Transcript JAT Chapter 20 - Dardanelle Public Schools

Imperialism and World War I
Chapter Introduction
Section 1 The New Imperialism
Section 2 Nationalism in China
and Japan
Section 3 World War I Begins
Section 4 World War I Changes
the World
Reading Review
Chapter Assessment
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Imperialism and World War I
Chapter Objectives
• Describe how Western powers built
worldwide empires.
• Analyze the effects of nationalism on
China and Japan.
• Summarize the events that led to World
War I.
• Explain how World War I changed the
world.
Imperialism and World War I
The New Imperialism
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section explains why Western
powers established empires in the1800s
and 1900s.
The New Imperialism
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• European nations built empires to
expand their economies and to spread
their ideas.
• Control of India passed from the East
India Company to the British
government.
• European nations ruled almost all of
Africa by 1914.
The New Imperialism
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas (cont.)
• The United States became an imperial
nation after defeating Spain and taking
control of the Philippines and Puerto
Rico.
Locating Places
• Singapore (SIHNG·uh·POHR)
• Cuba (KYOO·buh)
The New Imperialism
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Philippines (FIH·luh·PEENZ)
• Panama (PA·nuh·MAH)
Meeting People
• Robert Clive
• Leopold II
• William McKinley
The New Imperialism
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• imperialism
(ihm·PIHR·ee·uh·LIH·zuhm)
• colony
• protectorate (pruh·TEHK·tuh·ruht)
• sphere of influence
• sepoy (SEE·POY)
The New Imperialism
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Organizing Information Use a chart like
the one on page 762 of your textbook to
show the colonies that each imperialist
nation controlled.
The New Imperialism
The Rise of Imperialism
• Imperialism is a type of relationship
between countries in which one nation
directly or indirectly controls the
government or the economy of another
nation.
• Europeans wanted to acquire new lands
and rule over foreign people, because
they believed this added to their power.
• Some imperial nations established a
colony, which they ruled directly.
(page 763)
The New Imperialism
The Rise of Imperialism (cont.)
• Some set up a protectorate, in which
local people had their own government,
but the imperial government controlled
the military and could tell local rulers
what to do.
• Other nations set up a sphere of
influence, a region where only one
imperial power had the right to invest or
to trade.
(page 763)
The New Imperialism
The Rise of Imperialism (cont.)
• Europeans began taking over Southeast
Asia’s mainland in the 1800s.
• They grew crops and began using the
area’s raw materials.
• England set up a colony at the tip of the
Malay Peninsula and called the colony
Singapore.
• The French followed the British to
Southeast Asia, and the two countries
competed for territory.
(page 763)
The New Imperialism
The Rise of Imperialism (cont.)
• In all of Southeast Asia, only Siam—
which is today Thailand—kept its
freedom.
(page 763)
The New Imperialism
Why was Singapore important?
Singapore was a port city that
allowed passage to and from China,
which was an important country in
European trade.
The New Imperialism
Britain’s Empire in India
• Members of the British East India
Company built trading forts along India’s
coasts in the 1600s.
• The East India Company supported
local Indian rulers who agreed to work
with them.
• Robert Clive was an East India
Company official who, along with his
army, pushed the French out of most of
India.
(pages 764–765)
The New Imperialism
Britain’s Empire in India (cont.)
• The East India Company took over
much of India and grew wealthy.
• The East India Company brought many
European ideas and customs to the
Indian people.
• Sepoys, Indian soldiers in the East
India Company’s army, rebelled against
the British officers.
• The British government sent soldiers to
India to end the rebellion.
(pages 764–765)
The New Imperialism
Britain’s Empire in India (cont.)
• After the rebellion, Britain took control of
India from the East India Company.
• A viceroy was sent to head the Raj, or
the government of British India.
• British
rule both
helped
and hurt
India.
(pages 764–765)
The New Imperialism
How did the British hurt the local
textile industry in India?
The British exported large amounts of
cheap cloth to India. People typically
buy what is cheapest, and soon there
were not enough buyers for more
expensive locally made cloth. The
Indian textile industry, which could not
sell its products, was destroyed.
The New Imperialism
Europe Divides Africa
• The first part of Africa to come under the
control of Europe was North Africa.
• The French took territories that today form
the countries of Algeria and Tunisia.
• They also divided Morocco with Spain.
• Europeans began operating businesses
in Egypt and built the Suez Canal, which
linked the Mediterranean Sea and the
Red Sea.
(pages 766–768)
The New Imperialism
Europe Divides Africa (cont.)
• The British took control of the canal, and
the Egyptians rebelled.
• After the rebellion, Britain made Egypt a
protectorate.
• In the 1800s, Britain declared the slave
trade illegal, and many countries
followed its lead.
• Europeans took over areas of Africa’s
Atlantic Coast to control trade in timber,
hides, and palm oil.
(pages 766–768)
The New Imperialism
Europe Divides Africa (cont.)
• King Leopold II of Belgium decided to
conquer Central Africa.
• His plan was
to make
money selling
rubber from
plantations in
the Congo.
(pages 766–768)
The New Imperialism
Europe Divides Africa (cont.)
• Other European countries followed
Belgium, and by 1914, Europe
controlled most of the African continent
except Liberia and Ethiopia.
• Dutch settlers, known as Boers, founded
Cape Town in South Africa.
• In the early 1800s, the British seized the
Dutch territory.
(pages 766–768)
The New Imperialism
Europe Divides Africa (cont.)
• This forced the Boers to move inland to
the Transvaal, where they met and
fought with African people living there.
• The Zulu were Africans who often fought
the Boers but also fought the British.
• The British eventually destroyed the
Zulu Empire.
(pages 766–768)
The New Imperialism
Europe Divides Africa (cont.)
• The British decided to take the
Transvaal from the Boers in 1899, and
the Boer War erupted.
• The Boers were defeated, and Britain
brought together the Boer republics, the
Cape Colony, and one other British
colony to form the Union of South Africa.
(pages 766–768)
The New Imperialism
How were African workers on King
Leopold’s rubber plantations like
slaves?
Belgian soldiers forced Africans to
collect rubber. Africans who
resisted were shot. This was a form
of forced labor.
The New Imperialism
The War of 1898
• In 1895, the Caribbean colony of Cuba
rebelled against Spain.
• In 1898, William McKinley, president of
the United States, sent a U.S. battleship
to Cuba to protect Americans there.
• While anchored in Cuba, the ship
exploded.
• The United States blamed Spain for the
explosion and declared war.
(pages 769–770)
The New Imperialism
The War of 1898 (cont.)
• The United States won, and Cuba
became a republic under U.S.
protection.
• Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
became American territories.
• The Philippines rebelled against the
United States, and the Americans
crushed the rebellion.
(pages 769–770)
The New Imperialism
The War of 1898 (cont.)
• The United States gained control of
Hawaii when American settlers there
overthrew the Hawaiian queen.
• To help move its navy quickly between
the east and west coasts, the United
States decided to build a canal across
the Latin American country of Panama.
• The United States helped Panama fight
for its independence from Colombia.
(pages 769–770)
The New Imperialism
The War of 1898 (cont.)
• In exchange, Panama allowed the
United States to build the canal.
(pages 769–770)
The New Imperialism
How did Puerto Rico become a
U.S. territory?
After the United States defeated
Spain in the War of 1898, the United
States gained Puerto Rico from
Spain.
The New Imperialism
Besides economics, what reasons
did European countries have for
building empires?
to add to their country’s power and
to spread Western ways
The New Imperialism
What was the Boer War and why
was it fought?
Dutch Boers fought to keep the
British out of South Africa.
The New Imperialism
Explain Why were European
nations interested in the countries of
Southeast Asia?
The British wanted Singapore for a
trading stop. France took over
Indochina to keep out the British.
The New Imperialism
Compare and Contrast How did
British rule both help and hurt India?
The British set up efficient
government, schools, and railroads
but destroyed India’s textile industry
and caused starvation.
The New Imperialism
Analyze Describe the actions taken
by the United States in Panama in
the early 1900s. Why was the
United States interested in Panama?
The U.S. encouraged a rebellion in
Panama. They wanted to build a
canal to speed up trade.
The New Imperialism
Descriptive Writing Imagine you
are a native of India in the late
1800s. Write a letter to a friend
describing how you feel about British
rule.
Answers will vary.
The New Imperialism
Name a person, group, or place from the
section for every letter in the word
imperialism.
Nationalism in China and
Japan
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes Chinese
nationalism and Japanese imperialism in
the 1800s and 1900s.
Nationalism in China and
Japan
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• The arrival of Europeans greatly
changed Chinese society.
• Sun Yat-sen introduced ideas that
helped cause the collapse of the Qing
dynasty.
• After Americans visited Japan, the
Japanese reorganized their society and
economy and began building an empire.
Nationalism in China and
Japan
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Hong Kong (HAHNG KAHNG)
• Edo (eh·doh)
• Port Arthur
Meeting People
• Sun Yat-sen (SUN YAHT·SEHN)
• Yuan Shigai (YU·AHN SHIHR·KY)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Meeting People
• Oda Nobunaga (ohd·ah noh·bun·ah·gah)
• Tokugawa leyasu (toh·kug·ah·wah
ee·eh·yahs·u)
• Matthew Perry
• Mutsuhito (moot·suh·hee·toh)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• extraterritoriality
(EHK·struh·TEHR·uh·TOHR·ee·A·luh·tee)
• daimyo (DY·mee·OH)
Reading Strategy
Summarizing Information Use a chart
like the one on page 771 of your textbook
to summarize the work of three Asian
leaders.
Nationalism in China and
Japan
China and the West
• The Chinese followed their traditional
way of life until the 1800s.
• At that time, expanding European
businesses wanted to increase their
trade with China.
• Although the British wanted Chinese
goods, many Chinese did not want
British goods.
• This made the balance of trade unequal.
(pages 772–774)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
China and the West (cont.)
• The British tried selling cotton, which the
Chinese did not buy.
• The British then began selling opium, an
addictive drug, to the Chinese.
• The demand for opium became high, and
the British opium traders prospered.
• When the Chinese emperor demanded
the British stop selling opium, they
refused.
(pages 772–774)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
China and the West (cont.)
• The Opium War erupted in 1839 and
lasted three years, until the emperor
surrendered.
(pages 772–774)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
China and the West (cont.)
• After being defeated, the Chinese gave
five ports to British ships, limited taxes
imposed on British goods, agreed to pay
for the costs of war, and gave the British
Hong Kong, an island that became one
of the world’s busiest ports.
• The British citizens in Hong Kong were
subject to British laws, not Chinese
laws.
(pages 772–774)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
China and the West (cont.)
• This is called extraterritoriality.
• In 1851, a religious leader named Hong
Xiuquan (HAHNG SHYOO-CHWAHN)
organized a rebellion to help peasants
overthrow the emperor.
• This rebellion became known as the
Tai Ping Rebellion.
• It lasted for 13 years.
• Europeans helped the Chinese
government defeat the rebels.
(pages 772–774)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
China and the West (cont.)
• After the rebellion, Chinese leaders sold
the right to trade, build, and conduct
mining in their area to European
nations.
• The United States called for an Open
Door policy, which allowed China to
trade with all countries.
• Many Chinese people began organizing
secret groups to drive foreigners out of
China.
(pages 772–774)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
China and the West (cont.)
• Empress Tzu Hsi supported these
groups, which the Europeans and
Americans called Boxers.
• In 1900, the
Boxers attacked
foreigners.
• Europeans sent
in troops to
crush the Boxer
Rebellion.
(pages 772–774)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
How did the Tai Ping Rebellion help
Europe gain spheres of influence in
China?
Europe helped the Chinese defeat
the rebels, and reform-minded
Chinese believed Western technology
could help keep rebellions at bay.
The Chinese built railroads and
shipyards and sold Europeans rights
to trade, build, and mine in China.
Nationalism in China and
Japan
The Revolution of 1911
• Middle-class Chinese grew angry when
they learned that the legislative
assemblies could not pass reform laws
but only give advice to an emperor.
• Peasants, artisans, and miners
resented high taxes the government
had imposed.
(pages 774–775)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
The Revolution of 1911
• Sun Yat-sen, a young doctor, founded a
movement of revolutionaries that later
became know as the Nationalist Party.
• Sun developed
a plan to change
China.
(pages 774–775)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
The Revolution of 1911 (cont.)
• In 1911, Sun’s followers overthrew the
Qing dynasty, and they turned to the
head of the Chinese army, Yuan Shigai,
for support.
• General Yuan agreed to serve as
president of the new Chinese republic.
• The Nationalist Party did not like Yuan’s
method of rule.
(pages 774–775)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
The Revolution of 1911 (cont.)
• They launched a revolt that ultimately
failed.
• General Yuan died in 1916, and the
central government began to fall apart.
• Warlords began to seize power and fight
one another.
(pages 774–775)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
Why did the Nationalist Party
disagree with Yuan’s rule?
The Nationalist Party wanted to
move toward democracy and selfrule. Yuan used the traditional way
of military dictators and knew little of
democracy.
Nationalism in China and
Japan
The Rise of Imperial Japan
• At the end of the 1400s, Japan’s shogun,
or military ruler, no longer controlled the
country.
• Daimyo, or heads of noble families,
ruled their own lands.
• Three powerful leaders restored Japans
central government: Oda Nobunaga,
Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa
Ieyasu.
(pages 777–779)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
The Rise of Imperial Japan (cont.)
• Jesuit missionaries arrived in Japan and
began converting thousands of Japanese
to Christianity.
• Hideyoshi expelled all missionaries after
they destroyed Japanese shrines.
• He also expelled European merchants.
• Under Tokugawa rulers, samurai became
managers on the lands of the daimyo,
instead of warriors.
(pages 777–779)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
The Rise of Imperial Japan (cont.)
• The class system also became rigid,
excluding eta, or outcasts.
• Matthew Perry, an
American commodore,
arrived in Japan in 1853 to
invite Japan to trade with
the United States.
• Japan agreed and
eventually agreed to trade
with European nations.
(pages 777–779)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
The Rise of Imperial Japan (cont.)
• Many Japanese disagreed with the trade
policies, and a group of them attacked
the shogun’s palace in Kyoto and took
power.
• Emperor Mutsuhito and his leaders,
known as the Meiji, were determined to
make Japan a great power.
• They created a constitutional monarchy
and set up a modern army and navy.
• They also pushed Japan to industrialize.
(pages 777–779)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
The Rise of Imperial Japan (cont.)
• The Japanese forced Korea to open to
trade with Japan.
• China controlled Korea and resented
Japan’s presence there.
• War broke out between Japan and
China, and Japan captured the
Manchurian city of Port Arthur.
• After the war, China gave Japan Taiwan
and gave Korea its independence.
(pages 777–779)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
The Rise of Imperial Japan (cont.)
• Russia competed with Japan for trade
with Korea.
• Japan responded by attacking a Russian
naval base in Port Arthur.
• Russia tried to counterattack, but the
Japanese defeated the Russians.
• Russia agreed to give up Port Arthur.
(pages 777–779)
Nationalism in China and
Japan
How did the Meiji leaders
strengthen Japan?
The Meiji leaders created a constitutional
monarchy that allowed people to vote for a
legislature but kept power with the Meiji
leaders. They built roads, improved schools,
set up a modern army and navy, and
required all men to serve in the military.
They also pushed Japan to industrialize by
helping to build new factories.
Nationalism in China and Japan
What were the causes of the Boxer
Rebellion?
Resentment of foreigners in China
led a society called the Boxers to
rebel.
Nationalism in China and Japan
Why did Admiral Perry sail to Japan?
What was the result of his mission?
to open relations between the U.S.
and Japan; Japan agreed to trade
with the West
Nationalism in China and Japan
Cause and Effect How did trade
between Britain and China lead to
the Opium War?
To increase income, Britain sold
opium to China. British ships fired on
Chinese ports when Chinese leaders
tried to stop the opium trade.
Nationalism in China and Japan
Compare and Contrast What was
the Open Door Policy, and how was
it different from European policies?
Europeans established spheres of
influence, whereas the Open Door
Policy proposed that China trade with
all countries.
Nationalism in China and Japan
Summarize Describe Japan’s rise
to power in the late 1800s and early
1900s.
Japan defeated China and then
Russia in wars.
Nationalism in China and Japan
Persuasive Writing Write an
editorial for a newspaper in China
presenting your views on China’s
treatment by the European powers.
Answers will vary.
Nationalism in China and Japan
Complete the following sentence:
The best thing to happen in East Asia
during the 1800s and 1900s was…
World War I Begins
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section explains the causes of World
War I and describes the beginning stages
of the war.
World War I Begins
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Alliances, militarism, and nationalism led
to a crisis in Europe.
• The assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand sparked World War I.
• Americans supported the Allies because
of pro-British feelings and business links.
World War I Begins
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Balkans (BAWL·kuhnz)
• Serbia (SUHR·bee·uh)
Meeting People
• Franz Ferdinand (FRANZ
FUHR·duhn·AND)
• Woodrow Wilson
World War I Begins
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• militarism (MIH·luh·tuh·RIH·zuhm)
• conscription (kuhn·SKRIHP·shuhn)
• entente (ahn·TAHNT)
• mobilization (MOH·buh·luh·ZAY·shuhn)
• rationing
• propaganda (PRAH·puh·GAN·duh)
• blockade
World War I Begins
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Contrasting Use a Venn diagram like
the one on page 780 of your textbook to
show the major countries that made up
the Allies and the Central Powers.
World War I Begins
The Causes of World War I
• European nations had expanded so
much that further expansion brought
them into conflict with each other.
• Nations strengthened their armies as
they competed for colonies.
• This led to militarism, or a fascination
with war and the military.
(pages 781–783)
World War I Begins
The Causes of World War I (cont.)
• Germany, France, and Russia filled their
armies with soldiers by using
conscription, which requires citizens to
serve in the military for a certain period
of time.
• Britain had the world’s most powerful
navy.
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
formed the Triple Alliance.
(pages 781–783)
World War I Begins
The Causes of World War I (cont.)
• Britain, France, and Russia formed the
Triple Entente.
• An entente is an understanding among
nations.
• In the early 1900s, groups in the
Balkans, an area in southeastern
Europe, demanded independence from
the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian
empires.
(pages 781–783)
World War I Begins
The Causes of World War I (cont.)
• The South Slavs were nationalists, and
included several groups, such as the
Serbs, who created a state called
Serbia.
• The Serbs believed their mission was to
unite the South Slavs.
• The Russians backed the Serbs.
(pages 781–783)
World War I Begins
The Causes of World War I (cont.)
• To keep the South Slavs in their empire
from joining the Serbs, Austria-Hungary
took over Bosnia, which angered the
Serbs.
• The Russians and the Serbs prepared
to fight Austria-Hungary, and Germany
sided with Austria-Hungary.
• The Balkan League declared war on the
Ottoman empire in 1912.
(pages 781–783)
World War I Begins
The Causes of World War I (cont.)
• The Treaty of Bucharest ended the
fighting.
(pages 781–783)
World War I Begins
What happened to the Balkan
League?
The Balkan League fell apart after the
countries in the league began fighting
with each other. Greeks and Serbs
demanded land from Bulgaria, so
Bulgaria attacked Greece and Serbia.
World War I Begins
The War Begins
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the
throne of Austria-Hungary, was shot dead
in Bosnia in June 1914.
• The assassin, Gavrilo Princip, was a
member of the Black Hand, a secret
nationalist group that wanted the
Bosnian Serbs to be ruled by Serbia,
not Austria-Hungary.
• Austria-Hungary declared war on
Serbia.
(pages 784–786)
World War I Begins
The War Begins (cont.)
• Serbia’s ally, Russia, began
mobilization, or assembling and moving
troops for war.
• Germany showed support for AustriaHungary by declaring war on Russia.
• France entered the war and sided with
Russia.
• Germany invaded Belgium, and Britain,
Belgium’s ally, declared war on Germany.
(pages 784–786)
World War I Begins
The War Begins (cont.)
• France, Russia, and Britain, and later
Italy, were known as the Allies.
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria,
and the Ottoman empire were known as
the Central Powers.
• The Western Front was a battle zone
between France and Germany, where
much of the fighting took place.
(pages 784–786)
World War I Begins
The War Begins (cont.)
• Troops conducted trench warfare, a type
of fighting in which troops dug
themselves into the ground in trenches
surrounded with barbed wire.
(pages 784–786)
World War I Begins
The War Begins (cont.)
• New types of weapons were used in
World War I, including machine guns,
poison gases, submarines, and
airplanes.
• The war effort involved everyone.
• Supplies were diverted to soldiers, which
meant that resources were not as
available to civilians.
(pages 784–786)
World War I Begins
The War Begins (cont.)
• Rationing limited the amount and type
of supplies available to civilians.
• Governments also used propaganda, or
biased information, to shape what
people thought.
(pages 784–786)
World War I Begins
How was World War I different from
previous wars?
Both sides had new, more powerful
weapons. Citizens’ lives were
directly affected by the war. The
governments made use of
propaganda to control public
opinion.
World War I Begins
America Enters the War
• Woodrow Wilson, the U.S. president at
the beginning of World War I, declared
the United States impartial.
• Many of Wilson’s advisors backed
Britain.
• U.S. loans, food, aid, and supplies were
sent to the Allies.
• The British imposed a blockade on
Germany, using warships to stop goods
from leaving or entering German ports.
(pages 786–788)
World War I Begins
America Enters the War
• To fight back, Germans began using
U-boats, or submarines, to sink any
ship sailing around Britain.
• The British passenger liner Lusitania
was sunk by German U-boats, killing
128 Americans.
• In 1917, a cable from a German official
was intercepted by Britain.
(pages 786–788)
World War I Begins
America Enters the War
• The cable proposed that if war were to
break out with America, Mexico would
join with Germany to fight against the
United States.
• In return, Germany would give Texas,
New Mexico, and Arizona to Mexico.
• The British gave the cable to American
newspapers, and angered Americans
demanded war with Germany.
(pages 786–788)
World War I Begins
America Enters the War
• Germany sank six American merchant
ships between February 3 and March 21
of 1917.
• On April 6, 1917, President Wilson
asked Congress to declare war on
Germany.
(pages 786–788)
World War I Begins
How did German U-boats contribute
to the United States entering the
war?
The U-boats sank the Lusitania, killing 128
Americans. Americans were outraged, and
the Germans promised to give a warning
before sinking ships. After interception of
the Zimmermann cable, the Germans began
sinking ships without warning and sank six
American merchant ships.
World War I Begins
What happened in Sarajevo in 1914,
and why was it important?
The assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand led to World War I.
World War I Begins
Name three things that led to World
War I.
Possible answers: nationalism,
militarism, desire to build larger
empires, tangled alliances, and the
assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
World War I Begins
Explain What is militarism, and what
problems did it cause in Europe?
a nation’s focus on war and
weapons; led to arms races, larger
armies, and insecurity in Europe
World War I Begins
Cause and Effect Why did the
soldiers decide to use trench
warfare?
Many soldiers were killed; new
kinds of weapons were invented.
World War I Begins
Analyze Why was World War I a
“total war”?
Governments mobilized people,
rationed food, and took over
factories and transportation.
World War I Begins
Expository Writing Write a
headline and a brief article about the
U.S. entry into World War I. Discuss
the reasons why the United States
finally entered the war.
Answers will vary.
World War I Begins
Perform a roll call vote among your
classmates on whether the U.S. should
have entered WW I.
World War I Changes
the World
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section sums up the last years of the
war, the results of the peace negotiations,
and the events of the Russian Revolution.
World War I Changes
the World
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• With American help, the Allies stopped
the German advance.
• The Bolsheviks rose to power as a result
of the czar’s poor leadership.
Locating Places
• Argonne Forest
• Versailles (vuhr·SY)
World War I Changes
the World
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Meeting People
• David Lloyd George
• Georges Clemenceau (zhawrzh
KLEH·muhn·SOH)
• Vittorio Orlando (veet·TAWR·yoh
awr·LAN·doh)
• Ataturk (AT·uh·TUHRK)
• Vladimir Lenin (VLAD·uh·MIHR
LEH·nuhn)
World War I Changes
the World
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• Armistice (AHR·muh·stuhs)
• reparation (REH·puh·RAY·shuhn)
• mandate (MAN·dayt)
• duma (DOO·muh)
• soviet (SOH·vee·EHT)
World War I Changes
the World
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Organizing Information Use a diagram
like the one on page 789 of your textbook
to show the new territories created from
the Ottoman empire.
World War I Changes
the World
The War Ends
• Russia pulled out of World War I in
November 1917.
• German troops were sent from the
Eastern Front to the west.
• The Americans launched an attack on
the Germans in the Battle of the Argonne
Forest.
• The Ottoman Turks surrendered, and the
German emperor, afraid of mutiny in the
navy and a revolt in Berlin, stepped down.
(pages 790–792)
World War I Changes
the World
The War Ends (cont.)
• On November 11, 1918, Germany
signed an armistice, or cease-fire, to
end the war.
• In 1919, peace talks began in Versailles
outside Paris.
• U.S. president Woodrow Wilson, British
prime minister David Lloyd George,
French premier Georges Clemenceau,
and Italian prime minister Vittorio
Orlando were lead figures at the talks.
(pages 790–792)
World War I Changes
the World
The War Ends (cont.)
• The Treaty of Versailles stripped
Germany of most of its army.
• It required Germany to pay reparations,
or war damages, to the Allies.
• It also created the League of Nations,
which would help keep the peace.
• The U.S. Senate rejected the League of
Nations, so it was formed without the
United States.
(pages 790–792)
World War I Changes
the World
The War Ends (cont.)
• After the war, the Austro-Hungarian
Empire disappeared, and its land
became individual nation-states.
• The treaty could not give each ethnic
group its own country, so almost every
new country combined a dominant group
and smaller groups.
• The Allies broke up the Ottoman empire,
leaving only the area of present-day
Turkey.
(pages 790–792)
World War I Changes
the World
The War Ends (cont.)
• Turkey became a republic in 1923 after
driving out Greek invaders.
• Mustafa Kemal, also known as Atatürk,
became president of Turkey.
• He introduced many social and political
changes.
• The Allies divided up Arab regions of the
Ottoman empire, creating new territories
called mandates.
(pages 790–792)
World War I Changes
the World
The War Ends (cont.)
• The League of Nations governed each
territory, but allowed a member nation to
run it.
• Ibn Saud created the kingdom of Saudi
Arabia in 1932.
• American businesses struck oil at
Dhahran, and the kingdom became
wealthy.
(pages 790–792)
World War I Changes
the World
The War Ends (cont.)
• Jewish nationalists known as Zionists
had begun settling in the ancient city of
Jerusalem in Palestine, a mandate run
by Britain.
• The Balfour Declaration promised Jews
a nation in Palestine, which angered
Arabs living there.
(pages 790–792)
World War I Changes
the World
How did mandates affect Muslims?
Mandates were run by a member of
the League of Nations, so mandated
territories in the Middle East were
run by outsiders, which angered the
Arabs.
World War I Changes
the World
The Russian Revolution
• In the early 1900s, most Russians were
unhappy with their government.
• In 1905 an uprising began, and
thousands of workers demanded
changes from the czar.
• Soldiers fired on the workers and killed
hundreds.
• In response, the workers went on strike.
(pages 793–796)
World War I Changes
the World
The Russian Revolution (cont.)
• The czar agreed to meet some of the
workers’ demands and created a duma,
or national assembly.
• Russia suffered
great losses in
World War I , and in
1917 the people
rose up against the
czar.
(pages 793–796)
World War I Changes
the World
The Russian Revolution (cont.)
• The soldiers joined the people, and the
czar gave up his rule.
• Members of the duma created a
temporary government, but it did not carry
out the reforms the people wanted.
• The people believed the temporary
government was too middle class, so
they formed soviets, or committees, to
represent their interests.
(pages 793–796)
World War I Changes
the World
The Russian Revolution (cont.)
• Many members of
the soviets were
socialists.
• The most radical of
these groups was the
Bolsheviks, led by
Vladimir Lenin.
(pages 793–796)
World War I Changes
the World
The Russian Revolution (cont.)
• They believed they could use force to
bring about their ideal classless
society.
• In November 1917, the Bolsheviks
seized power, and Lenin became the
head of the new government.
• Several groups opposed Lenin and
rebelled against the Bolsheviks, now
known as Communists, or Reds.
(pages 793–796)
World War I Changes
the World
The Russian Revolution (cont.)
• Leon Trotsky formed the Communist
army, called the Red Army.
• The enemies of the Communists were
called Whites.
• The Reds and Whites fought for three
years until the Communists won in 1921.
(pages 793–796)
World War I Changes
the World
What were some of the political
beliefs of the Bolsheviks?
The Bolsheviks opposed capitalism.
They wanted a socialist government
that would build a society in which
all people could share equally in the
wealth.
World War I Changes the World
What were the Fourteen Points and
why were they important?
The Fourteen Points were Wilson’s
plan for peace. They were important
to form a League of Nations.
World War I Changes the World
What changes did Atatürk make after
becoming president of Turkey?
He erased Arabic features from the
language, made Turks adopt last
names, and rid government of
Islamic influences.
World War I Changes the World
Analyze Were the attempts to
create countries along ethnic lines
following World War I successful?
Why or why not?
The mix of peoples and Allied
interests made countries of one
ethnicity impossible.
World War I Changes the World
Sequencing Information Describe
the major events leading to the fall of
the Russian czar.
Answers may include: Rigid rule failed
to solve new problems; Defeat in war
with Japan hurt Russian economy;
Violent reaction to workers’ uprising
and closing of duma; Severe
casualties in World War I; Workers
desperate for food and peace
World War I Changes the World
Analyze How were Lenin and the
Bolsheviks able to come to power in
Russia?
Lenin and the Bolsheviks promised
the people they would end the war
and start reforms. They seized
power from the provisional
government.
World War I Changes the World
Writing Questions Imagine you are
a reporter in the era of World War I.
Write a series of four or five
questions that you would like to ask
the leaders of Europe. Include
possible answers to your questions.
Questions should reflect an
understanding of the section.
World War I Changes the World
Name an interesting historical figure from
the section and explain why that person
is significant.
Imperialism and World War I
Section 1: The New Imperialism
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• European nations built empires to help
their economies and to spread their ideas.
• Control of India passed from the East
India Company to the British
government.
• European nations ruled almost all of
Africa in 1914.
Imperialism and World War I
Section 1: The New Imperialism
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• The United States became an imperial
nation after defeating Spain and taking
control of the Philippines and Puerto
Rico.
Imperialism and World War I
Section 2: Nationalism in China and
Japan
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• The arrival of Europeans greatly
changed Chinese society.
• Sun Yat-sen introduced ideas that helped
cause the collapse of the Qing dynasty.
• After Americans visited Japan, the
Japanese reorganized their society and
economy and began building an empire.
Imperialism and World War I
Section 3: World War I Begins
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Alliances, militarism, and nationalism
led to a crisis in Europe.
• The assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand sparked World War I.
• Americans supported the Allies because
of pro-British feelings and business links.
Imperialism and World War I
Section 4: World War I Changes the
World
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• With American help, the Allies stopped
the German advance.
• The Bolsheviks rose to power as a
result of the czar’s poor leadership.
Imperialism and World War I
Review Vocabulary
Define Match the vocabulary word that completes each
sentence.
G 1. Head of noble families
__
in Japanese society
were called ___.
A 2. Russian workers
__
formed ___ to voice
their concerns.
__
D 3. The government of a(n)
___ is guided by a
foreign power.
C 4. A cease-fire is also
__
called a(n) ___.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
soviets
conscription
armistice
protectorate
reparations
colony
daimyo
entente
Imperialism and World War I
Review Vocabulary
Define Match the vocabulary word that completes each
sentence.
B 5. ___ requires citizens to
__
join the military.
F 6. A(n) ___ was directly
__
ruled by an imperial
nation.
E 7. Germany paid war
__
damages, or ___, to the
Allies.
__
H 8. An understanding
among nations is called
a(n) ___.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
soviets
conscription
armistice
protectorate
reparations
colony
daimyo
entente
Imperialism and World War I
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 The New Imperialism
Why did European nations establish
empires?
The nations wanted to control raw
materials and markets, to add to
their county’s power, and to help
Asians and Africans by imposing
Western ways.
Imperialism and World War I
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 The New Imperialism
Why were European nations
interested in Africa?
to spread Christianity, to improve
trade and control resources
Imperialism and World War I
Review Main Ideas
Section 2 Nationalism in China and Japan
How did the arrival of the
Europeans change Chinese
society?
Europeans and other Westerners
broke China up into spheres of
influence for trade. The government
began reforms to modernize China.
Imperialism and World War I
Review Main Ideas
Section 2 Nationalism in China and Japan
How did Sun Yat-sen’s ideas lead to
the collapse of the Qing dynasty?
Sun wanted to form a strong
government to get out from under
foreign control. His followers staged
an uprising, causing the Qing
dynasty to fall.
Imperialism and World War I
Review Main Ideas
Section 3 World War I Begins
Explain the causes of World War I.
alliances, militarism, and trouble in
the Balkans
Imperialism and World War I
Review Main Ideas
Section 3 World War I Begins
Why did Americans support the
Allies?
pro-British feelings and business
links
Imperialism and World War I
Review Main Ideas
Section 4 World War I Changes the World
What resulted from the German
advance on the Allies?
The Allies stopped the advance with
American help.
Imperialism and World War I
Review Main Ideas
Section 4 World War I Changes the World
Why were the Bolsheviks able to
rise to power in Russia?
The Bolsheviks rose to power
because they promised to get out of
World War I and initiate domestic
reforms in Russia.
Imperialism and World War I
Cause and Effect What caused
the Boer War?
The Boer War began when the
British started prospecting for gold
and diamonds in the Boers’ territory.
Imperialism and World War I
Analyze Instead of importing
opium to China, what else might the
British have done to restore the
balance of trade?
Answers will vary.
Imperialism and World War I
Explain How did the assassination
of Ferdinand lead to war?
Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for
the assassination and declared war
on Serbia. Russia mobilized to
defend Serbia, and Germany declared
war on Russia. Germany also made
plans to invade France, so Great
Britain declared war on Germany.
Imperialism and World War I
Analyze Do you think the Treaty of
Versailles asked too much of
Germany? Why or why not?
Answers will vary.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser
and go to the Journey Across Time Web site. Click
on Chapter 20-Chapter Overviews to preview
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Maps
Imperialism in Southern Asia c. 1900
Imperialism in Africa c. 1914
Spheres of Influence in China 1911
The Japanese Empire
Europe Before World War I 1914
World War I 1914–1918
The Western Front
Europe After World War I
Middle East 1919–1935
Click on a hyperlink to view
the corresponding slides.
Click the map to view an interactive version.
Click the map to view an interactive version.
The New Imperialism
Joseph Jenkins Roberts was the first president of
Liberia, a country in Africa founded by freed slaves
from the United States. Roberts was born a free
man and grew up in Virginia. He is known as the
father of Liberia.
Nationalism in China and Japan
Hong Kong remained a British colony until 1997.
As a result, the culture of Hong Kong had many
British influences. For example, schools in Hong
Kong follow the British system. Hong Kong tea
culture is different from the traditional Chinese tea
culture.
World War I Begins
Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt was a wealthy American
and the father of William Henry Vanderbilt III, who
became governor of Rhode Island. He died on
board the Lusitania, after giving his life jacket to
another passenger.
World War I Changes the World
The Russian czar Nicholas and his immediate
family were canonized and made saints by the
Russian Orthodox Church in 2000.
Reading Social Studies
Learn It!
What’s Important?
As you study history, it may seem impossible to keep
all the facts in your head. Once you understand that the
author does not expect you to remember every word of the
text, you can begin to focus on what is truly important or
prioritize. Prioritize means “to list in order of importance.”
Prioritizing will help you read more critically and do better
on tests. Read the sentences on the following slide.
Reading Social Studies
The words in
blue show
the ideas
that the
author
intended to
be most
important.
World War I, also called the
Great War, was different from
any earlier war. Both sides
developed new, more powerful
weapons to help them break
through enemy lines. Machine
guns fired bullets one after the
other at a rapid speed. Huge
artillery guns fired shells more than
75 miles (120 km). Poison gases
were used for the first time, and
tanks and flamethrowers were
introduced.
Reading Social Studies
World War I, also called the
Great War, was different from
any earlier war. Both sides
developed new, more powerful
weapons to help them break
through enemy lines. Machine
guns fired bullets one after the
other at a rapid speed. Huge
artillery guns fired shells more than
75 miles (120 km). Poison gases
were used for the first time, and
tanks and flamethrowers were
introduced.
The other
sentences
act as
supporting
details.
Reading Social Studies
World War I, also called
the Great War, was different
from any earlier war. Both
sides developed new, more
powerful weapons to help them
break through enemy lines.
Machine guns fired bullets one
after the other at a rapid speed.
Huge artillery guns fired shells
more than 75 miles (120 km).
Poison gases were used for the
first time, and tanks and
flamethrowers were introduced.
Reading Social Studies
Practice It!
Read this paragraph from Section 4, page 791.
Discuss the questions that follow with a learning
partner to practice prioritizing.
In January 1919, peace talks
began at Versailles (vuhr·SY) outside
Paris. The principal figures at the talks
were U.S. president Woodrow Wilson,
British prime minister David Lloyd
George, French premier Georges
Clemenceau, and Italian prime
minister Vittorio Orlando.
Reading Social Studies
1. Is it important to remember the date of the
peace talks?
2. Is it important to remember where the peace talks
occurred?
3. Is it important to remember the principal figures
at the talks?
4. Is it important to read further to find out more
about the peace talks?
Imperialism and World War I
Introduction
The New Imperialism
Nationalism in China and Japan
World War I Begins
World War I Changes the World
Standard Treaty
Ten Days That Shook the World
Sun Yat-Sen 1866–1925
Vladimir Lenin 1870–1924
Chapter 20
Daily Focus Skills
Transparency 20–1
Chapter 20
Daily Focus Skills
Transparency 20–2
Opium imports
more than
doubled in
China from
1832 to 1839.
Chapter 20
Daily Focus Skills
Transparency 20–3
Chapter 20
Daily Focus Skills
Transparency 20–4
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