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CHAPTER 13
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UNITED
STATES
in 1810
TRAILS WEST
Mountain men and
traders opened trails in
the Far West. Pioneers
then went west to gain
land, wealth, or religious
freedom.
THE TEXAS REVOLUTION
Americans moved into the
Mexican territory of Texas.
Conflicts led those Americans
to revolt, and Texas gained
independence.
THE WAR WITH MEXICO
President Polk wanted to
expand the nation. He
negotiated to gain Oregon.
The United States fought
Mexico to gain much of
the Southwest.
THE CALIFORNIA
GOLD RUSH
The discovery of gold
lured thousands of
people to California.
California’s economy
and population grew,
resulting in statehood.
UNITED STATES
in 1853
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Main Idea
Thousands of settlers followed trails
through the West to gain land and a
chance to make a fortune.
Why It Matters Now
This migration brought Americans to the
territories that became New Mexico, Oregon,
and Utah.
Map
What were characteristics of each trail west?
TRAILS WEST
Mormon Trail:
followed Oregon
Trail to Utah; taken
by Mormons
Oregon Trail:
from Missouri to
Oregon Territory;
people went for
land
Santa Fe Trail:
from Missouri to
Santa Fe, New
Mexico; attracted
many traders
• How did the mountain men open
up the West for later settlement?
• What are two examples of pioneer groups
who used cooperation to overcome hardship?
• What were the different motives
that drew people west?
1)Mountain men had knowledge of
trails and passes in the western
lands.
2)Travelers on the Oregon Trail ; the
Mormons
3)To get rich; to get farm land; to
trade; to avoid religions
persecution; to start a new life
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CHAPTER 13
Main Idea
American and Tejano citizens led
Texas to independence from Mexico.
Why It Matters Now
The diverse culture of Texas has
developed from the contributions of
many different groups.
TEJAS was a Spanish
controlled land that
bordered the United
States territory
Spain tried to encourage
people to move to Texas
by giving them huge
tracts of land
By 1830 the Americans
outnumbered the
Tejanos 6 to 1
Total population was
around 30,000 people
now
SANTA ANNA was the
President of Mexico at
the time
Santa Anna – President of Mexico
When war
breaks out in
Texas in 1836
- SAM
HOUSTON is
placed in
charge of the
Sam Houston
Texas army
Mexican soldiers trapped
the Texans in an old
mission called the Alamo
The battles of the Alamo
and Goliad made the
Texans upset and many
signed up to fight Mexico
The LONE STAR
REPUBLIC officially
became an independent
nation in 1836
TEXAS INDEPENDENCE MEETING
Some Northerners were
worried that if Texas
became a state it would
shift the power of
balance to slave states
Texas was independent
for 10 years before
becoming part of the
United States in 1845
What events led to Texas’s independence?
In what order did they occur?
Changes in
Mexican policy
toward Americans
Imprisonment
of Austin
Battle at Gonzales,
Battle of the Alamo,
or Battle of San Jacinto
Image
TEXAN
INDEPENDENCE
1) Why did Americans want to move to Texas?
2) How did the Mexican government respond to
the Texas rebellion?
3) Why did Congress refuse to annex Texas?
Definition of Annex: To incorporate (territory)
into an existing political unit such as a country,
state, county, or city.
1) Land
was available for farming and
ranching!
2) They sent troops to Texas and finally
signed a treaty giving Texas freedom.
3)There were questions about slavery
and fears of war with Mexico.
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CHAPTER 13
Main Idea
The United States expanded its
territory westward to stretch from the
Atlantic to Pacific coast.
Why It Matters Now
Today, one-third of all Americans live in the
areas added to the United States in 1848.
Map
JAMES POLK said if
elected he would expand
the U.S. into Oregon and
Texas
He was elected
in 1844 and
th
became our 11
President
MANIFEST DESTINY the belief that someday
the United States would
stretch from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Pacific
Ocean
MANIFEST DESTINY………….
CLICK HERE FOR ANIMATED MAP OF WESTERN EXPANSION
Mexico in 1845 still
disputes that Texas is
part of their country and
not the United States
Mexico and the United
States also are in
dispute over the
southern border of
Texas - Texas says Rio
Grande River, Mexico
says Nueces River
The U.S. offers to buy
Texas, California and
New Mexico for $25
million
Mexico says
no thanks
ZACHARY TAYLOR commands troops along
the Rio Grande River
Is involved in
the first battle
of the Mexican
War
The Mexican War
started with a battle
near the Rio Grande
River
President Polk states
that Mexico has invaded
the United States
Americans in
California declared
themselves
independent of
Mexico and
created THE BEAR
FLAG REPUBLIC
(California)
TREATY OF
GUADALUPE
HIDALGO is
the treaty
that ends the
war with
Mexico
MEXICAN CESSION - the
area given up by Mexico to
the U.S. after the war includes present day
states of California,
Nevada, Utah, Arizona,
New Mexico, Colorado,
Wyoming
What key events occurred between
1846 and 1848 in the War with Mexico?
Attack at the
Rio Grande
Bear Flag
Revolt
Battle of
Veracruz
1846
1848
Fall of New
Mexico
Battle of
Buena Vista
Battle of
Chapultepec
1)How did the acquisitions of Oregon and the Mexican
Cession relate to the idea of manifest destiny?
2)Why were some people opposed to the War with
Mexico?
3) What does the phrase “sea to shining sea” mean?
1)The lands were views as a part of the future lands of
the United States.
2) Some questioned the truthfulness of the president,
others disliked war, and still others were concerned
about slavery in Texas.
3) The occupation of land from the Atlantic Ocean to
the Pacific Ocean
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CHAPTER 13
Main Idea
Gold was found in California, and thousands
rushed to that territory. California quickly
became a state.
Why It Matters Now
The gold rush made California grow
rapidly and helped bring about California’s
cultural diversity.
49’er someone
who went to
California to
look for gold,
starting in
1849
JOHN
SUTTER
CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH large numbers of people
who go to California to
look for gold
ROUTES TO THE GOLD FIELDS:
1. Sail 18,000 miles around
South America and up the
Pacific Coast - many
storms, seasickness,
spoiled food
ROUTES TO THE GOLD FIELDS:
2. Sail to Panama and cross
over the isthmus overland
and then sail to California chance of sickness and
disease
ROUTES TO THE
GOLD FIELDS OF
CALIFORNIA
ROUTES TO THE GOLD FIELDS:
3. Travel across North
America on trails - difficult
travel, hardships of the trail
Most people
in the gold
rush did not
find gold,
most
eventually
give up
Mining was tough supplies were very
expensive, gamblers and
thieves were everywhere
2/3 of miners came from
America but also
included men from all
over the world - Mexico,
Europe, South America,
Australia, China
CHINESE INFLUENCE
IN THE CALIFORNIA
GOLD RUSH
250,000 people came to
California in the gold rush
by 1852
San Francisco’s
population grew from 400
in 1845 to 35,000 in 1850
California
officially
became a
state in
1850
California enters as a
free state
California entering the
union as a free state
creates an advantage in
Congress for the free states
What hardships did the forty-niners
face both in the camps and while mining?
HARDSHIPS
IN THE CAMPS
WHILE MINING
• poor food
• disease
• swindlers and crooks
• cold streams
• accidents
• exhaustion
Image
1) How did the California gold rush get started?
2) Why didn’t many forty-niners become rich?
3) How did California’s statehood affect the nation?
1) The gold rush was discovered at
Sutter’s Mill.
2) Mining was difficult; prices for basic
supplies were high; there was a lot of
disease
3) As a free state, it upset the balance of
slave to free states.
Critical Thinking: Cause and Effect
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1 What were three reasons why people moved west?
2 What were the three main trails that led to the West?
3 How did the Mormons make the land in Utah
productive?
4 Why were Texans unhappy with Mexican rule?
5 Why were the battles of the Alamo and San Jacinto
important to the Texas Revolution?
6 What areas did the United States gain as a result of
Americans’ belief in manifest destiny?
7 How is the Bear Flag Revolt related to the War with
Mexico?
8 What lands did the United States acquire as a result of
the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
9 Who were four groups of people who became
forty-niners?
10 What were three ways California changed because of
the gold rush?
Categorizing
Types of people
who traveled there
Why they
went there
Key events that
brought the territory
into the United States
NEW MEXICO
farmers and traders
land or profit
War with Mexico
UTAH
Mormons
religious freedom
War with Mexico
OREGON
farmers and traders
land or profit
agreement with Britain
TEXAS
farmers and ranchers
land
Texas Revolution
CALIFORNIA
miners and traders
land or profit
War with Mexico
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Geography: The Battle of the Alamo, 1836
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