Transcript Early 20th century foreign policy - Boerne Independent School District

THE NATION AT WAR
1900-1920
TR FOREIGN POLICY
• “Big-Stick” Diplomacy was the slogan
describing TR’s corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine. The United States he claimed
had the right not only to oppose European
intervention in the Western Hemisphere,
but also intervene itself in the domestic
affairs of their neighbors if they proved
unable to maintain order and national
sovereignty on their own.
TR
• TR was the 1st President to play a significant
role in world affairs
• Imperialism in the Western Hemisphere: “Speak
softly but carry a big stick {and} you will go far.”
• Disciple of Alfred Thayer Mahan
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Proponent of domination of Western Hemisphere
Military and naval strength
Isthmian Canal (Panama)
Need for overseas bases & coaling stations
Export American products, ideas, and values worldwide
PANAMA CANAL
• S-A war showed the need for a canal to
connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
• U.S. now had major interests in both
spheres (Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and the
Philippines)
STEPS to a CANAL
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Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)
Ferdinand de Lesseps (of Suez fame) fails in Panama due to
diseases in the swampy marshes around canal zone (1887-1889)
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) – Britain agreed to give U.S. right
to build canal and right to fortify it as well
Columbian Senate rejected a treaty with the U.S. for a canal in
Panama (which was part of Columbia)
Panama Revolution (1903) - U.S. naval forces didn’t allow
Columbian troops across the isthmus (GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY)
Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty- US paid Panama Canal Co. $40 million
and canal zone was widened from 6 to 10 miles.
TR -> “I took the canal….now let Congress debate what to do
next…”
Latin America resented “The Colossus of the North” after its taking
Puerto Rico, Cuba, and now Panama. “ARE WE NEXT?”
Canal completed in 1914 at a cost of $400 million
GREATEST CHALLENGE TO
BUILDING THE CANAL?
• DISEASE…Workers spent the first two
years dredging and draining the swamps
around the canal zone. Fumigating the
jungles in the region also reduced the
dominance of malaria and yellow fever.
OTHER TR FOREIGN POLICY
• 1905- Treaty gave supervisory powers over Dominican
tariff collections (In effect, Dominican Republic became a
protectorate of the United States)
• TR sent Marines into Cuba after an uprising in 1906 and
stayed until 1909.
• Russo-Japanese War (1904)- TR negotiated an end to
the war (Treaty of Portsmouth)
• WHY?
– War threatened the Open Door to China
– TR didn’t want either power to gain a monopoly in Asia
– TR didn’t want interests in Philippines harmed.
• FOR HIS MEDIATION, TR WON THE 1906 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE.
• BY-PRODUCTS OF TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH:
– US-JAPANESE RELATIONS WORSENED-ARMS RACE BEGINS
– US-RUSSIAN REALTIONS SOURED-BLAMED TR FOR MILITARY
LOSS
SAN FRANCISCO SCHOOL
BOARD INCIDENT (1906)
• San Francisco school officials announce that Asian
school children had to attend special schools.
– EXAMPLE OF U.S. nativism regarding Asians
• People of Japan were furious over discrimination, they
were highly sensitive to race issues.
• Irresponsible talk of war appeared in Japanese “yellow press”
• TR did not want California to start a war that other sattes would
have to fight.
• Gentleman’s Agreement: Japanese agreed to stop the
flow of laborers to U.S. and Californians agreed not to
ban Japanese from public schools.
US-JAPANESE RELATIONS
• Fearing Japanese perceptions of U.S.
weakness, TR sent the “GREAT WHITE
FLEET” on a highly visible around the world tour
in 1907.
• Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)- U.S. and
Japan pledged to respect each other’s
possessions in the Pacific and to upholf the
Open Door in China.
• Lansing-Ishii Agreement (1917)- U.S.
acknowledged Japan’s special interests in China
and aimed partially to reduce German influence
in and around China in WWI.
WILLIAM H. TAFT
• Dollar Diplomacy– US foreign policy protected by Wall Street dollars
invested abroad
– Using Wall Street dollars to uphold foreign
policy…sought to reduce rival powers, e.g.
Germany, from raking advantage of financial
chaos in the Caribbean.
– U.S. bankers would strengthen U.S. defenses and
foreign policies while bringing prosperity to the
U.S.
– DOLLAR DIPLOMACY REPLACED THE BIG
STICK!
WILSON
• WW hated imperialism…
• Yet, Wilson would eventually intervene in
Latin America more than any other
president in American history.
WILSON’S ANTI-IMPERIALIST
POLICIES
• Granted Philippines as “territorial” status
and promised independence
• Initially proclaimed that US would no
longer offer special support to American
investors in Latin America
• Made Puerto Ricans citizens  Jones Act
(1917)
Imperialism under Wilson
• 1912- WW sent Marines into Nicaragua (became
a protectorate)
• 1914-15- sent forces into Haiti (became a
protectorate)
• 1914- Ordered navy and to intercept a German
ship carrying arms to Mexico
• 1914-1917- MEXICO
• 1916- sent Marines into Dominican Republic
(became a protectorate); remained until 1934
• 1917- US purchased Virgin Islands from
Denmark