish Ambassador to
the United States insulted the President. He later resigned, but not before the U.S.S.
Maine exploded
– March 28, 1898, a naval court concluded that a mine had destroyed the Maine.
“Remember the Maine” became a rallying cry for war
– April 11, 1898, McKinley asked to use force to end the conflict in Cuba.
– April 19, Congress declared Cuba independent
– April 23, Spain declared war on the United States. For the first time in 50
years the U.S. was at war with another nation.
A War on Two Fronts
• The U.S. Takes the Philippines
– The U.S. was ready for war. Blockaded Cuba and attacked the Spanish
fleet in the Philippines
– May 1, 1898 Commodore George Dewey destroyed Spanish warships.
Troops on the way to the Philippines seized the island of Guam.
• American Forces Battle in Cuba
– Mobilization of the Army was not efficient.
– June 14, 17,000 troops invaded Cuba.
– “Rough Riders” – Theodore Roosevelt was second in command. He had
resigned from his post as assistant secretary of the Navy to join the fight.
While one group attacked San Juan Hill, the “Rough Riders” attacked
Kettle Hill. After success they helped capture San Juan Hill as well.
– Spanish ships tried to escape, but were destroyed by American ships.
Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders
An American Empire is Born
• Cuba became independent, The U.S. annexed Guam and Puerto Rico. What
to do with the Philippines?
– The Debate of annexation
• Economic and military benefits.
• Others argued too much cost to have an empire.
–
Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams, Samuel Clemens and Samuel Gompers all opposed annexing the
Philippines.
– December 10, 1898 the U.S. and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris.
• Cuba is independent, The U.S. got Guam and Puerto Rico and paid $20 million
dollars for the Philippines.
• The U.S. has now become an Imperial Nation
• Read on your own – Page 404 and 405
– Rebellion in the Philippines, Governing Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Platt
Amendment. You are responsible for the information included in these
sections.
Chapter 12
Becoming a World Power
Section 3
New American Democracy
Theodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Power
• Became famous after the Spanish American War.
• Elected New York Governor in 1898
• Election of 1900
– McKinley beat William Jennings Bryan
– Theodore Roosevelt was VP
– McKinley shot by Leon Czolgosz (anarchist) McKinley died
several days later.
• Roosevelt becomes President
– Roosevelt wanted to increase American power on an
international stage and wanted shape the “less civilized”.
Intended to make the U.S. a World Power
American Diplomacy in Asia
• 1899, U.S. was a major power in Asia – Naval Bases.
• Open Door Policy
– All countries should be able to trade with China
• Boxer Rebellion
– Secret society in China called the Boxers wanted to rid China of
foreign control. Attacked foreign embassies and killed over 200
people.
• Balancing Power in East Asia
– Teddy didn’t want one country dominating Asia. Stepped in
during the war between Japan and Russia. Teddy helped in the
war and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906
The
Open Door
Policy
A Growing Presence in the Caribbean
• Teddy believed in a strong global military presence. “Speak
softly and carry a big stick”
• The Panama Canal
– Needed a canal through Central America to keep and gain
American Power
– 1901, U.S. and Great Britain signed the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
which gave the U.S. exclusive rights to build and control any
canal built in Central America.
– France Began a Canal, but stopped due to bankruptcy and
death.
• Revolt
– Area where canal would be built belonged to Columbia.
– U.S. offered $10 million and $250,000 rent to Columbia and
they refused.
– U.S. helped Panama win its independence
• Roosevelt Corollary
– U.S. would intervene in Latin American Affairs when necessary
to maintain economic and political stability in the Western
Hemisphere
The Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… may
in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately require
intervention by some
civilized nation, and in the
Western Hemisphere the
adherence of the United
States to the Monroe
Doctrine may force the
United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant
cases of such wrongdoing
or impotence, to the
exercise of an
international police power .
Speak Softly,
But Carry a Big Stick!