Transcript Chapter #3 Overview: 1890-1899 - Hatboro

Chapter #3
1890-1899
•The industrial revolution transforms the United States into
a world economic leader.
•American race relations reach a new low.
•Through a series of discriminatory laws and practices,
white society segregated African Americans, treating them
as second-class citizens and often brutalizing them.
•Advances made in many areas of American life: science,
technology, education, and medicine.
•In this era of rapid change and sweeping transformation,
sport establishes itself as a popular American pastime.
1890-1899
• The United States, blessed with booming population growth and
abundant natural resources, emerges as the world leader in total
manufacturing output and annual economic growth.
• John Pierpont Morgan (1837–1913)
• Andrew Carnegie (1835–1919)
• John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937)
• The United States becomes the top producer of iron and steel in
the world.
• Higher wages and more structured workdays offered many
Americans both the free time and the money to attend or
participate in a wide spectrum of sporting activities.
1890-1899
• As an influx of new immigrants emerged the US became a
melting pot and with it came various ethnic and religious
backgrounds fueling an intense American nationalism.
• Considered a threat to both American institutions and native
interests, epidemics of violence broke out repeatedly. In this
period of high ethnic tensions, sport emerged as both a
positive Americanizing force and an avenue for immigrants to
fulfill the American dream of increased wealth and social
mobility.
1890-1899
• Born out of contemporary notions of black racial inferiority,
and fueled by economic, political, and social frustrations, de
jure and de facto segregation spread throughout the nation.
• Racism took its most extreme form in the South as
demonstrated by the increased prevalence of lynching's of
blacks.
• Supported by “Jim Crow” segregation and discriminatory
statutes, African Americans were excluded from active
citizenship and were segregated in almost every area of
southern public life, including railways, hospitals, living areas,
and sports.
1890-1899
• Jim Crow laws (1876 – 1965)
• De jure was racial segregation in all public facilities in
Southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly
"separate but equal" status for black Americans.
• Northern segregation was generally de facto, with patterns of
segregation in housing enforced by covenants, bank lending
practices, and job discrimination, including discriminatory
union practices for decades.
• Examples included segregation of public schools, public
places, and public transportation, and the segregation of
restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and
blacks.
1890-1899
• For African Americans, sport served as both a positive and
negative force.
• Successful black athletes enjoyed some luxuries and freedoms
not available to other members of their race.
• Sport reinforced racial stereotypes and, in certain instances,
established a color-barrier preventing black participation.
1890-1899
• The nation's economy continued to grow as did traditional
gender relations.
• Women began entering the workforce in increasing
numbers, working predominately in the teaching and
clerical professions.
• Supported by the political demands of women's rights
advocates, American women enjoyed greater social
freedom and challenged traditional definitions of
femininity.
• Although ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment would
have to wait until 1920…
1890-1899
• The Spanish-American War = United States as an
imperial power.
• With the annexation of Hawaii in July 1898, the
United States acquires former Spanish colonies:
Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam.
• Within these new territories American colonizers
introduce sports: baseball, football, and boxing.
• This solidifies colonial relations and teaches new
subjects important American values.
1890-1899
• Advances in science, technology, education, and health
care improves American lifestyles.
• Electric trolleys and mechanical bicycles replace horsedrawn carriages
• Railroads connect American cities into a national grid.
• Improvements in technologies:
printing press and the telegram = the growth of massmedia
• These developments in transportation and
communication proved pivotal to the spread of sport
throughout the United States.
1890-1899
• The field of medicine modernized and placed a renewed focus on
caring for and improving the human body.
• Medical specialists advocated increased physical exercise.
• Education became more available as the amount of public high
schools steadily increased.
• Physicians and other theoreticians proposed physical education and
sporting activities. Within the school system.
•
Higher education experiences growth as more students sought
advanced degrees and with it sport flourishes on campuses.
• As a growing awareness focused on improving the lives and health
of Americans, sport transforms into a positive force in the
attainment of national well-being.