Transcript Vietnam - San Gabriel Mission High School

38: The Stormy Sixties
APUSH: VIETNAM
Review & Reference Websites
• http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/
history_us /samp.html?ushist
• http://www.historyteacher.net/USQuizMainPage.
htm
• http://historysage.com/jcm/content/view/13/30/
Vietnam – the “non-war”
•
•
•
•
•
•
When: 1964-1973
American Casualties:
58,000 dead
300,000 wounded
2,600 missing in action
Presidents involved : Kennedy, Johnson,
Nixon
• Cost: $176 billion
Vietnamese Casualties
• 2 million people
• Both military &
civilian
• Dead and/or wounded
• How did this conflict
start?
Spread of Communism in Asia
China’s Communist
Revolution 1949
Mao Zedong Allied
himself with Joseph
Stalin (Soviet Union)
1950
“Communist bloc”
Spread of Communism in Asia
• Korean “War”
• Divided Korea along
30th parallel
• North became
communist and
invaded the
“democratic” South
Geneva Conference (1954)
• France gave up
former Asian Colony:
Indochina (Vietnam)
• Territory was divided
into 3 new countries:
1. Vietnam
• 2. Cambodia
• 3. Laos
• Vietnam divided 17th
parallel
SEATO
• South East Asian Treaty Organization
• American pledge to assist Asian countries
facing “communist threat” (Eisenhower)
Cold War
• John F. Kennedy was
afraid Asian countries
“would fall to
communism”
• Increased financial &
military assistance to
Vietnam
Turmoil in Vietnam
• Communist North led by Ho Chi Mihn &
Vietcong fighters
• Anti Communist South led by Ngo Dinh
Diem
• Became increasingly dictatorial
• Became a “liability”
Buddhist Monks
• In South Vietnam
• Protested Ngo Dinh
Diem’s discriminatory
policies
• As protests, set
themselves on fire
• Buddhists = 75% of
population
Before Kennedy’s Death
• An American led CIA assassination was
carried out
• To remove Ngo Dinh Diem from power
1963 (in South Vietnam)
• 15,000 American troops involved by 1963
Gulf of Tonkin (1964)
• Lyndon B Johnson
• Announced north
Vietnamese gunboats
• attacked U.S.
destroyers – for no
reason (unprovoked)
LBJ Asked Congress
• For an increase in his authority to wage
war in Vietnam
• Without an actual war declaration!
• “Gulf of Tonkin Resolution” increased
power of executive branch to engage in
war
Gulf Of Tonkin Incident…
• U.S. Destroyers were
assisting
• South Vietnamese in
attacking northern
neighbor
• Attacks were not
“unprovoked”
Political Cartoon
LBJ Heightened American
Involvement
• Diverted $ from Great Society Programs
to Vietnam
Difficult Combat
• U.S. relied on ground
forces
• Heavily forested
jungle
• Tropical climate
• U.S. strategy: to
destroy “Ho Chi Minh
Trail” the life line of
Vietcong
Ho Chi Minh’s Vietcong (North)
• Soldiers dressed in peasant clothing
• To confuse American soldiers
• North Vietnamese soldiers familiar with
territory
• Accustomed to climate
• Aggressive and unwilling to give up
• Had supplies & men
U.S. Troops
• Uprooted villagers &
moved them to cities
• 1968 massacre of
Vietnamese women
and children in village
of My Lai
• Revealed to
American public in
1969
Tet (Vietnamese New Year)
Offensive
• January 1968
• Vietcong forces
surprised American
troops
• Attacked military
bases, capitals
• Psychological impact:
Most Americans now
opposed war
Back in the United States…
• President Richard
Nixon and Vice
President Spiro
Agnew
• Elected 1968
• “Secret Plan to end
the war”
• 500,000 unhappy
troops serving
overseas
Nixon’s “Vietnamization”:
• “Vietnamization” –
the U.S. military
instructed the South
Vietnamese on how to
fight war.
• Allowed for Number
of U.S. troops to be
decreased
Counterculture
• “Baby- Boomers”
now teenagers
• Protested conformity
• protested U.S.
involvement in war
• Protested draft
• “hell no! we won’t
go!” -
Counterculture
• Free Speech
Movement (FSM)–
College students in
U.C. Berkeley
• Stage sit-ins, teach-ins
• “Hippies”
Counterculture
• Hippies:
• Protested war
• Woodstock Music
Festival
• 1969 New York
• Folk Singers- Bob
Dylan, Joan Baez sing
protest songs
Counterculture
• College Students:
• Kent State University
, Ohio
• Protested war
• 4 innocent bystanders
shot by national guard
• Jackson State
Mississippi – 2
students died
39: The Stalemated Seventies
APUSH
March 29,1973
• North Vietnamese
gained control of the
South
• U.S. agreed to pull
troops in exchange for
POW’s (prisoners of
war)
War Powers Act, 1973
• severely limited the President’s ability to
wage war without consent of legislative
act.
• Overturned Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Détente (1972):
• Policy relaxed tensions between U.S., The
Soviet Union & China
• Established communication
The Strategic Arms Limitation
Treaty (SALT I)
- Signed by USSR & U.S. 1972
• Each nation agreed to reduce number of
nuclear missiles in exchange for the U.S.
Supplying grain to the Soviet Union for the
next 3 years
Feminist Movement
• Began mid 1960’s
• National Organization for Women (NOW)
• Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine
Mystique
Watergate Scandal
“I am not a crook!”- R. Nixon
Break –In Democratic Party
National Headquarters
• At the Watergate
Hotel
• Washington D.C. ,
June 1972
• (Nixon was
Republican)
Washington Post
• Journalists
investigated case
• Burglars connected to
CREEP
• (Committee to
Reelect the President)
Watergate Hotel “Bugged!”
• “burglars” bugged
democratic
headquarters!
Journalists Uncovered
• Illegal activities
linked to the OVAL
OFFICE!
A Voice Activated System
• Was discovered in
Oval Office
• Congress urged
President Nixon to:
• “Release the
tapes/recordings!”
Nixon’s Response
• NO!
• Argued he was
protected by
• Executive privilege
Supreme Court, 1974
• ruled that
“executive
privilege” did not
give Nixon the
right to withhold
evidence relevant
to possible criminal
activity
Meanwhile, V.P. Spiro Agnew
• Faced criminal
charges tax evasion,
money laundering,
accepting bribes
• He resigned 1973
• Gerald Ford was
named V.P.
Prior to Impeachment
Proceedings
• Nixon resigned
August 9th, 1974
before being
impeached
• Gerald Ford became
President
• Ford pardoned Nixon
Nixon…
• Abused his power as executive by claiming
rights to protect documents from congress
• Gerald Ford – The 1st “un-elected”
President – he was elected by Congress
40: The Resurgence of
Conservatism
The “Reagan Revolution”
Presidents
• Jimmy Carter – Elected 1976 (bicentennial year 1776-1976)
• Ronald Reagan -Elected 1980
“Conservatism”
• Reagan balanced
budget by cutting $35
billion dollars from
social programs
• (education, health,
welfare, etc…)
• “Reaganomics” –
budgetary discipline
& tax breaks
• Gap widened between
the poor and the
wealthy
Reagan & The Cold War
• More military
spending
• Example: Strategic
Defense System (SDI)
“Star Wars”
• Cost: billions!
Reagan & Gorbachev
• 1983 Reagan called
Soviet Union an “evil
empire”
• Changed his mind by
1985 after meeting
• Mikhail Gorbachev
the new Soviet leader
Gorbachev’s Policies
• Glasnost- “openness”
• Perestroika“reform”
• December 1987
Regan & Gorbachev
signed agreement to
eliminate intermediate
range missiles
Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989
• “Mr. Gorbachev, tear
down this wall!”-Reagan
• Fall of Berlin wall
allowed for the eventual
disintegration of the
Soviet Union
• As Soviet satellites
declared independence
1989
Fall of Berlin Wall
• Oct. 1989
• The end of “Cold
War”
• Soviet Union
disbanded 1991
U.S. & Russia
• START I – 1991 reduced # of nuclear
warheads in both countries
• START II – 1993 further reduced
warheads, U.S. promised economic aid to
Russia
Presidents
• George H.W. Bush – elected 1988
Persian Gulf Crisis
• August 1990 Saddam Hussein (Iraq)
invaded Kuwait
• Hussein wanted Kuwait’s oil
• United States led U.N. military into Persian
Gulf region
Operation Desert Storm
• February, 1991
• Lasted four days
• U.N. troops forced
Saddam Hussein to
surrender Feb. 27
• Kuwait was liberated
Presidents
• Bill Clinton - Elected 1992
1998 Personal Indiscretion led to
Impeachment Proceedings
• President Clinton had
an affair (allegedly)
with White House
intern Monica
Lewinsky
• He lied about it in
court
Articles of Impeachment
• 1. perjury before a
grand jury
• 2. obstruction of
justice
• is Personal
misconduct a “high
crime &
misdemeanor”?
Impeachment Trial
• Lasted 5 weeks
• President Bill Clinton was found “not
guilty”
• Final verdict : 45 guilty, 55 not guilty
• 5 Republicans “switched sides”
President
• George W. Bush- elected 2000
September 11, 2001
• 3,000 deaths
• Osama Bin Laden &
al-Quaeda planned
attacks
• American Congress
then sent troops to
Afghanistan
War on Iraq
• President Bush insisted on invading Iraq
• Felt Saddam Hussein was still a threat
• “weapons of mass destruction”
The “Changes in Post Cold War
America”
Wrapping it all up…Modern Day
Issues
1. Demographic Shifts
• Immigration Act
1965- opened doors to
immigrants escaping
oppression
• Uncounted
immigrants:
• 12 million
undocumented people
by 1990
1. Demographic Shifts
• Living in a multicultural society
• in Los Angeles, 1/3
of all people are
foreign born
• Issues: immigration
law, “English only”,
driver’s licenses
2. “Graying” of America
• 1990’s-2050’s
• By 2030, 25% of all
Americans will be 85
years old !
• Issues : Social
security, healthcare,
who replaces retired
workers?
3. Education
• 27% - 30% of
Americans have
Bachelor’s Degree
• 10% have Masters
Degree or Above
• Issue:
• Need for more college
educated population
• Economic
competitiveness
3. Education
• 2007:
• 33% of women ages
25-29 had Bachelor’s
Degrees
• Compared to…
• 26% males
3. Education
•
•
•
•
•
52% of Asians complete B.A. Degree
32% of Caucasians complete B.A. Degree
19% African Americans complete B.A.
13% Latinos complete B.A.
28% Foreign born population complete
B.A.
• 34% Naturalized citizen complete B.A.
4. Advances in Communication
• Living in the digital
age:
• Cell phones, satellites,
• World wide web etc.,
social networking
sites
• Issue: “regulating”
the internet, copyright
infringement
5. Globalization
• U.S. linked to broader
global economy
• International Monetary
Fund (IMF) $ To
faltering nations
• NAFTA North Atlantic
Trade Agreement: free
trade w/ Canada &
Mexico (1993)
6. Fear of Terrorism
• 1995 Oklahoma City
Bombing
• World Trade Center
Bombing 1993
• September 11, 2001
• 3,000 lives lost
• “war on terror”
• Patriot Act
7. Environmental Issues
• Global warming,
overpopulation,
natural conservation,
genetically engineered
foods, air pollution,
solar energy, plastic
bags…
• “going green”
Congratulations,
• You have survived AP US History!
• Feel Proud of what you’ve accomplished
thus far…
• You have 1 more obstacle to get through…
• Then we can celebrate..
Multiple Choice
Strategies
AP US HISTORY
Your Challenge…
• 80 Multiple Choice Questions
• 55 minutes
http://brewerland.net/files/Test_Skills_Multiple_Choice.doc
Breakdown
ERA
% of
# of
Questions Questions
1600-1789
17
13-14
1790-1914
50
40
33
26-27
CONSTITUTIONWWI
1915-1972
sTRATEGIES
• 1. Trust Your Instincts—When choosing
between answers, pay attention to what
your hunch or first guess is. Don’t try to
outsmart or overanalyze a question.
sTRATEGIES
• 2. Be Careful of “Extreme” Wording—
Answers that contain “extreme” words
such as “always,” “never” and
“completely” are much less likely to be
correct than answers that more nuanced
words such as “usually,” “rarely,”
“seldom” or “often.”
sTRATEGIES
• 3. Use Context Clues and Vocabulary—
Sometimes the wording of a question can
be deconstructed to give you a sense of
what the right answer is or at least help you
eliminate some wrong answers.
•
strategies
• 4. Pace Yourself—Each question is worth
the same number of points: one. Don’t
spend too long on any one question. Either
guess or mark it for later consideration
strategies
• 5. Guess If You Can Eliminate At Least
2 Answers—You have a 50/50 chance of
getting the answer correct.
strategies
• 6. B, C, and D answers are best in five
answer (A-E) multiple choice questions.
strategies
• 7. Non-answers (Zero, None of the
above) are usually poor guesses.
strategies
• 8. Try not to make your marks so dark
that they are difficult to erase
strategies
• 9. Look For the “Oddball”—If four
answers are similar or can be grouped
together, consider choosing the remaining
answer. However, avoid answers that are
ridiculous or do not seem to make sense.
strategies
• 10. You must answer 45-48 multiple
choice questions right to do “well” on the
multiple choice
Just remember…
• That millions of APUSH students across
the country will be feeling as stressed and
anxious as you…
• That’s what makes y’all special.
The Final Countdown has
Begun!
• And may the odds be forever in your favor

• Be a Katniss, not a Bella the day of the
exam 