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The American Nation
Chapter 12
The Jacksonian Era
1824–1840
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
The American Nation
Chapter 12: The Jacksonian Era 1824–1840
Section 1:
A New Era in Politics
Section 2:
Jackson in the White House
Section 3:
A New Crisis
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
A New Era in Politics
Chapter 12, Section 1
• How did the growing spirit of equality
change voting rights in the 1820s?
• Why was there a dispute over the election
of 1824?
• Why was John Quincy Adams an
unpopular President?
• What new political parties developed?
The Growing Spirit of Equality Affected Voting Rights
Chapter 12, Section 1
• The United States was growing rapidly.
• Many new states were in the west, between the
Appalachians and the Mississippi.
• Frontier life encouraged a democratic spirit.
• This democratic spirit was reflected in the voting
laws.
• More people gained suffrage, or the right to vote. In
western states, any white man over age 21 could vote.
• In eastern states, reformers worked to expand
suffrage. By the 1830s, most eastern states had
dropped the requirement that voters own land.
The Growing Spirit of Equality Affected Voting Rights
Chapter 12, Section 1
Growing Spirit of Equality
Suffrage Expands
Political Parties Change
The “Common Man” Rises
• More white men are
eligible to vote
• Property
qualifications for
voters end
• Voter turnout is nearly
80 percent in 1840
election
• The caucus system
ends
• Nominating
conventions are held
to choose presidential
candidates
• The spoils system lets
ordinary citizens
participate in
government
• Ideas about social
classes change
The Dispute Over the Election of 1824
Chapter 12, Section 1
The Candidates
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The Election
• William Crawford became too ill to campaign.
• Andrew Jackson won the popular vote.
• No candidate won a majority, or more than half, of the
electoral vote. The election went to the House of
Representatives.
• The House named John Quincy Adams President.
Hard feelings
In the electoral vote, Henry Clay had finished last, so he was
out of the running when the election went to the House. He
was Speaker of the House. He urged House members to vote
for Adams. Later, Adams named Clay his Secretary of State.
Jackson and his supporters said that Adams and Clay had
worked together to steal the election.
John Quincy Adams, with support in New England
Henry Clay, with support in the West
Andrew Jackson, with support in the West
William Crawford, with support in the South
John Quincy Adams Was an Unpopular President
Chapter 12, Section 1
Adam’s Plan
• The federal government should promote
economic growth. It should pay for roads
and canals to help farmers transport goods
to market.
• The government should promote the arts
and sciences by building a national
university and an observatory.
What Jackson Supporters Said
• Adams had made a “corrupt bargain” in the
1824 election.
• Adams was a member of the upper class,
not a common person like farmers of the
South and West.
How Most Americans Reacted
• These programs cost too much money.
• These programs would make the federal
government too powerful.
What Adams Supporters Said
• Jackson was a dangerous “military
chieftain.”
• If Jackson won the election, he could
become a dictator like Napoleon.
John Quincy Adams Was an Unpopular President
Chapter 12, Section 1
New Political Parties
Chapter 12, Section 1
National
Republicans,
known as Whigs
• People who supported Adams and his programs
for national growth became known as Whigs.
• Wanted the federal government to spur the
economy.
• Supporters included eastern business people,
some southern planters, and former Federalists.
Democrats
• Jackson and his supporters called themselves
Democrats.
• Supporters included the common people—frontier
farmers and eastern factory workers.
The two new political parties developed more democratic ways for choosing
candidates for President.
• They got rid of the caucus, or private meeting, for choosing candidates.
• Instead, each party began to hold a nominating convention, where
delegates from the states chose the party’s candidate.
Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 1
Voting laws in the western states reflected the new democratic spirit. They
gave suffrage to
a) any white man who owned property.
b) all free men except Native Americans.
c) any white man over age 21.
d) white men, African American men, and Native American men.
Andrew Jackson’s election represented the spread of democracy because his
support came from
a) eastern business people.
b) frontier farmers and eastern factory workers.
c) southern planters.
d) military officers.
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Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 1
Voting laws in the western states reflected the new democratic spirit. They
gave suffrage to
a) any white man who owned property.
b) all free men except Native Americans.
c) any white man over age 21.
d) white men, African American men, and Native American men.
Andrew Jackson’s election represented the spread of democracy because his
support came from
a) eastern business people.
b) frontier farmers and eastern factory workers.
c) southern planters.
d) military officers.
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Jackson in the White House
Chapter 12, Section 2
• What qualities helped Andrew Jackson
succeed?
• What was the spoils system?
• Why did President Jackson fight the Bank
of the United States?
Andrew Jackson
Chapter 12, Section 2
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Strong-willed
Tough
Studied law and set up a successful law practice
Became wealthy buying and selling land
While still in his twenties, was elected to Congress
Won national fame for his achievements in the War of
1812
Complex
Quick temper
Ability to inspire and lead others
A man of his word
A champion of the common people
The Spoils System
Chapter 12, Section 2
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When he took office, Jackson fired many government employees
and replaced them with his supporters.
Critics accused Jackson of rewarding Democrats for helping to
elect him instead of choosing men who were qualified.
Jackson said he was serving democracy by letting more citizens
take part in government. He felt that ordinary Americans were
capable of doing government jobs.
A Jackson supporter explained, “To the victor belong the spoils.”
The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs
became known as the spoils system.
Jackson rewarded a number of supporters with Cabinet jobs. Few
of them were qualified, however. So Jackson relied on unofficial
advisers. He met with them in the White House kitchen. The group
became known as the “kitchen cabinet.”
President Jackson vs. the Bank of the United States
Chapter 12, Section 2
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The Bank of the United States had great power because it
controlled the loans made by state banks. President Jackson
thought the Bank was undemocratic. He felt that Bank president
Nicholas Biddle used the Bank to benefit the rich.
Whigs persuaded Biddle to try to renew the Bank’s charter before
the 1832 election. They thought that if Jackson vetoed the bill to
renew the charter, he would anger voters and lose the election.
When the bill to renew the Bank’s charter reached the President,
he vetoed it. First, he said the Bank was unconstitutional. Second,
he felt that the Bank helped aristocrats at the expense of the
common people.
The Whigs brought up the Bank issue in the election of 1832, but
Jackson won a stunning election victory anyway.
Jackson ordered the Secretary of the Treasury to stop putting
federal money in the Bank of the United States. The bank closed.
Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 2
Which statement best describes President Jackson’s attitude toward filling
government jobs?
a) Ordinary Americans are capable of filling government jobs.
b) Wealthy people are used to running things, so it is best to choose
them for government jobs.
c) People who have been to law school are best suited for government
jobs.
d) Frontier farmers have good common sense, so they should have all
the government jobs.
Jackson worked to end the Bank of the United States because he thought
a) the Bank was too weak.
b) the voters had voted against it.
c) the Bank benefited only the rich.
d) most Americans supported the Bank.
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Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 2
Which statement best describes President Jackson’s attitude toward filling
government jobs?
a) Ordinary Americans are capable of filling government jobs.
b) Wealthy people are used to running things, so it is best to choose
them for government jobs.
c) People who have been to law school are best suited for government
jobs.
d) Frontier farmers have good common sense, so they should have all
the government jobs.
Jackson worked to end the Bank of the United States because he thought
a) the Bank was too weak.
b) the voters had voted against it.
c) the Bank benefited only the rich.
d) most Americans supported the Bank.
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A New Crisis
Chapter 12, Section 3
• How did the tariff crisis lead to the
Nullification Act?
• Why were Native Americans forced off
their land?
• What economic problems did Martin Van
Buren face?
• How did the Whigs and the Democrats
campaign in 1840?
The Tariff Crisis and the Nullification Act
Chapter 12, Section 3
In 1828, Congress passed the highest tariff in the history of the
nation. Southerners called it the Tariff of Abominations.
• Northern manufacturers favored the tariff, which protected
them from foreign competition.
• Southern planters were against the tariff. It raised the cost of
the manufactured goods they bought from Europe.
Vice President John C. Calhoun fought against the tariff by
introducing the idea of nullification.
• Calhoun claimed that a state had the right to nullify, or cancel,
a federal law that it considered unconstitutional.
• Daniel Webster attacked the idea of nullification. He said that
the Constitution united the American people, not just the
states. If the states could nullify federal laws, the nation would
fall apart.
The Tariff Crisis and the Nullification Act
Chapter 12, Section 3
Congress passed a lower tariff in 1832, but South
Carolina was not satisfied. The state passed the
Nullification Act, declaring the new tariff illegal.
• South Carolina also threatened to secede, or
withdraw, from the Union.
• Jackson asked Congress to pass the Force
Bill. It allowed the President to use the army to
enforce the tariff. South Carolina reacted by
repealing the Nullification Act.
The Nullification Crisis had been a quarrel over
states’ rights, or the right of states to limit the
power of the federal government.
Native Americans Are Forced From Their Homeland
Chapter 12, Section 3
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The Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, and Seminole nations lived in
the Southeast. Settlers wanted the Indian’s land for growing cotton.
President Jackson sided with the settlers. The federal government set
aside lands beyond the Mississippi and had begun to persuade or force
Indians to move to land that had been set aside.
Georgia claimed the right to make laws for the Cherokee nation. The
Cherokees went to court, arguing that their treaties with the federal
government protected their rights and their property. When the case
reached the Supreme Court, the Court agreed that the Constitution
protected the Cherokees.
President Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s decision. In the
Cherokee case, he backed states’ rights.
Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. It forced many Native
Americans to move west of the Mississippi.
The United States Army drove more than 15,000 Cherokees westward.
Thousands perished during the march. The long, sad journey west became
known as the Trail of Tears.
Native Americans Are Forced From Their Homeland
Chapter 12, Section 3
• In Florida, the Seminole Indians resisted removal.
From 1817 to 1818, they fought the United States
Army in a conflict known as the first Seminole
War.
• The second Seminole War lasted from 1835 to
1842.
• The third Seminole War ended in 1858. The
Seminoles were finally defeated. The federal
government forced most Seminoles to leave
Florida.
Martin Van Buren and Hard Times
Chapter 12, Section 3
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Martin Van Buren faced the worst economic crisis the nation had
known—the Panic of 1837.
The federal government sold off millions of acres of land in the
West. Speculators borrowed money from state banks to buy up
the land. To make the loans, state banks printed a lot of paper
money. To slow down the wild buying, Jackson ordered that
anyone buying public land had to pay with gold or silver. Buyers
rushed to the banks to exchange paper money for gold and silver,
but many banks did not have enough and had to close down.
The panic became worse when cotton prices fell.
Cotton planters had borrowed money to plant crops. When prices
fell, they could not repay their loans. As a result, more banks
failed.
The nation plunged into a deep economic depression, a period
when business declines and many people lose their jobs. Many
people blamed Van Buren.
The Campaigns of 1840
Chapter 12, Section 3
The Democrats and Martin Van Buren vs. the Whigs
and William Henry Harrison
• Harrison traveled across the land, making
speeches and greeting voters.
• Both parties held rallies, banquets, and
entertainment.
• Both parties engaged in mudslinging, or the use of
insults to attack an opponent’s reputation.
• In the campaign, both parties used name-calling,
half-truths, and lies.
Harrison won the election. However, soon after taking
office, he died of pneumonia. John Tyler became
President.
Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 3
When Congress passed a high tariff that hurt southerners, John C. Calhoun of
South Carolina said that
a) southerners would be glad to pay the tariff if it would keep the nation
together.
b) a state had a right to nullify a federal law that the state considered
unconstitutional.
c) the army should be called out to enforce the tariff.
d) our Federal Union must be preserved.
Shortly after Martin Van Buren became President, the nation faced a severe
economic depression. One cause of the depression was that
a) thousands of people had broken into warehouses to steal food.
b) many banks failed when cotton prices fell and cotton planters could not
repay their bank loans.
c) speculators could not get any more paper money and stopped buying land.
d) Van Buren tried to set up a more stable banking system.
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Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 12, Section 3
When Congress passed a high tariff that hurt southerners, John C. Calhoun of
South Carolina said that
a) southerners would be glad to pay the tariff if it would keep the nation
together.
b) a state had a right to nullify a federal law that the state considered
unconstitutional.
c) the army should be called out to enforce the tariff.
d) our Federal Union must be preserved.
Shortly after Martin Van Buren became President, the nation faced a severe
economic depression. One cause of the depression was that
a) thousands of people had broken into warehouses to steal food.
b) many banks failed when cotton prices fell and cotton planters could not
repay their bank loans.
c) speculators could not get any more paper money and stopped buying land.
d) Van Buren tried to set up a more stable banking system.
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