Transcript Origins of the Cold War

Origins of the Cold War
The United States and the
Soviet Union emerged from
World War II as the two
“superpowers” with vastly
different political and economic
systems.
Why was it called the “COLD” War?
• When WWII ended in 1945, the US and Soviet
Union were the #1 and #2 leading industrial
powers in the world.
• Because of nuclear weapons, the superpowers
never actually confronted each other in open
warfare.
• Their global competition to be most powerful led to
frequent other conflicts.
Competing Ideologies: Communism
Political
One political party; the Communist Party
System
Organizations All labor groups and other associations are
run by the Communist Party
Economic
System
Religion
Industries and farms are owned by the state;
central planners determine the nations
economic needs; limited private property;
education and health are provided by the
state
Religion is discouraged
Individual
Rights
Secret police arrest opponents; censorship;
no free exercise of beliefs
Competing Ideologies: Democracy
Political System
A multi-party democracy
Organizations
Unions and other organizations
openly negotiate with employers
Economic System
Free enterprise system; private
ownership of property; supply and
demand determine prices; people
meet their own needs with some
limited government involvement
Religion
Free exercise of religion
Individual Rights
Freedom of the press and
expression
Communist or Capitalist?
• With a partner, you will read a description
of an individual
• When you think you know if the person is
a communist or capitalist, please hold up
the appropriate flag.
Communist or Capitalist?
•
•
•
•
•
John works at JC Penny
He earns $7.00 an hour
He pays taxes on what he earns
He is part of the “retail workers union”
He is quite outspoken of his dislike for the
current leader of his nation.
Communist or Capitalist?
• Sarah is attends 5th grade at an elementary school
• Every morning she pledges allegiance to her nation
• Her parents work on a farm that is owned by the
government
• Her father was arrested for saying negative things about
the government.
Communist or Capitalist?
•
•
•
•
Frank works at McDonalds
He earns $7.00 an hour
His job is protected because of his labor union
Both the McDonalds and the Labor Union are
owned by the government
Communist or Capitalist?
•
•
•
•
Frank works at McDonalds
He earns $7.00 an hour
His job is protected because of his labor union
Both the McDonalds and the Labor Union are
owned by the government
• He cannot change jobs, even if he doesn’t like
his job.
Communist or Capitalist?
• Ethel was a sick little girl
• Her family was very poor
and could not afford doctors
• As a result, she continued to
walk with a limp for the rest
of her life
• Erma was a sick little girl
• Her family was very poor, but
the government provides
doctors in her country
• The doctors did not do a
very good job addressing her
sickness
• She walked the rest of her
life with a limp
Cold War and Containment
Title Page 61: Cold War and
Containment Notes
Conflicting Visions on the Future of Europe
The Future
of Europe:
US Vision
• The Truman
administration wanted
strong, stable
democracies in Europe
to prevent
totalitarianism and to
provide a market to sell
U.S. products
The Future of
Europe:
Soviet Vision
• Soviet leader Joseph
Stalin wanted control of
Eastern Europe to
protect against other
invasions from the west
and to rebuild the
Soviet Union’s own wardamaged economy.
How it started…
1.
Stalin set up Communist
governments in Eastern Europe
called satellite nations (they
were controlled by the Soviet
Union)
2. The US refused to share the
secrets behind the atomic
bomb (guess what- the Soviets
figure it out anyway!)
3. The Soviets keep troops in
Eastern Europe.
4. Trade and contact between
Eastern and Western Europe
STOPS.
The Iron Curtain
“from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste
in the Adriatic, an iron curtain
has descended across the
Continent.”
- Winston Churchill
What did Churchill mean by the
phrase
“iron curtain”?
Answer on your paper.
America’s Response?
• Policy of containment:
– Prevent the spread of
communism
• America was not going to
attempt to overturn
Communism where it already
existed, just prevent it from
spreading further.
Truman Doctrine:
• Was an attempt to
provide MILITARY help
to countries fighting
communism.
• Truman Doctrine- the
US could send military
and economic aid to any
country trying to
prevent a Communist
takeover.
• Truman didn’t want to
make the same mistake
that had been made with
Hitler
Marshall Plan:
• Problems in Europe after WWII
– Famine
– Cities were destroyed
– People were desperate
• Solution? The Marshall Plan!
– Europe needs to rebuild; America wants them to be capitalist
– Marshall Plan- America would give money to nations that
cooperated with U.S. economic goals
• Results:
– Europe recovered from war faster
– Western Europe adopted capitalist policies
– America’s economy improved too
A Divided Germany
• After WWII, Germany was split in two parts–
West Germany and East Germany
• East Germany was controlled by the Soviet Union
• West Germany was controlled by Britain, France,
and America
Whoa…What about Berlin???
• The city of Berlin,
although located
in the Soviet
half, was also
divided –
• East Berlin
occupied by
Soviets.
• West Berlin
occupied by Allied
interests and
• In June 1948, the Soviet
Union attempted to
control all of Berlin by
cutting surface traffic to
and from the city of
West Berlin. Starving out
the population and
cutting off their
business was their
method of gaining control.
Berlin Airlift
• For 327 days the
US airlifted needed
food and supplies
into the city of
West Berlin.
• May 12, 1949, the
Soviet government
yielded and lifted
the blockade.
• In 1961, the Soviet Union put
up a complete blockade (wall)
around West Berlin.
• The Berlin Wall would come
to represent the oppression
of all people living under
communist rule. It
separated families,
communities, and nations
until it was finally torn down in
1989.
“I believe that it must be the policy of the United States
to support free peoples who are resisting attempted
conquest by armed minorities or by outside pressures.
I believe we must assist free peoples to work out their
own destinies in their own way. I believe our help
should be primarily through economic and financial
aid, which is essential to economic stability and
orderly political processes.” President Harry Truman
1. Do you believe that the United States should have
offered aid to all nations facing such threats?
2. Applying this idea to today…Do you think America
should extend this promise to offer aid to countries
facing terrorist threats? Why or why not?
Interactive Notebook Activity:
Venn Diagram
United States
Soviet Union
Include 5 differences in each circle and 3 similarities
in center.
February 25, 2013
• Get out your notebook: Title page
62 “The Cold War Heats Up”
EOC Review
•Meat Inspection Act
•Secret Ballot
•17th Amendment
•National Park Service
•Initiative, Recall, and Referendum
1) The above items would most likely be
referred to in an essay written abouta) U.S. foreign policy
b) environmental conservation
c) Progressive Era reform
d) civil rights legislation
The Cold War Heats Up
Chapter 18
Section 2
After World War II, China
became a Communist nation and
Korea was split into a Communist
North and a democratic South
Warm Up
Suppose you enter the school cafeteria and see two
students fighting. One of them is a classmate
who is recovering from a sports injury. The other
student, a friend you no longer trust, is much
larger. In fact, you think your friend has become
a bully. How might you react in this situation?
Option 1: Don’t get involved. Walk away.
Option 2: Get a couple of friends to work with you to help
the students resolve their conflict.
Option 3: Jump in and defend your classmate against your
friend.
Option 4: Attack your friend to show that you don’t
tolerate that kind of behavior.
Which option would you choose? Explain your
reasoning.
Attempts to Keep the Peace
• Tensions between the US
and Soviet Union
continued to increased.
• The United Nations had
been formed after WWII.
The goal of the UN was to
provide world peace,
security, and to promote
economic development.
• Unfortunately, the UN was
the able to negotiate
peace between the two
nations.
NATO
• The US, Canada, and ten
Western European
countries decided to
protect each other by
creating NATO.
• North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO):
– U.S. defensive military
alliance with its European
allies
• The members of NATO
pledged that an attack
on one country was an
attack on all.
Warsaw Pact
• The Soviet Union responded to the creation of NATO by
creating their own defense alliance, The Warsaw Pact.
• Warsaw Pact- a military defense alliance between the
Soviet Union and it’s satellite nations in Eastern Europe.
• Ultimately, NATO and the Warsaw Pact just gave the
nations more reasons to hate each other.
China Enters a Civil War
• After defeating the Japanese
in World War II, the U.S.
supported Chinese Nationalist
Army led by Chiang Kaishek.
• Chiang fought the Communists
led by Mao Zedong.
• Mao won the civil war in 1948.
• Chiang and his followers fled
to Taiwan, an island off China’s
southeast coast.
• China becomes a Communist
state
US supports
Chiang KaiShek.
Mao Zedong
The Korean War
• At the end of World War
II, Korea was divided along
the 38th parallel into two
separate counties:
– The Communist North Korea
and the Non-Communist
South Korea.
• When the North Korean
army invaded South Korea
in 1950 to unify the
country, the United States
called on the members of
the United Nations to help.
U.S. Fights in Korea
• Under the command of
General Douglas
MacArthur, troops from
21 UN countries-about
90 percent of them
American-fought with
the South Korean army.
• Although the fighting
remained fierce neither
side gained much ground
Truman Fires MacArthur
• MacArthur wanted to use
nuclear weapons to invade
China, but Truman opposed
the expansion of the war.
• When MacArthur
continued to argue for his
plan in the press, Truman
fired him as commander.
The Stalemate
• Finally after three
years, the war ended in a
stalemate with North
and South Korea
agreeing on the 38th
parallel as the border
dividing them.
The Cold War at Home
Chapter 18 Section 3
During the late 1940s and early
1950s, fear of Communism led to
reckless charges against innocent
citizens.
Warm Up
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The men and women who served in the CIA during the
Cold War developed a special language. Match
each term used by CIA agents with its description.
A brief meeting in which something is passed between two agents.
When an agent’s identity is no longer a secret.
Someone who has penetrated an enemy intelligence organization.
The complete cover story for an agent.
An operative who is sent to test border controls before an agent
infiltrates them.
F. The ultimate spying methods; developed for use in hostile
environments.
G. A secret location where materials can be left for someone else to
retrieve them.
H. Methods used to make the openings of envelopes undetectable.
I. When an operation goes bad and an agent is arrested.
J. An artist who is trained to forge documents, passports, money and
the like.
Cold War Conflicts at Home
Space Race
Arms Race
Cold War Conflicts:THE SPACE RACE
• After WWII ended, the two
superpowers began their own
missile programs (inspired by
the Nazi German progress on
rockets).
• The US and Soviet Union
entered a new age of space
exploration called the “Space
Race”
• Each nation feared the other
would develop more
dangerous technology.
• Emphasis was placed on
Science and Math in
education.
Sputnik I
• The Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I,
the world's first artificial satellite.
• America, shocked at being beaten, raced to catch
up to the Soviets.
– Americans launched their first satellite a year
later
Everyday Inventions brought to you by the
Space Race
Solar panels
Invisiline braces
Scratch-resistant glasses
Memory foam mattresses
Gel shoe insoles
Cordless vacuums
Satellites
Ear thermometers
Freeze-dried food
Artificial limbs
NOT Velcro, cordless powertools,
or Tang (those are all myths)
COLD WAR CONFLICTS:
The Arms Race
• The Arms Race was an aspect
of the Cold War, in which the
United States and the
Soviet Union competed to
have greater military force
than the other.
• America believed that if
Russia were to have more
nuclear warheads than the US
that they would be less afraid
to use them, and so the US
should strive to maintain, at
minimum, nuclear equality with
Russia. Also, nuclear rivalry
led to the invention of a long
line of increasingly deadlier
weapons.
H-Bomb
• Truman felt the United
States had no alternative
but to proceed with
research and development
of all forms of atomic
weapons, including the
hydrogen bomb.
• Hydrogen bombs can be
1000 times more
powerful than atomic
bombs
Duck and Cover!
• Americans were told, a
nuclear attack could come
at any time without
warning.
• Americans were told that
immediately after they saw
a flash, they had to stop
what they were doing and
get on the ground under
some cover – such as a table,
or at least next to a wall –
and assume fetal position,
lying face down and covering
their heads with their
hands.
• Fearing imminent nuclear
war, many Americans also
prepared bomb shelters, or
fall out shelters in their
homes.
• Using basements, cellars, or
premade shelters dug into the
ground, Americans placed
several weeks worth of
supplies in their shelters and
practiced air raid drills to be
prepared in case of nuclear
attack.
Fallout Shelters
Cold War Videos
• Berlin and the Cold War
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2d7eOF8-4gw - Berlin Airlift on ABC
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExOYvW5vCj4 – People escaping to
West Berlin
• Nuclear bombs
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxD44HO8dNQ&feature=related Tsar Bomb – the most explosive bomb ever detonated– 50 MEGAtons
(that's the force 50,000,000 tons of TNT. The bomb dropped on
Hiroshima was only 13-18 KILOtons). It was originally supposed to be
100 Megatons, but Kruschev was worried about the nuclear fallout that
would take place, so they scaled it back.
• ***The Wikipedia article on it has some pretty cool information.
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5_9Gi7w19Y - Castle Bravo – The
most powerful bomb ever detonated by the United States – 15 Megatons
• Just kind of fun Videos
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hU_8OLBK0ic - Overview of Cold
War
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&v=bIGk9qu2_iM&NR=1 –
Chuck Norris
Interactive Notebook Activity:
Political Cartoon
• Create a political
cartoon that captures
the anxiety of the
1950s.
• Include picture and text
Cold War Conflicts at Home
The Second Red Scare
And McCarthyism
EOC Warm-Up
•
During the Progressive Era, reformers succeeded in making
the political process more democratic by enacting
legislation that a) Made education mandatory in every state
b) Provided for the direct election of senators
c) Allowed 18 year olds to vote
d) Provided funds for settlement houses
•
In a democracy, freedom of speech and freedom of the
press allow citizens to –
a) Express opinions on important issues
b) Disobey controversial laws without consequences
c) Change government policies through the use of violence
d) Knowingly publish falsehoods for the purpose of ruining
someone’s reputation
The Dot Game
• The Rules:
– You can ask others whether they are dots or non-dots, but no one
can reveal their cards.
– You don’t have to join a group, but you can’t win unless you are in a
group of at least 2.
– You can be part of a group only if that group agrees that you are a
member.
– If you suspect someone is a dot, report them to the teacher.
• Tips:
– You will have to ask classmates if they are dots. Because everyone
will deny being a dot, look for people who act suspiciously.
– If you ARE a dot, try to draw suspicion away from yourself onto
others.
• TO WIN:
– Non-dots win by forming the largest group who are ALL NON-DOTS.
– Dots win by being the ONLY dot in a group.
The Fear of Communism:
nd
The 2 Red Scare
• Many Americans felt
threatened by the
rise of Communist
governments in
Europe and Asia.
• Some even felt that
Communists could
threaten the U.S.
Government from
within.
Loyalty Review Board
• Pressured by his Republican critics to do
something,
• President Truman set up a Loyalty Review
Board to investigate government employees.
• This Board questioned more than 3 million
people and removed about 200 from their
jobs.
The House Committee on UnAmerican Activities
• In 1947, a Congressional
committee called the House
Committee on Un-American
Activities (HUAC) began an
investigation of Communist
influence in the movie
industry.
• Although most people brought
before the committee
cooperated, ten men refused.
• These men, known as the
Hollywood Ten, felt that the
committee’s questions were
unconstitutional, and they went
to prison for refusing to
answer. Their careers were
ruined.
McCarran Act
• In 1950, over Truman’s
veto, Congress passed
the McCarran Act
that outlawed the
planning of any action
against the
government.
• People who were
thought to be
“Communists” were
blacklisted and lost
their jobs
Spies
• Two spy cases in the late 1940’s
increased fears of communism
• The first involved a State
Department official named
Alger Hiss, who was accused of
spying for the Soviet Union.
• In the second case, Ethel and
Julius Rosenberg, members of
the American Communist Party,
were convicted of helping to
give the Soviets information
about the atomic bomb.
• The Rosenberg's were
executed for their crime.
Were they really guilty?
Hiss maintained until his death (he
died in prison serving a sentence for
perjury) that he was innocent. No
one has ever been able to prove
that he was a spy…or that he wasn’t.
• Much like the Sacco and Vanzetti
trial, many Americans feared that
the Rosenburgs might have been
innocent.
• In 1997 the Venona Papers were
released proving that a secret
government investigation had
revealed the names of Soviet
Spies in America, including Julius
Rosenberg.
Joseph McCarthy
Remember Mitchell Palmer???
• In the early 1950s,
Republican Senator Joseph
McCarthy claimed that
hundreds of Communists
were taking over the
government.
• McCarthy never actually
produced any evidence to
prove his accusations.
• His Republican colleagues
in the Senate encouraged
his bullying tactics,
known as McCarthyism.
McCarthy’s Fall
• McCarthy’s unsupported
charges violated the
constitutional rights of the
people he accused and often
ruined their careers.
• Then in 1954, during televised
hearings into the U.S. Army,
McCarthy’s vicious behavior was
revealed to American viewers.
• As a result, he lost public
support, and the Senate voted
to condemn him for improper
conduct.
Interactive Notebook Activity
List 4 Major Events
of the Korean
War…
(Include Dates)
Pgs. 609-615
1.
2.
3.
4.
Include 5 examples of
Communist fear in the U.S.
Anti-communist fear
gripped the country
Use textbook pgs. 616-621