Transcript Boston Red Sox.

The Age of the City
“Urban America”
1865-1896
Chapter 15
Why It Matters
• New immigrants provided cheap labor,
which allowed for industrial growth.
• Immigrants’ also affected urban politics and
labor unions.
• Would this be a problem? Why?
• After the Civil War millions of immigrants from
Europe and Asia settled in the United States.
• By the 1890s most European states made it easy
to move to America.
• By the 1890s eastern and southern Europeans
made up more than half of all immigrants.
• Of the 14 million immigrants who arrived
between 1860 and 1900 many were European
Jews.
• America offered immigrants employment few
immigration restrictions, avoidance of military
service, religious freedom, and the chance to
move up the social ladder.
• At the same time moving to the
United States offered a chance to
break away from Europe’s class
system and move to a democratic
nation where they had a chance
to move up the social ladder.
• Most immigrants took the
difficult trip to America in
steerage the least expensive
accommodations on a steamship.
• Edward Steiner an Iowa
clergyman who posed as an
immigrant in order to write a
book on immigration described
the miserable quarters.
• The 14-day trip usually ended at Ellis Island
a small island in New York Harbor.
• It served as a processing center for most
immigrants arriving on the East coast after
1892.
• Between 1892 and 1954, approximately 12
million people who entered the U.S. through
the port of New York were legally and
medically inspected at Ellis Island.
• However some faced the possibility of being
separated from their family and possibly
sent back to Europe due to various health
problems.
• Whenever suspicion of a health problem the
alien was placed in a cage and marked with
the reason for that health problem.
• Like “H”- heart problem “K”- hernia “Sc”scalp problem “X”- mental disability.
Pro or Anti Immigration
• The history of immigration to the United
States has been both celebrated and
criticized.
• What would be some the pros and cons?
• Most immigrants that arrived in the U.S.
settled in cities.
• They lived in neighborhoods that were
separated into ethnic groups.
• Here they duplicated many of the comforts
of their homelands, including language and
religion.
• Immigrants who learned English adapted to
American culture had marketable skills or
money or if they settled among members of
their own ethnic group tended to adjust well
to living in the United States.
• Severe unemployment poverty, and famine
in China the discovery of gold in California
the Taiping Rebellion in China, and the
demand for railroad workers in the United
States led to an increase in Chinese
immigration to the United States in the mid1800s.
• Western cities, Chinese immigrants worked
as laborer, servant, skill tradesmen and
merchants. Some opened their own
laundries.
• Between 1900 and 1919, Japanese
immigration to the United States
drastically increased as Japan began to
build an industrial economy and an empire.
• In 1910 a barracks was opened on Angel
Island in California.
• Most of the Asian immigrants were young
males in their 20s and teens who waited
sometimes for months for the results of
immigration hearings.
• The increase in immigration led to what
in the United States?
• Nativism- What is this?
• An extreme dislike for foreigners by
native-born people and the desire to
limit immigration.
s
• Earlier in the 1840s
and 1850s nativism
was directed toward
the Irish.
• In the early 1900s it
was the Asian, Jews
and eastern Europeans
that were the focus of
nativism.
• The increase in immigration led to the
forming of two anti-immigrant groups.
• The American Protective Association had
500,000 members by 1887.
• The founder of the American Protective
Association was Henry Bowers who
disliked Catholics and foreigners.
• In 1870s Denis Kearny and Irish
immigrants organized the Workingman's
Party of California.
• This group wanted to stop the Chinese
immigration.
• Violence would be the result of this
organization.
• In 1882 Congress would pass
the Chinese Exclusion Act –
what did this act do?
• Barred Chinese immigration
for 10 years and prevented the
Chinese already in the United
States from becoming citizens.
• This act was renewed by
Congress in 1892 and made
permanent in 1902. The act
would be repealed in 1943.
First Subway
• In 1897 the first subway was 6 ½ miles
long and built in Boston.
• Speed of first subway was about 18mph.
2
Americans Migrate to the Cities
• The urban population of the United States
grew from about 10 million in 1870 to over
30 million by 1900.
• Immigrants remained in the cities where
they worked long hours for little pay.
• Still most immigrants felt their standard of
living had improved in the United States.
• Farmers began to moving to cities because
of better paying jobs electricity running
water, plumbing and entertainment
• Many of Americans moved to the cities in
the late 1800s for more jobs and better
paying jobs.
The New Urban Environment
• Housing and transportation needs
changed due to the increase in the
amount of people living in cities.
• As the price of land increased
building owners began to build up.
• Skyscrapers tall steel frame buildings
were constructed for this reason.
• No one contributed more to the
designing of skyscrapers than Louis
Sullivan.
• Chicago’s Home Insurance
Building was the first skyscraper
built in 1855.
• In 1890s various kinds of mass
transit developed to move large
numbers of people around cities
quickly.
• Beginning with the sophisticated
electric trolley cars, cable cars, and
elevated railroads, subway systems
engineers created ways for the
people in late 1800s get to and from
work.
• Steel also changed the way bridges were
built.
• New technology enabled engineers to
suspended bridges from steel towers using
cables also made of steel.
• Using this technique John A. Roebling a
German American engineer designed New
York’s Brooklyn Bridge- the largest
suspension bridge in the world at the time it
was completed in 1883.
Class separation
• Definite boundaries could be seen between
where the wealthy, middle class and working
class people lived.
• Wealthy families lived in the heart of the city
where they constructed elaborate homes.
• The middle class which included doctors,
lawyers engineers, and teachers, tended to live
away from the city.
• The majority of urban dwellers were part of
the working class who lived in city tenements
or dark and crowded multi-family apartments.
• The middle class grew as a result of the
industrialization in the late 1800s.
• The growth of cities resulted in an increase in
crime, fire, disease, and pollution.
• From 1880-1900 there was a large increase in the
crime and violence.
• Native born Americans blamed immigrants for
the increase in crime.
• Alcohol was also blamed as contributing to crime
in the late 1800s.
• Contaminated drinking water from improper
sewage disposal resulted in epidemics of typhoid
fever and cholera.
7
Urban Politics
• A new political system was needed to cope
with the new urban problems.
• The political machine an informal political
group designed to gain and keep power
provided essentials to city dwellers (jobs,
housing, food, heat, and police protection)
in exchange for votes.
• The party bosses ran the
political machines.
• George Plunkitt an Irish
immigrant was one of New
York’s City’s most
powerful party bosses.
• The party bosses had tight
control of the city’s
money.
• Many of the politicians
became wealthy due to
fraud or graft- getting
money through dishonest
or questionable means.
• The most famous New York Democratic political
machine was Tammany Hall.
• The Tammany Society was founded in New York
City in 1789 by William Mooney, a Revolutionary
War veteran.
• The Society, sometimes called the Columbian
Order, was originally a patriotic and charitable
organization.
• During the 1860s and 1870s Tammany
Hall’s boss was William M. “Boss”
Tweed.
• There is little question that the Tweed
Ring were outright thieves and that
Tammany Hall did have a series of
reoccurring scandals. An estimated 75
to 200 million dollars were swindled
from the City between 1865 and 1871.
• He was arrest for corruption and sent to
prison in 1874.
• Thomas and James Pendergast were
party bosses in Kansas City.
• They led state and city politics from
1890s-1930s.
• Although corrupt, political machines
did supply important services and help
assimilate the ever-expanding
population of city dwellers.
• The political machines also helped city
dwellers in the late 1800s in return for
immigrant votes and to maintain
political power.
3
A Changing Culture
• The Adventures of Tom Sawyer was
the first book that Samuel Langhorne
Clemens wrote using memories of his
own childhood.
• In 1873 Mark Twain and Charles
Warner co-wrote the novel, The
Gilded Age.
• The term “gilded” refers to
something being gold on
the outside while the
inside is made of cheaper
material.
• The authors tried to point
out that although this was
a time of growth, beneath
the surface were
corruption, poverty, and a
huge difference rich and
poor.
• Industrialization and urbanization caused
Americans to look at society in a different
way.
• This gave way to new values, art, and forms
of entertainment.
• A strong belief during the Gilded Age was
the idea of individualism.
• This is the belief that regardless of your
background you could still rise in society.
• Horatio Alger a minister from
Massachusetts, left clergy an
moved to New York where he
wrote over 100 novels about rags
to riches stories.
• Hebert Spencer an English
philosopher, first proposed the
idea of Social Darwinism.
• Spencer took Charles Darwin’s
theory that a species that cannot
adapt to the environment will
eventually die out- Spencer felt
that human society evolved
through the competition.
• Spencer concluded that society progressed
and became better because only the fittest
people survived.
• Industrial leaders agreed with Social
Darwinism.
• Social Darwinism paralleled laissez-faire an
economic doctrine that was opposed to
government interference with business.
• Many devout Christians and some leading
scientist opposed the idea of Darwin’s
conclusions about the origin of new species.
• They rejected the theory of evolution
because it went against the Bible’s
account of creation.
• Andrew Carnegie a wealthy business
leader, believed in Social Darwinism
and laissez –faire.
• However he felt those who
profited from society should give
something back so he softened
Social Darwinism with his
Gospel of Wealth.
• This philosophy stated that
wealthy Americans were
responsible and should engage in
philanthropy using great fortunes
to further social progress.
Realism
• A new movement in art, literature,
called realism portrayed people in
realistic situations instead of
idealizing them as the romantic
artists had done.
• Thomas Eakins a painter from
Philadelphia observed and painted
day to day living in a realistic
fashion.
• He used realistic detail and precise
lighting.
• Writer and literary critic William
Dean Howells wrote realistically
about American life.
• He also recognized talent in several
writers of this time including Mark
Twain who wrote Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn in 1884.
• Twain is thought to have written the
first true American novel.
• Henry James an English writer
portrayed the lives of the upper class
in his 1881 novel Portrait of a Lady.
Popular Culture
• Popular culture changed in the late 1800s.
• People had more money to spend on
entertainment and recreation.
• Work became separate from home.
• People looked to have fun by “going out” to
public entertainment.
• Edith Wharton won a
Pulitzer Prize for the novel
The Age of Innocence which
portrayed the complicated
lives of the upper-class in
New York in the 1870s.
• During the 1800s the saloon acted like a
community and political center for male
workers.
• It offered free toilets, water for horses, free
newspapers, and free lunches.
• Coney Island in New York was an
amusement park that attracted working
class families and single adults.
• It offered amusements such as water slides
and railroad rides.
s
• Watching sports became
very popular in the late
1800s.
• Baseball began to appear in
the United States in the early
1800s.
• In 1869 the first salaried
team the Cincinnati Red
Stockings was formed.
• Moses Fleetwood Walker
was one of the early African
American baseball players.
Baseball Facts
• The National League was organized in 1867 chiefly by
Albert Spalding.
• The American Association was formed right after the
National League it would fold. The two would play the
first postseason contest in 1883 which would be an
ancestor of the World Series.
• In 1901 the American League would be organized.
• In 1903 the first modern World Series would be played
between what two teams?
• Boston Red Sox and Pittsburgh Pirates.
• Who won?
• Boston Red Sox.
Football
• Football and basketball also became popular during this
time period.
• Football also became known for appalling level of violence
on the field; 18 college students died of football –related
injuries and a hundred injured in 1905.
• This injuries caused President Teddy Roosevelt to call
conference on the organization of the sport.
• As a result of the deliberation an new intercollegiate
association was formed in 1910. Called what?
• National College Athletic Association the NCAA- it
revised rules of the game to make in an effort to make it
safer and more honest.
Walter Camp (1859 - 1925)
• "Walter Camp was one of the giants of
football in the United States. He stands first
among them, for it was he who sired the
game as it is played in the United States,
the game that evolved from the rugby
football of England. He played in the first
Yale-Harvard game of rugby in 1876. From
then on, his was the fertile, inventive mind
and guiding leadership that brought about
the evolution of the American style of
football."
• Basketball was invented in 1891 by Who?
• James Naismith.
• In the early 1880s vaudeville
became popular.
• It was adapted from the
French theater and combined
animal acts, acrobats,
gymnasts and dancers in
performance.
• During this time people
began enjoying ragtime
music.
• The famous African
American ragtime composer
was Scott Joplin who
became known as the King
of the Ragtime.
Social Criticism
• With changes in industrialization and
urbanization debates among
Americans over the major issue of how
to handle society's problems arise.
• In 1879 journalist Henry George wrote
a best-selling book called Progress and
Poverty.
• It would raise the many questions
about American society and challenged
the ideas of Social Darwinism and
laissez-faire economics.
4
• In 1883 Lester Frank Ward’s
Dynamic Sociology argued that
humans were unlike animals
because they could think and plan
ahead.
• He concluded that it was
cooperation and not competition
that caused people to succeed.
• He wanted government to become
more involved in solving societal
problems.
• These ideas became known as
Reform Darwinism.
• In 1888 Edward Bellamy’s Looking
Backward 2000-1887 became a bestseller
and helped shape the thinking of American
reformers in the late 1800s.
• The book tells the story of a perfect society
in the year 2000.
Naturalism in Literature
• Realist argued that people could control
their own lives and make choices to
improve their situation.
• In a style of writing known as naturalism
writers criticized industrial society.
• They suggested that some people failed in
life due to circumstances they could not
control.
• Prominent naturalist writers
included Stephen Crane, Frank
Norris, Jack London and Theodore
Dreiser.
• All wrote stories of characters
caught up in situations they could
not control.
• Jack London’s tales of Alaskan
wilderness demonstrated the
extreme power that the natural
environment can have over
civilization.
Helping the Poor
• Reformers began to organize to help the
poor.
• Organizations such as the Social Gospel
movement, Salvation Army, YMCA,
women's’ clubs, settlement houses and
temperance movements formed to help the
needy.
• Minister Washington Gladden
was an early supporter of the
Social Gospel movement.
• He wanted to apply “Christian
Law” to social problems.
• From 1870 to 1920 members of the
Social Gospel group worked to
better conditions in cities through
charity and justice.
• Baptist minister Walter Rauschenbusch
later led the movement .
He believed that competition was the cause
of many social problems.
• This led to many churches taking on
community functions to improve society by
offering gyms, social programs, and
daycare.
• In 1878 the Salvation Army offered
aid and religious counseling to urban
poor.
• The YMCA attempted to help
industrial workers and urban poor
through Bible studies, prayer
meetings citizenship training and
group activities.
• They had facilities that offered
libraries gyms pools and low-cost
hotel rooms.
• Dwight L. Moody was an evangelical
Christian and president of the Chicago
YMCA.
• He founded his own church today
known as Moody Memorial Church.
• By 1867 Moody was so popular that
he brought his revival meetings to
other cities.
• He was against Social Groups and
Social Darwinism.
• He felt the way to help the poor was
by redeeming their souls and not by
providing them with services.
• The settlement house movement was
promoted by reformers who felt it was
their Christian duty to improve the
conditions of the poor.
• Jane Addams set up settlement houses in
poor neighborhoods.
• Addams opened Hull House in 1889 and
inspired many others,. Including Lillian
Wald’s Henry Street settlement house in
New York City.
• Medical care, recreation programs, and
English classes were provided at
settlement houses.
Public Education
• In the late 1880s the increase of industry
resulted in a need for better trained workers.
• As a result there was a need for more
schools and colleges.
• Americanization or becoming
knowledgeable about American culture was
key to the success of immigrant children.
• Due to the lack of educational
opportunities for African Americans,
Booker T Washington led the
crusaded to form the Tuskegee
Institute in Alabama in 1881.
• The grammar school system in the
city divided students into eight
separate grades to help teach
successful habits in the workplace.
• The number of colleges greatly increased in the
late 1800s.
• This was partly a result of the Morrill Land Grant
Act which gave federal land grants to states for the
purposes of establishing agricultural and
mechanical colleges.
• College attendance increased as a result of these
land grants.
• The number of women colleges also increased.
• Free libraries provided education to city dwellers.
• Andrew Carnegie donated millions toward the
construction of libraries.