Transcript The U.S. Seeks a World Role

10th American History
Unit II- Becoming a World Power
Chapter 7 Section 3
Roosevelt and Latin America
The United States and Latin
America
The Big Idea
The United States expanded its role in Latin America in the
early 1900s.
Main Ideas
• The United States built the Panama Canal in the early
1900s.
• Theodore Roosevelt changed U.S. policy toward Latin
America.
• Presidents Taft and Wilson promoted U.S. interests in Latin
America.
Looking to Foreign Lands (03:30)
Main Idea 1:
The United States built
the Panama Canal in the early 1900s.
The Goal
To build a narrow canal across the narrow
neck of Central America
Link the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
Cut 8,000 miles off the sea voyage from the
West to the East coasts of the United States
Allow U.S. Navy to quickly link Atlantic and
Pacific fleets
Revolution in Panama
Panamanian revolutionaries planned a
revolt against Colombia.
The United States assisted them.
Helped the rebellion succeed
Recognized Panama as an independent country
New Panamanian government made lease
agreement with United States.
$10 million plus $250,000 a year for 99-year
lease on a 10-mile wide strip of land across the
isthmus
Building the Panama Canal
• Difficult to build
– Workers faced tropical diseases, though risk of
yellow fever and malaria were reduced by Dr.
William Gorgas, who organized successful effort
to rid the area of disease carrying mosquitoes.
– Working in the high mountains with explosives
was dangerous.
– Some 6,000 people died making the canal.
• The Panama Canal opened on August 15, 1914,
linking Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
• Took ten years to complete and cost $375 million
Panama Canal
The American expenditures from 1904 to
1914 totaled $352,000,000, far more than
the cost of anything built by the United
States Government up to that time.
Together the French and American
expenditures totaled $639,000,000. It took
34 years from the initial effort in 1880 to
actually open the Canal in 1914. It is
estimated that over 80,000 persons took
part in the construction and that over
30,000 lives were lost in both French and
American efforts.
1878- French company tries building a canal across Panama- Paid Columbia for rights.
French Failed and gave up
1898- U.S. government buys up the French rights and equipmentto the canal for $40
million.
The United States and the new state of Panama signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty, by
which the United States guaranteed the independence of Panama and secured a
perpetual lease on a 10-mile strip for the canal. Panama was to be compensated by an
initial payment of $10 million and an annuity of $250,000, beginning in 1913.
The U.S. helped Panama gain its independence from Columbia.
Canal Construction
Length- 51 miles
11.5 to Gatun Locks
40 miles across Lake Gatun to the
Pedro Miguel locks
The Pedro Miguel locks lower ships
9.4 metres, then on to the
Miraflores Locks which lower ships
16 metres to sea level at the canals
Pacific terminus in the bay of
Panama.
The Panama Canal was
constructed in two stages. The first
between 1881 and 1888, being the
work carried out by the French
company headed by de Lessop and
secondly the work by the
Americans which eventually
completed the canals construction
between 1904 and 1914.
Roosevelt and the Canal
Roosevelt ordered army engineers to start digging.
Thousands of workers sweated in the malarial heat.
They tore up jungles and cut down mountains. Insects
thrived in muddy, stagnant pools. "Mosquitoes get so
thick you get a mouthful with every breath," a worker
complained. The mosquitoes also carried yellow fever,
and many fell victim to the deadly disease before Dr.
William Gorgas found a way to stop it.
Some Americans did not approve of Roosevelt's
behavior. "There was much accusation about my
having acted in an 'unconstitutional' manner," Teddy
shrugged. "I took the isthmus, started the canal, and
then left Congress -- not to debate the canal, but to
debate me. . . . While the debate goes on, the canal does
too; and they are welcome to debate me as long as they
wish, provided that we can go on with the canal.”
Roosevelt liked to repeat an old African saying: "Speak softly,
and carry a big stick. You will go far." In Panama, Teddy
proved to the world that he was willing to use his big navy as a
stick to further American interests
Problems and Solutions
U.S. sends wawrships to
Panama to protect U.S. lives
French Connection
Columbia
Columbia owned Panama
Failed attempt- 1878 – Paid
Columbia had made a deal with
Columbia for the rights.
Helps Panama with the
Revolution and Independence.
Panama now makes a deal with
the U.S. for a 10 mile wide strip of
land. $10 million and $250,000
lease per year.
Harsh working conditions,
engineering and logistical
problems, malaria, and yellow
fever hampered construction.
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
American Foreign policy under
T. Roosevelt.
the French to build the canal.
Builder of Suez Canal in charge
U.S. offered Columbia $10
Money problems, disease, and
Million, but they want $30 million
Revolution for Independence in
Panama, aided by U.S.
warships- who would not let
1898- sold their rights and
equipment to the U.S. for
$40 million.
Columbian ships land
troops.
Began in 1904
Expenses for the U.S.- $352
Addition to Monroe Doctrine.
Million Total- 51 mile, locks.
U.S. has the right to intervene
34 years to build
In Latin American affairs.
Opened 1914- Treaty ratified 1921
International police force.
80,000 workers and 30,000 deaths
“Speak Softly and carry a big
Yellow Fever- Dr. Gorgas and the
stick.”
Mosquito.
Great White Fleet.
Columbia- $26 million
Roosevelt Corollary
construction problems.
Building the Canal
Commerical Reasons:
Transportation Cost lower- 60%
All-water route is shorter.
Military Reasons- Navy needs to
be able to move from Atlantic to
Pacific Ocean for defense.
Across Panama was the shortest
route.
Purpose- Why?
Panama
Canal
Problems and Solutions
Columbia
French Connection
Panama
Canal
Roosevelt Corollary
Building the Canal
Purpose- Why?
Building the Panama Canal
Identify – What nation did the
Isthmus of Panama originally belong
to?
Make Inferences- Did President
Roosevelt want to go to war with
Columbia? Why or why not?
Evaluate – What is your opinion of
the importance of Dr. Gorgas’
contribution to the canal project?
Building the Panama Canal
Identify – Panama City is nearest which
ocean?
Identify Cause and Effect- In what ways
did the Panama Canal affect U.S. exports?
Analyze – Construction of the canal cost
$366,650,000. Annual shipping savings
from the East coast to the West coast was
$32,780,000 million. If this was the only
savings, when would the canal have paid
for itself?
Main Idea 2:
Theodore Roosevelt changed U.S.
policy toward Latin America.
The Panama Canal allowed the United States to become more
involved in Latin America.
American military power grew stronger and allowed the United
States to enforce the Monroe Doctrine.
President Roosevelt created a policy called the Roosevelt
Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine to force debtor nations to
repay loans to Europe—the United States would intervene in
any “wrongdoing” by Latin American countries.
The United States became the “international police power” in
the Western Hemisphere.
Roosevelt Corollary
“Big Stick” Policy of TR.
Addition to Monroe Doctrine
United States would intervene as a last resort to
keep other powers out and ensure financial
stability
United States increasingly used military force to
restore internal stability to nations in the
region
United States might "exercise international police
power
It did serve as justification for U.S. intervention
in Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican
Republic
Main Idea 3:
Presidents Taft and Wilson promoted U.S.
interests in Latin America.
President William Howard Taft acted to protect U.S. interests
in Latin America.
Used dollar diplomacy policy—influencing governments
through economic, not military, intervention
Loaned money to Nicaragua in exchange for control of the
National Bank of Nicaragua and the railway
Sent U.S. Marines to Nicaragua in 1911 to protect American
interests
Woodrow Wilson believed that the United States had a
moral obligation to promote democracy.
Often sent troops into Latin America to prevent foreign
intervention or political unrest
Sent troops to assist Mexico’s government in the Mexican
Revolution
Dollar Diplomacy- Taft
1909-1913
Goal of diplomacy was to create stability and
order abroad that would best promote
American commercial interests
Extensive U.S. interventions in the Caribbean
and Central America, especially in measures
undertaken to safeguard American financial
interests in the region
U.S. to further its foreign policy aims in Latin
America and East Asia through use of its
economic power.
The Mexican Revolution
• Mexicans revolted against harsh rule of dictator Porfirio
Díaz in 1910.
• War affected U.S. interests.
– Business leaders feared they would lose their investments
worth over $1 billion.
• The United States entered the war.
– 1914: U.S. Navy seized city of Veracruz and prevented
weapons from reaching the rebels.
– 1916: General John J. Pershing and about 15,000 U.S.
soldiers were sent to catch the rebel leader Francisco
“Pancho” Villa, who had killed 17 Americans in New Mexico.
• In 1917, a new constitution began to bring order to
Mexico.
Changes in U.S. Foreign Policy
• Washington’s Farewell
Address
United States will not
become involved in
European affairs.
• Monroe Doctrine
United States will defend
its interests in Western
Hemisphere and keep
European powers out.
• Roosevelt Corollary
United States will police
wrongdoing by nations in
Western Hemisphere.
• Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
United States will use
economic means to aid its
interests in Latin America.
• Wilson and Democracy
The United States will
promote and protect
democracy in the Western
Hemisphere.
U.S. Policy Toward Latin America
Describe – What idea did the Monroe
Doctrine express?
Make Inferences- What can you infer
about U.S. military strength during
Monroe’s presidency?
Evaluate – Should the U.S. have
acted as a “police officer” to the
region?
U.S. Policy Toward Latin America
Explain – What did the U.S. get in return
for lending Nicaragua $1.5 billion?
Contrast- Roosevelt used a show of
military power to accomplish his foreign
policy goals. What was the main tool used
by Taft?
Compare – In what way was President
Wilson like President Roosevelt?
Identify Cause and Effect – What was the
cause of the Mexican Revolution?
U.S. Policy Toward Latin America
Identify – Name four things in which
America business leaders invested in
Mexico?
Draw Conclusions- Why did Wilson
order the navy to seize Veracruz?
Elaborate – What are some possible
results of 120,000 Mexicans fleeing
violence and immigrating to the U.S.?