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10th American History Unit IV- A Champion of Democracy Chapter 13 – Section 4 Mobilizing for War Mobilizing for War The Main Idea The outbreak of World War II spurred the mobilization of American military and industrial might. Reading Focus • How did the U.S. armed forces mobilize to fight World War II? • What role did American industry and science play in mobilizing to fight World War II? • How did mobilization challenge the nation’s ideals of freedom? U.S. Armed Forces Mobilize Once the United States entered the war, it had to mobilize, or bring its forces into readiness. In 1940 the government had begun to increase military spending. This helped end the Great Depression. Thousands found work in factories, making supplies for the military. Army Chief of Staff, General George C. Marshall led the mobilization effort. In addition to equipment and supplies, the United States needed soldiers. American women filled a variety of vital roles in the military. New military bases were needed to train and house soldiers. General George C. Marshall (04:39) Mobilizing the Armed Forces Finding Soldiers • The government expanded the draft, which had been reinstated in 1940. • Millions of young men volunteered. • Some 16 million Americans entered the armed forces. Women • 10,000 joined the WAVES, a navy program. • 1,000 joined the WASPs, an air force program. • 150,000 served in the WAC, an army program. • Oveta Culp Hobby led the WACs; she was a colonel. Military Bases • Most bases were built in rural areas. • The military bases transformed parts of the United States. • California, Florida, and Texas became home to large numbers of soldiers. Women and WWII- 3:56 Mobilizing the Armed Forces How did the U.S. armed forces mobilize to fight World War II? Explain – How did the United States get the soldiers and sailors needed to fight in the war? Recall – How did WAVES help the war effort? Evaluate – How do you think increased military spending during 1940 and 1941 contributed to ending the Great Depression? Mobilizing the Armed Forces Explain – Why did the military need so many new bases? Contrast – What was the difference between the WAAC’s and the WAC’s? Draw Conclusions – How did military bases help transform the southern United States? Manufacturing Factories switch from making domestic products to making products for war. U.S. Factories make supplies for allied forces. Brings in new jobs for the unemployed. Large push for minority labor. American Industry and Science in World War II Troops needed proper equipment to fight World War II. Factories that produced consumer goods were converted to the production of military supplies. Roosevelt called for the production of new planes and tanks. War supplies had to be shipped overseas. Submarines took a terrible toll on American shipping. American shipyards turned out thousands of new vessels to replace those lost during the war. Henry Kaiser build the so-called liberty ships using assembly-line techniques. Wartime agencies regulated what factories produced, what prices they could charge, and how the nation’s raw materials could be used. Producing supplies to fight the war required many workers. Government spending during the war created millions of new jobs. Technology played an important role in World War II. Liberty Ship Liberty ship was the name given to the EC2 type ship designed for "Emergency" construction by the United States Maritime Commission in World War II. Liberty ships, nicknamed "ugly ducklings" by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt The first of the 2,751 Liberty ships was the SS Patrick Henry, launched on Sept. 27, 1941, and built to a standardized, mass produced design. The 250,000 parts were pre-fabricated throughout the country in 250-ton sections and welded together in about 70 days. One Liberty ship, the SS Robert E. Peary was built in four and a half days. A Liberty cost under $2,000,000. The Liberty was 441 feet long and 56 feet wide. Her three-cylinder, reciprocating steam engine, fed by two oil-burning boilers produced 2,500 hp and a speed of 11 knots. Her 5 holds could carry over 9,000 tons of cargo, plus airplanes, tanks, and locomotives lashed to its deck. A Liberty could carry 2,840 jeeps, 440 tanks, or 230 million rounds of rifle ammunition. Liberty ships were named after prominent (deceased) Americans, starting with Patrick Henry and the signers of the Declaration of Independence. 18 that were named for outstanding African-Americans. Henry Kaiser became most famous for the Kaiser Shipyards in Richmond, California during World War II, adopting production techniques that generated one cargo ship every 30 days American Manufacturing Mobilizes for War (03:03) Mobilizing Industry and Science Rosie the Riveter Labor in WW II Mobilizing Science Factories needed workers at the same time men were leaving to join the armed forces. Women solved the problem. Millions began to work outside the home in industrial jobs. Working women of the war were represented by the symbolic figure known as Rosie the Riveter. Many workers joined labor unions and the government was concerned about strikes. The National War Labor Board was established in 1941 to help settle labor disputes. The Smith-Connally Act passed in 1943. The Manhattan Project began a top-secret mission to build an atomic bomb. Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer and other American scientists raced to develop this weapon ahead of the Germans. Science and Technology in World War II (00:41) Manhattan Project Refers to the project to develop the first nuclear weapons during World War II by the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. The project succeeded in developing and detonating three nuclear weapons in 1945: a test detonation on July 16 (the Trinity test) near Alamogordo, New Mexico; an enriched uranium bomb code-named "Little Boy" detonated on August 6 over Hiroshima, Japan; and a plutonium bomb code-named "Fat Man" on August 9 over Nagasaki, Japan. Mobilizing Industry and Science What role did American industry and science play in mobilizing to fight World War II? Define – What was a Liberty Ship? Summarize – How did the role of the federal government grown during the early days of the war Evaluate – Why do you think the character of Rosie the Riveter was so important? Mobilizing Science – What was the Manhattan Project? Analyze – Why was this project the most important science project of the war? Recall Freedom at Home African Americans in the military African Americans in the workforce • Hundreds of thousands served during World War II. • Found jobs in factories that had been unavailable to them before the war • They broke down barriers that had long blocked their way. • They continued to face discrimination (ex. Segregated units). • Still faced discrimination • A. Philip Randolph called for a march on Washington to protest their unfair treatment Challenges for Hispanic Americans • Demand for farm labor led to the Bracero Program, which gave Mexican workers the chance to work in the United States. • Tension over the increasing numbers of Hispanic workers led to the zoot suit riots in June 1943. Zoot Suit Riots - 1943 A zoot suit was a popular outfit with young African American and Mexican American men in the 1940s. Most zoot suits sported extra-wide shoulders, knee-length coats, and cuffed baggy pants, sometimes topped with a porkpie hat. After a fight broke out in central Los Angeles between a group of zoot-suited teenagers and sailors on leave, some sailors began roaming the streets seeking revenge. What started out as a brawl quickly turned into an invasion, as gangs of servicemen took over sections of the city, beating any Mexican American men and boys they could find. The mobs stopped traffic, searched streetcars, and even pulled their victims out of movie theaters. After five days of bloodshed Propaganda The Great Dictator is a comedy film directed by and starring Charlie Chaplin. First released in October 1940, it bitterly satirizes Nazism and Adolf Hitler, culminating in an overt political plea to defy fascism. The film is unusual for its period, in the days prior to American entry into World War II, as the United States was still formally at peace with Nazi Germany. Chaplin's film advanced a stirring, controversial condemnation of Hitler, fascism, anti-Semitism, and the Nazis, the latter of whom he excoriates in the film as "machine men, with machine minds and machine hearts". Despite the fact that the United States was currently at peace when the movie was made, Charlie Chaplin bitterly opposed the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler long before most Americans did. The film was Chaplin's first "talkie", as well as his most commercially successful film. Propaganda Charlie Chaplin- The Great Dictator Best Scenes- 10:03 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yypR80BLEo 4&feature=related Globe Scene- 2:34 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJOuoyoMhj 8&feature=related Raising Money Raising Taxes Bonds People could not spend money because of rations. So they invested their money in government bonds. Children could buy bonds a little at a time. Raised 185.7 billion dollars. Financing the War (01:34) Fighting for Freedom at Home How did mobilization challenge the nation’s ideals of freedom?? Identify – What was the Bracero Program? Interpret – How did African Americans serving in the armed forces help break down racial barriers? Draw a Conclusion – Why would Roosevelt’s executive order outlawing discrimination in government or defense jobs affect sleeping car porters.?