Transcript What were the Neutrality Acts?

Using the Neutrality to War document, answer the following
questions. You may work together but everyone must have their
own answers written down. YES you have to write the questions!
1. Who was Gerald Nye, what did he do?
2. Define Belligerent, Munitions, Embargo, &
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Appeasement?
What were the Neutrality Acts?
What is the Quarantine Speech?
Who were the 3 anonymous belligerents
Roosevelt was talking about?
What is Cash and Carry?
What is the first peace time draft?
What was the Destroyer Base Deal?
What is the Lend Lease Act?
WWII Vocab
 Munitions materials used in war..i.e. weapons,
ammunition,
 Belligerents Countries involved in war
 Embargo-partial or complete prohibition of commerce
and trade with a particular country, in order to isolate it
 Appeasement-to yield or concede to the belligerent
demands of in a conciliatory effort, sometimes at the
expense right or justice.
Isolationism
 Definition
 Noninvolvement in
European and Asian
conflicts and nonentanglement in
international politics.
Why did the US practice
isolationism?
1. High loses of soldiers in WWI
2. Nye Committee findings “blood business”
3. George Washington – precedent – warns against
entanglement of foreign alliances
4. Great Depression
5. Rejection of Treaty of Versailles and League of
Nations
FDR
 Internationalist NOT an isolationist
 Why did FDR go along with isolationism?
 Strong sense of isolationism among Congress and
Americans
 Wanted Congress to pass New Deal legislation
What is the Quarantine Speech?
In response to
Japanese action in
China, Pres. Roosevelt
delivers a speech in
which he calls for
peace-loving nations to
act together to
"quarantine"
(embargo)
AGGRESSIVES to
protect the world from
the "disease" of war.
Atlantic Charter
 Churchill and FDR sign this agreement and
condemn Nazi aggression
• Establish the 4 Freedoms
1. Freedom of Worship
2. Freedom of Speech
3. Freedom from Want
4. Freedom from Fear
What is the first peace time draft?
 Selective Service Act
required that men
between the ages of 21
and 35 register with local
draft boards.
Support for Isolationism
 America First
Committee
 Defend America
First
 1 million members
 Charles Lindbergh
member
Who was Gerald Nye, what did he do?
He headed the
committee that
investigated the role
played by U.S.
businessmen (munitions
manufactures) in the
American entrance into
World War I. An
outspoken isolationist,
he fathered the
Neutrality Act.
What were the Neutrality Acts?
 As series of legislations that
attempted to keep the U.S. out
of Europe’s war.
(ISOLATIONISM)
1. 1935 Neutrality Act
 Forbade trade or sell of munitions to
belligerents
 Forbade U.S. citizens to travel on
belligerents vessels
2. 1936 Neutrality Act
 Forbade loans to belligerents
3. 1937 Neutrality Act - Cash & Carry
4. Destroyer Base Deal
5. 1941 Neutrality Act - Lend Lease
What is Cash and Carry
 allowed the sale of
materiel to belligerents,
as long as the recipients
arranged for the
transport using their
own ships and paid
immediately in cash,
assuming all risk in
transportation.
What was the Destroyer Base Deal
 U.S. exchanges WWI
destroyers for British
Colonies in the western
hemisphere
 Newfoundland
 Bermuda
 Antigua
 St. Lucia
 Jamaica
 Trinidad
 British Guiana
What is Lend Lease?
 The legislation gave
President Roosevelt the
powers to sell, transfer,
exchange, lend
equipment to any
country to help it defend
itself against the Axis
powers.
Who were the 3 anonymous aggressors
Roosevelt was talking about?
JAPAN
Germany
Italy
Nazism, Communism, Fascism, or Militarism?
•
•
•
State is the
custodian
of
everything
on behalf of
the people.
State
Ownership
Classless,
everyone is
equal.
•
•
thinks
globally
community
that holds
the
production
and the
major
resources
•
•
•
•
•
•
State controls
everything…peopl
e work for the
betterment of the
state.
•
State Control
State is above all.
Nobody more
•
important than the •
state.
Think locally (the
nation)
ideology that tries
to bring together
radical and
authoritarian
nationalism.
•
•
State controls
everything…peopl
e work for the
betterment of the
state.
Ethnic and Racial
superiority.
• Military should
dominate all
aspects of
political,
economical, and
social society.
•
State Control
State is above all.
Nobody more
important than the
state.
Think locally (the
nation)
ideology that tries
to bring together
radical and
authoritarian
nationalism.
A nation is only
as strong as its
military.
• Expansion is
vital for growth
and survival.
Totalitarianism=political system where the state,
usually under the control of a single political person, faction, or
class, recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate
every aspect of public and private life.
Italy
Germany
Japan
Russia
Fascism
Mussolini
Nazism
Hitler
Militarism
Tojo
Communism
Stalin
The Rise of Fascism in Italy
Fascism is a totalitarian form of
government which:
Glorifies the state
Has one leader and one party
All aspects of society are
controlled by the government
The truth
is that
men are
tired of
liberty
No opposition or protests are
tolerated
Propaganda and censorship
are widely practiced
If nation is Great, then the
people are great.
Benito Mussolini came to
power in 1922 and helped
found the political ideology of
fascism. He sided with the
Axis powers in 1940.
Mussolini set up a Fascist
Party
 and promised to
 solve Italy’s problems
 rebuild Italy and recreate
the Roman Empire
 Came to power in 1922
and was appointed to
prevent a Communist
Revolution in Italy
Mussolini set up a Fascist
Party
 Treaty of Versailles
treated Italy unfairly…
 Italy will expand by
force (military)
 Expanded into Africa
for resources
 Signed an Alliance with
Hitler in 1936
What is Communism
 Belief
 Rich get Richer
 Poor get Poorer
 Goal
 To eliminate social classes
 Make everything fair for
everyone
 Problem
 True communism never
achieved
 Greed!
Soviet Union
 Joseph Stalin (1929)
 World Depression
 Russia and surrounding
countries in a great
famine.
 “Great Purge” - wave of
repression against Stalin’s
enemies.
 Murder 10x more people
than Hitler.
 Expansion: expanding
communism into western
Europe.
 Non-Aggression Pact with
Germany, Invaded
Poland. 1939
Rise of the Nazi Party
 Nazi is Fascism with 1 BIG
difference!
 RACE
 Each race has a characteristic.
 Aryan Race is the Master
Race.
 JEWS the lowest race
 Corrupted other inferior races.
 Wanted to take over the world
 Parasites that betrayed
Germany
 Stole work from Aryans.
Japan Militarism
 Military should dominate
all aspects of political,
economical, and social
society.
 A nation is only as strong
as its military.
 Expansion is vital for
growth and survival.
 glorification of war
 Constant preparation for
war.
Japanese Expansionism
1919-Post WWI Treaty of
Versailles unfair.
1920s Japan seeking expansion
needs natural resources
1931- Japan invades Manchuria
1932-1936 political turmoil
1936 Joins Nazi Germany and
Fascist Italy to end Communism
1937 Japan began to attack China
(Sino-Japanese War).
1937 US issues Oil embargo(80%
dependent)
In 1938, war between Japan and
the Soviet Union.
China supported by US and
Soviets Union, wanted to discuss
peace. Roosevelt sided w/ China
Nov 1941- Japan orders attack if
peace fails
PEARL
HARBOR
THE DAY OF INFAMY
December 7, 1941
Causes…
 Japan’s aggressive expansion tactics
 The U.S. demanded that Japan withdraw from China and
Indochina
 Japan thought that attacking the U.S. would provide them an
easy win, and a territory with abundant land and resources to
rule once they were victorious.
 The U.S. oil embargo against Japan was hurting Japan’s
economy
Warfare Used During Attack
Japan
- 81 Fighter Planes
- 135 Dive Bombers
- 104 Horizontal Bombers
- 40 Torpedo Planes
- At least 5 Midget Submarines
Warfare (continued)
 United States
- 108 Fighter Planes (59 not available for flight)
- 35 Army Bombers (27 not available for flight)
- 993 Army/Navy Antiaircraft Guns
During the Attack
Japan was also attacking
Great Britian
Malaya
Hong Kong
United States
Phillippine Islands
Guam
Midway
Wake Island
* Japan would control the entire Pacific by December 8
Casualties
Japan
- Less then 100 men
- 29 planes
- 5 midget submarines
United States
- 2,335 servicemen killed, 68 civilians
killed, 1,178 wounded
- 188 planes
- 18 ships (8 battleships, 3 light
cruisers, 3 destroyers, 4 other vessels)
Outcome of Pearl Harbor
 Japan dealt a seemingly crippling blow to the U.S.
Pacific fleet. Down to 25-30 %
 Japan began their quest for a Pacific empire
 The U.S. finally was forced to join World War II
(“The Sleeping Giant was awakened”)
 The U.S. & Great Britain declare war on Japan (Dec.
8, 1941)
 Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S. (Dec. 11,
1941)
December 8, 1941 FDR
Speech
“Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - A date which will live in
infamy – the United States of America was
suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and
air forces of the Empire of Japan.”
Effects of Pearl Harbor
 Attack unified the division
between anti/pro war
supporters.
 85% of Fleet destroyed
 Except Air craft carriers
& submarines
 Led to Japanese interment
camps.
 Huge mobilization effort
 Men enlist to fight
 Women take jobs
 Minorities step up in
employment and in War.
AMERICA TURNS THE TIDE
• Make a chart with a section for each of he
following concepts
• Mobilization
• Cooperation
• Women
• African-Americans
• Hispanics
• Japanese-Americans
• Other
Mobilization
Building an Army
 Selective Service Act 1940
 First Peace Time Draft
 Highly opposed until Germany
defeated France (Spring 1941)
 16 Million Americans served in
the armed forces.
A PRODUCTION MIRACLE
 Americans converted
their auto industry into a
war industry
 Automobile plants
produced




tanks,
planes,
boats,
Jeeps
 Produced 1/3 of military
equipment during the
war.
Converting the Economy
 Cost Plus Contracts- Govt.
 agrees to pay pvt. Companies
for production + %.
 Reconstruction Finance
Corp.
 Made loans to pvt. Companies
to make munitions.
 War Production Board
 supervised and regulated the
production and sale of material
essential to the logistics of
World War II.
Cooperation
Paying for the War
 War Bonds
 E, Victory, Liberty,
Loans
 Buy a bond and cash
it in later for a profit.
 $100,000,000
generated.
Rationing
 People were given
ration coupons for
goods such as gas,
coffee, sugar, tires, and
meats.
 Recycled items such as
tin, metal, rubber and
grease.
 Rationing Coupons-
Coupons
 Traded in coupons for goods
Price Controls
 Office of Price
Controls
 Regulated prices and
Wages
Victory Gardens
 Public Gardens for food
consumptions planted in
public places




Parks
Schoolyards
Empty lots
Yards
American Women During
WWII
Women
 Join the workforce
 Took jobs vacated by
fighting men
 Joined the army
 Nurses, Secretaries
 Women’s Army Corps
 64,000 enlisted
 New fashion
 Jeans
 Overalls
 Head scarves
African-Americans
African-Americans Work
 Great Migration Resumes.
 Southern Blacks move to North
for jobs
 Protest unfair hiring
practices
 FDR issues Executive
Order 8802 (no
discrimination for
employment based on race)
 Received more jobs and
more equality (prelude to
civil rights movement)
 Segregated Army
 Double V campaign
African Americans
War
 Abroad (enemy)
 Home (racism)
 Tuskegee Airmen
 Fighter squadron
 761st Tank Battalion
 Battle of the Bulge
 Desegregated Bases
 1943
Mexican-Americans
Mexican-Americans
 Bracero Program
 A Mexican laborer allowed
into the United States for
a limited time as a
seasonal agricultural
worker.
 Zoot Suit Riots 1943 L.A. Young MexicanAmericans vs US Sailors
 Fought in the war
Japanese-Americans
Japanese Americans
 Japanese-Americans
loyalty questioned after
Pearl Harbor
 Forced to sell homes and
relocate to internment
camps
 Korematsu v. USA
 Internment camps
constitutional based on military
urgency not on race
 442nd combat regiment
 Fought in the war
Native Americans in WWII
 1 out of 3 Native Americans served in WWII
 Many of them became part of the group, the Navajo
Code-Talkers
 The Code-Talkers used their own languages to
communicate messages across enemy lines
 Messages intercepted but not translated.
German-Americans
 Travel, property
restrictions
 Internment camps
 Spies
 Ridicule