Transcript Part 1 PPT

The Making of a Revolution
1754-1783
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Preludes to a Revolution
The French and Indian War, 1754–1763.
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The French and Indian War, 1754–1763
• The war changed the landscape of North America.
• After the British victory, France ceded Canada and the land east of the
Mississippi River to the British.
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North America Before and After the French
and Indian War
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Causes:
• Europe 1740: Great Britain attacks French and Austrians the British
capture Nova Scotia.
• The British Drama Spills over into North America
• British & Iroquois vs. French & Huron
• The British decide they want to expand their power westward
• The French build Ft. Duquesne basically deep into British territory
Milestones: Albany Plan of Union
• Albany Plan of Union: Beginning of the American Republic in 1754.
• A meeting of colonists & Indians ( Iroquois) to plan the war
• 1st time the colonists meet to attempt to unite
• Ban together military to protect each other from the French and Indians.
• Plan a self imposed tax system to raise money for the common defense
•
• They sent their plan to the colonial assembly & to Great Britain
• They BOTH shot down the plan, NOT ONE COLONY AGREED !!! NO UNITY !!!
Milestones continued
• Washington ( Ft. Necessity) gets his butt kicked trying to capture Ft.
Duquesne…. This is the spark that begins the 7 Years War to North
America !!!!
• William Pitt British secretary of state during the French and Indian
War
• Pitt resolved to commit whatever resources were necessary to defeat the
French in North America and on the European continent.
• Under Pitt the British again attack and defeat the French and take Ft.
Duquesne.
• 1763 Paris Peace Settlement  basically gives North America to the
British
Effects:
• Colonists realize the British AREN’T AWESOME
• Brits looked down at the Colonists. Even the military
• Indian resentment…. They will side with the Brit in the Am. Rev.
• Proclamation 1763 !!!
• Colonists weren’t allowed to move west of the that line.
• British Raise Taxes because of huge debt
The Proclamation Line of 1763
• In October 1763, the
king issued a
proclamation that there
should be no British
settlement west of the
crest of the Appalachian
Mountains and that
Indian rights to western
lands would be
protected forever.
• The line infuriated the
British colonists.
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CLASS DIFFERENCES….
• Bacon’s Rebellion
• Pontiac’s Rebellion
• The Paxton Boys
• The Regulators
• All are examples of class conflict and how the lower class feels
disenfranchised
• Tax, debtors prison, no vote, no holding office
Pontiac and Indian Responses…
• 1763 – Pontiac’s Rebellion: Pontiac and his
followers attacked British forts across the region.
• Eight forts were destroyed, and hundreds of colonists
were killed or captured, with many more fleeing the
region.
• Hostilities came to an end after British
Army expeditions in 1764 led to peace negotiations
over the next two years.
• Native Americans were unable to drive away the
British, but the uprising prompted the British
government to modify the policies that had
provoked the conflict.
• **The Rebellion was a reflection of a growing
divide between the separate populations of the
British
colonists and Native Americans
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The Paxton Boys and Rural White Responses
• The Paxton Boys decided to eliminate Indians.
• In December 1763, the Paxton Boys attacked a Delaware village, killed
six people, and burned the town.
• Hatred of Indians would haunt the inhabitants of North America for a
long time to come.
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Threats of New Taxes
• Victory in the war had virtually
drained the kingdom’s treasury.
• In 1764, George Grenville and the
majority in Parliament asked
Britain’s North American
colonists to pay what the
authorities in London thought
was a fair share of the war’s
cost.
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“The Revolution Was in the Minds of the
People”
• According to John Adams, “The Revolution was in the minds of the
people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, fifteen years before
a drop of blood was shed at Lexington.”
• The revolutionary change took place for many reasons.
ANTI-REVOLUTION:
• Loyalists
• African Slaves: offered freedom by both
• Native Americans : bc British didn’t want to
move west
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Transition from the “Rights of Man” to Revolt
• Throughout the 1770s, Locke’s ideas guided some
of the Revolution’s most articulate advocates
• Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin.
• They also believed in the need to overthrow unjust
authorities.
• Republicanism: A complex, changing body of ideas
values, and assumptions that held that selfgovernment by the citizens of a country or their
representatives provided a more reliable foundation
for the good society and individual freedom than
ruled by kings or any other distant elite.
• “America has set the example and France has
followed it, of charters of power granted by liberty.”
– James Madison
•
•
•
•
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Multiple revolutions are happening around the world:
French Revolution 1789 – 1799
Haitian Revolution 1791
Latin American Revolutions 1810 - 1826
The Accompanying Revolution in Religion
• 1740 - Gilbert Tennant challenged the leaders of all Protestant
denominations to judge their ministers.
• He was calling out to congregations that were not “pro-awakening” to
challenge their ministers
• It was not a great leap to challenge civil authority as well.
• Ideas, Belief, and Culture
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From the Stamp Act to the Boston Massacre and
Boston Tea Party
• British actions in the 1760s & 1770s escalated tensions in North American
cities.
• The gov’t needed to pay off the debt from the F&I war, and with each
attempt the resistance grew
• 1764 – Sugar Act
• 1765 – The Stamp Act (SON’S OF LIBERTY: formed an underground resistance to the
acts)
• Any paper product…wills, playing cards, licenses, etc…..well to do people had to
pay the tax
• First direct revenue tax on the Colonists !!! Paid by the people, as opposed to
merchants
• 1767 – Townshend duties – second attempt on a variety of goods…paper, lead, paint,
tea…
•© 1773
– TeaEducation,
Act ….Inc.Gave a monopoly to the Brit East India company
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Cont….
• Colonists saw each tax and act and an attack on their civil liberties.
• March 5th 1770 – Boston Massacre (5 died) – Paul Revere’s
engraving…propaganda, drunk dock workers. Calm for 3 years until the Tea Act
• 1773 – Boston Tea Party (probably the most famous act of resistance)
• Result… the Intolerable Acts were passed in response to the event. ( Coercive Acts and
Quebec Act)
• Daughters of Liberty: Women’s response to the Sons of liberty, they opposed
British measures, avoided British taxed tea, spun their own yarn and wove their
own cloth to avoid purchasing British goods. The main purpose of these societies
was to intimidate tax agents/collectors. Tarred and feathered officials
Revolts in the Back Country
• Rural people on the frontier from New York to
the Carolinas were also taking matters into their
own hands, but for different reasons.
• They called themselves The Regulators
• They violently opposed movements by the
government to implement courts and offices
attempting to force and punish people who didn’t
pay taxes
• Throughout the colonies the most contentious
issue for inland communities was relationships
with Indian tribes.
• Colonists wanted more land than the 1763
Proclamation
Line allowed.
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Growing Unity in the Colonies—The First
Continental Congress
• The colonies joined together in united
action against British Tyranny
• 1774 – Philadelphia, First Continental
Congress: meeting of delegates from most of
the colonies held in Philadelphia in 1774 in
response to the British efforts to tax the
colonies.
• All colonies, except Georgia, sent
representatives.
• At the time, few were ready to break with
Britain, finding common ground wasn’t
easy.
Agreements of the
st
1
Cont. Congress
• Their natural rights should not be infringed upon
• Ban on British imports
• A ban on exports
• A ban on the consumption of tea (symbolic)
• Meet again in May 1775 if relations with Britain
didn’t improve
Talk of Freedom for Slaves
• Somerset Decision: 1772 ruling by Britain’s Lord Chief Justice in the case of James
Somerset that set him free and essentially declared slavery illegal in England,
though not in British colonies.
• The Somerset decision caused a considerable stir in the colonies and in Britain.
• Whites on both sides of the Atlantic noted the absurdity of colonists protesting
their own perceived enslavement by Parliament while those same colonists
enslaved Africans.
• “thousands of tens of thousands of their fellow creatures!”
• Quakers
made it mandatory for members of their denomination to free their
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reserved. them to purchase their freedom
slaves
or allow
The War For Independence
• British Courts and Troops Stationed in the Colonies as the Revolution
Began
Patriots (Colonists who fought for
independence from Great Britain)
Loyalists (Colonists who remained
loyal to Great Britain during the
Revolution) “Tories” almost 60,000
of them.
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From Lexington and Concord to Bunker Hill—
Revolt Becomes War
• April 1775 – Battles of Lexington and Concord…Catalyst
• June 1775 - Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed’s Hill)…First true battle…Brits
win, but had heavy losses.
• After that battle, however, the American forces became better
organized and gained support from all 13 colonies. Become
unconventional in their fighting.
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African-Americans in the Armies of Both Sides
• The outbreak of war opened a new avenue to freedom for American
slaves.
• Some heard the rumor that the British intended to help of free the
African’s
• In Winter 1777-78, Washington finally embraced black volunteers.
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Moving Toward Independence
• May 1775 – Second Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia
• Delegates from the thirteen colonies met in Philadelphia to create
a Continental army and prepare the colonies for war against
Britain. OLIVE BRANCH PETITION. Letter seeking reconciliation.
One more try !!! King never even addresses it.
• Thomas Paine’s Common Sense: Common Sense was a pamphlet that
attacked the British monarchy and provided a rationale for American
independence from Britain. It was written in plain terms that all
Colonial Americans could understand.
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Declaring Independence, 1776
• Thomas Jefferson writes the first draft of The Declaration of
Independence
• On July 4, 1776, Congress adopted it.
• 1777- Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation. Ratified in 1781
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George Washington and His Victorious
Patchwork Army
• Washington understood that though his army could fight, they could
not withstand a direct battle with British regulars.
• For much of the war, his goal was not a decisive victory, but avoiding a
decisive loss.
• He knew the British would tire of war.
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Two Significant Battles
• Battle of Saratoga (New York), 1777
• at attempt by the British to cut New
England and the South off from one
another by seizing control of New York
• the victory by the Continental Army
convinced the French to join the war on
the side of the colonists
• Battle of Yorktown (Virginia), 1781
• combined French and Continental
troops force the surrender of General
Cornwallis and the British
• the last major battle of the American
Revolution
• Colonial American victory forced the
British to start negotiating a treaty to
bring the war to an end
Treaty of Paris, 1783
• the treaty officially ended the Revolution and
recognized the United States as a free,
sovereign, and independent nation
• Terms of the Treaty
• The Great Lakes served as the northern border of
the United States
• The Mississippi River served as the western border
of the United States
• Spain retained control of Florida (obvious problems
later)
• Britain retained control of Canada (obvious
problems later)
• the United States agreed to treat the loyalists fairly
in the post war years
• the British agreed to remove all troops from United
States territory
Major Battles of the American Revolution.
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VIDEOS
• F&I War: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ktkw7iSITkc
• CC:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eytc9ZaNWyc&list=PL8dPuuaLjX
tMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s&index=6
• School House Rock: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9pDZMRCpQ